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Breast US > Module 2 Facts > Flashcards

Module 2 Facts Flashcards

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1
Q

The breasts initially develop from the? What week of gestation?

A

Ectoderm – 4th wk

Develop as paired mammary ridges or milk lines

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2
Q

Cooper’s ligaments and fat develop from the?

A

Mesoderm

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3
Q

What week of gestation does the mammary bud become evident?

A

5th wk

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4
Q

What hormones influence the primary breast development?

A

Placental hormones such as prolactin, estrogen and progesterone

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5
Q

How many lobes of glandular tissue are developed?

A

15-20

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6
Q

Lobes - lacteriferous ducts - ampulla - nipple

A

True

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7
Q

What are the glands that surround and thicken the nipple?

A

Glands of Montgomery

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8
Q

What happens to the newborns breasts after birth?

A

Estrogen levels in the bloodstream begin to fall which stimulates the newborns pituitary gland and breast enlargement may occur. The enlargement is mostly the ductal system, which can be accompanied by “witch’s milk”

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9
Q

What is witch’s milk

A

a liquid similar to colostrum

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10
Q

What happens to the breasts after ovulation?

A

the CL secretes progesterone, which causes proliferation of the epithelial cells within the TDLU w enlargement of the lobules, fluid retention and increased blood flow. This causes fullness and tenderness

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11
Q

When do the acini become fully formed and functional?

A

when pregnancy and lactation occur

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12
Q

What hormones help the breasts reach functional maturity?

A

Progesterone, estrogen and prolactin

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13
Q

What hormone decreases and then lactation can begin?

A

Progesterone

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14
Q

What hormone causes lactation and what causes it?

A

Prolactin, when sucking or crying begins. The myoepithelial cells contract

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15
Q

At age 40, the mammary glands begin to atrophy. Following menopause, the glands further involute and are replaced by

A

CT and fat

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16
Q

What’s responsible for duct development and division?

A

Estrogen

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17
Q

What’s responsible for alveolar (acini) and lobular development?

A

Progesterone

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18
Q

Colostrum

A

contains no fat and little water, but high in antibodies.

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19
Q

Milk is only produced when prolactin is

A

high

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20
Q

Milk is only produced when estrogen and progesterone are

A

low

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21
Q

Where is milk stored before it is drained?

A

Ampulla (lactiferous sinus)

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22
Q

What are the other hormonal functions of oxytocin?

A

stimulates the cervix and vagina, enhancing uterine contraction

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23
Q

What type of gland are the breasts considered?

A

apocrine

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24
Q

What is the function of the breast?

A

secrete milk during lactation

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25
Q

What are the parenchymal elements of the breast

A

lobules, lobes, ducts or acini

26
Q

What are the stromal elements of the breast

A

skin, fat, CT

27
Q

What’s the purpose of the areola?

A

To lubricate the nipple

28
Q

The entire breast is enveloped in?

A

superficial pectoral fascia

29
Q

Subcutaneous layer:

A

skin superficially or ct posteriorly

primarily composed of fat lobules separated by CL

30
Q

Skin should be _____ or less

A

2mm

31
Q

The fat lobules within the subcutaneous layer are ___________ in size than those that are retromammary layer

A

larger

32
Q

The retromammary layer is primarily composed of

A

fat

33
Q

The mammary layer is contained within the

A

superficial and deep layers of the superficial pectoral fascia

34
Q

Is it normal to see fat immediately beneath the nipple or areola?

A

No

35
Q

Why is the axillary tail of clinical significance?

A

highest incidence of breast cancer within the lymphatic drainage of the ax tail

36
Q

What’s the principle source of arterial blood?

A

internal mammary artery

37
Q

The breast receives its arterial blood from the thoracic branches of the

A

axillary artery and lateral thoracic arteries

38
Q

What are some landmarks for located the internal mammary (parasternal) chain of LN’s?

A

IMA and IMV

39
Q

What supplies the medial aspect of the breast with arterial blood?

A

Perforating arteries of the IMA

40
Q

What supplies the lateral and deep portions of the breast?

A

Lateral thoracic and intercostal arteries

41
Q

What is the venous drainage anastomotic circle that is around the nipple?

A

circulus venosus

42
Q

Nerves of the breast

A

lateral and anterior cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves
Superior and/or superolateral portions of the breast may be from the supraclavicular nerve

43
Q

Lymphatic drainage converges at the nipple at the ?

A

plexus of Sappey

44
Q

What is the primary route of lymphatic drainage?

A

From the posterior LN’s to the axillary LN’s (75%)

Level 1 to 2/3, through to the axilla

45
Q

What is the secondary route of lymphatic drainage?

A

Smaller nodes located medially in the internal mammary chain (20-25%)

46
Q

What is the tertiary route of lymphatic drainage?

A

Subcutaneous nodes (5%)

47
Q

What are the lymph node groups? (8)

A 
external mammary
scapular
axillary
central
subclavicular
interpectoral (Rotter)
internal mammary
supraclavicular
48
Q

Most nodes on mammo are divided into 3 groups depending on their relationship to the pec minor
Level 1 nodes:

A

Located lateral to pec minor

49
Q

Level 2 nodes:

A

posterior or deep to pec minor

50
Q

Level 3 nodes:

A

medial to pec minor

51
Q

Rotter’s nodes:

A

LN’s between the pec major and minor, along the thoracoacromial artery

52
Q

Nipple - collecting duct - major subareolar ducts - ampulla - segmental (principle ducts) - TDLU

A

False

Nipple - collecting duct - ampulla - major subareolar ducts - segmental (principle ducts) - TDLU

53
Q

The lumen of each duct is line w

A

epithelial cells

54
Q

The outer portion of the duct is line w

A

myoepithelial cells

55
Q

Myoepithelial and epithelial cells are composed of _________ that aid in the transport of milk

A

contractile fibres

56
Q

What’s the basic functional unit of the breast

A

TDLU

57
Q

What is the best way to evaluate the lacteriferous duct system?

A

Radial and anti radial

58
Q

A TDLU consists of

A

a lobule and a extralobular terminal duct

59
Q

A lobule consists of

A

an intralobular terminal duct and ductules

60
Q

Which pathologies originate in the TDLU?

A

cysts, FA’s, DCIS, LCIS, invasive ductal/lobular carcinoma, papillomas, fibrocystic changes

Breast US (6 decks)

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