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Breast US > Module 1 Facts > Flashcards

Module 1 Facts Flashcards

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1
Q

Men make up ______ of all breast cancer cases

A

1%

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2
Q

What percentage of women have a breast cancer diagnosis?

A

12.4%

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3
Q

What is the most important prognostic fact with breast cancer?

A

If it has spread to the lymph nodes

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4
Q

What is the second most prognostic factor with breast cancer?

A

size of the tumor. Prognosis is best for tumors under or equal to 1cm.

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5
Q

Tumors greater than _____ are more likely to recur?

A

5cm

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6
Q

What is the age range for most breast cancer diagnosis?

A

Increases w age, most occur after 50

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7
Q

What makes someone 72% more likely to have a breast cancer diagnosis?

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes

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8
Q

The United States Preventative Task Force (USPTF) recommends what for screening?

A

Biennial screening for patients aged 50-74 for breast cancer

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9
Q

The American College of Radiology (ACR) and Society of Breast Imaging (SBI) both recommend screening starting when?

A

Annual screening starting at 40 for those at an average risk of breast cancer

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10
Q

Is US an effective screening tool?

A

No

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11
Q

When performed in addition to mammography, US imaging of the breast has been shown to detect approximately ______ more cancers

A

40%

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12
Q

What are the best characteristics for US imaging tools?

A 
high resolution
large FOV
dynamic focusing
linear array
broad bandwidth
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13
Q

Tranducers in the 10-13.5MHz range can resolve masses ______ or less

A

0.2mm

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14
Q

Axial resolution improves with __________________, but the depth of _________________.

A

increasing frequency

penetration decreases

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15
Q

What are 2 ways to improve lateral resolution?

A

focus

increase frequency

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16
Q

What is the worst measure of image resolution? Why?

A

Slice thickness (elevational resolution), as it cannot be focused

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17
Q

During the receive phase, what are the degrees of electronic focusing? Increasing these improve?

A 
aperture size
# of channels in the transducer
# of transducer elements
# of scan lines

LR

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18
Q

Contrast resolution improves with increasing transducer __________ and increasing _____________?

A

Frequency

BW

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19
Q

The majority of breast lesions occur at a depth of ?

A

3cm or less

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20
Q

Standoff pads should not exceed

A

1cm

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21
Q

Fat should always appear as what shade of gray

A

medium

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22
Q

System power should only be set high enough to penetrate to the ?

A

chest wall

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23
Q

Attenuation occurs at

A

0.5dB/cm/MHz (1 for return)

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24
Q

What color flow Doppler velocities would indicate malignancy?

A

25-40cm/s

25
Q

What color flow Doppler velocities would indicate a benign mass?

A

<20cm/s

26
Q

Carcinoma’s have consistent high velocities throughout the mass.

A

False– they tend to have higher PSV’s and RI’s within the centre of the mass

Benign masses have consistent velocities and RI’s

27
Q

Most popular way of breast scanning?

A

Radial (or convergent)

28
Q

What is echo palpation?

A

immobilization of a breast mass w two fingers while pressure is applied to the underlying tissues with the US transducer

29
Q

Benign lesions will ________ during compression, whereas malignant will not

A

rotate

30
Q

Zone 1

A

near nipple

31
Q

Zone 2

A

midway within the breast (mammary zone)

32
Q

Zone 3

A

periphery of the breast

33
Q

SA

A

subareolar

34
Q

AX

A

Axillary

35
Q

A

A

Anterior third of breast

36
Q

B

A

Mid breast

37
Q

C

A

Posterior third of breast (chest)

38
Q

Every image must have a permanent ID label which includes?

A

Facility name/location, patient’s first and last name, patient ID, and DOB, the exam date, and sonographer’s initials

39
Q

Speed of sound in soft tissue is? Silicone? Fat?

A

1540m/s
990 m/s (deeper)
1450 m/s (deeper)

40
Q

What is the Bayonet sign?

A

during a needle aspiration the needle appears broken due to the difference in speed of sound between breast tissue and fluid within the cyst (actually helpful because it shows we are within the cyst)

41
Q

What does THI reduce?

A

artifacts (speckle and clutter) and side lobes

THI utilizes multiples of the transmission frequency

42
Q

Disadvantages to CEUS?

A

Contrast agents are extremely expensive and require an IV injection?

43
Q

Fremitus technique

A

AKA vibrational Doppler Imaging (VDI) or sonoelastography.
In theory, the softer components of a normal breast vibrate more than firmer components when vibrational energy is applied. Breast cancers vibrate very little

44
Q

Shear Wave Elastography:

A

A technique that visualizes and measures the tissue elasticity

45
Q

Strain Elastography:

A

Manual compression with the US transducer

46
Q

Do 2D or 1.5D linear arrays have dynamic focusing?

A

Yes, allows for focusing in the elevational (or slice thickness) plane. This improves LR in the near field

47
Q

What is tomosynthesis?

A

Allows for a low dose xray system and computer reconstruction to create 3D images of the breast. Ideally it is combined w 2D digital mammo to reduce the radiation dose

48
Q

A coronal image is a scan plane:

A

parallel to skin surface

49
Q

What does the coronal scan plane improve?

A

The interpreter’s ability to assess the tissues surrounding the tumor. Can also see surface characteristics better

50
Q

What is the tissue surrounding a tumor called?

A

Infiltrative zone

51
Q

Women with dense breasts are ______x more likely to have a missed diagnosis of breast cancer.

A

4-6

52
Q

What percentage of women have dense breasts?

A

43%

53
Q

What is the accuracy percentage in women w dense breasts?

A

48%

54
Q

What is the sensitivity of ABUS when used in conjunction with mammo?

A

97%

55
Q

Brachytherapy:

A

Treatment within or adjacent to cancer tissues

56
Q

What is the most common treatment for breast cancer?

A 
Radiation therapy (externally)
Most common form of treatment of postmastectomy
57
Q

What are the different kinds of brachytherapy?

A

Interstitial (aka tube and button): small catheters are inserted into where the cancer was removed from and they deposit radioactive pellets. Less commonly used
Intercavitary (aka balloon catheter): a device put into the lumpectomy site, and for 5days, 2x a day, a radioactive pellet is inserted and then removed. Then the entire device is removed. More common.

58
Q

Why is brachytherapy better than other methods?

A

Reduces radiation to the lungs and opposite breast, 1wk treatment time vs 6-7wks, causes no delays w other treatments and it’s an outpatient basis

Breast US (6 decks)

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