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Bio 2 > Module 2 Exam: Plants > Flashcards

Module 2 Exam: Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a disadvantage to the traditional classification system?

A

does not inform us about evolutionary relationships (close or distant relation)

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2
Q

What type of traits are used for phylogenetics?

A

morphology, shared derived traits, DNA

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3
Q

What is an evolutionary lineage?

A

ancestral species and the lines (determine relative time the species has been around)

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4
Q

What is a sister taxa/clade?

A

two taxa sharing an immediate ancestor, that is NOT shared with anyone else.

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5
Q

What are the aspects of phylogenetic trees?

A

-alt. forms do not change the way they work
-lineages can rotate around node/branches

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6
Q

How do phylogenetic trees differ from the traditional classification system?

A

phylogenetic trees use molecular data

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7
Q

What is an assumption of phylogenetics?

A

more similar morphology and genome = more closely related

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8
Q

How is the rule of parsimony used to interpret evolutionary relationships?

A

-loss/gain of a new trait is rare
-true relationships have FEWEST # of changes

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9
Q

Why is it imperative that homologous traits are used when creating a phylogenetic tree?

A

evidence of evolutionary change

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10
Q

Why are analogous traits often important to distinguish?

A

dorsal fins in sharks and dolphins more likely to come from convergent evolution rather than the loss/gain of that trait over time according to rule of parsinomy

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11
Q

The more evolutionary different two taxonomic units are..

A

the more dna/genetic diff
-longer period of time since sharing common ancestor allows for more mutations

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12
Q

What is a monophyletic clade?

A

ancestor and all descendants

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13
Q

Why is it important for classification groupings to also form a monophyletic clade when mapped on a tree?

A

accurately represents the evolutionary relationships of org.

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14
Q

What is a paraphyletic clade?

A

ancestor and some descendants
-incorrect classification
-birds should be grouped with reptiles

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15
Q

What is a polyphyletic clade?

A

no common ancestor, clade takes from two or more diff ancestors
-ex: if birds and mammals grouped together, not evolutionary related

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16
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

pro do not have nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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17
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Eukarya
Archaea
Bacteria

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18
Q

What is the current hypothesis regarding the evolution of eukaryotic cells?

A

evolved from endosymbiosis (symbiotic relationship with prokaryotes)

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19
Q

What are characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

A

-membrane bound organelles
-nuclear envelope protects genome
-cytoskeleton of microtubules
-inner membrane, DNA presence and ribosome similar to bacteria

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20
Q

When did eukaryotes evolve?

A

1.8 bya

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21
Q

What are characteristics of protists?

A

-no single unifying trait
-can be unicellular or multicellular
-energy: photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs
-repro: both
-all habitats

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22
Q

What are the protist groups?

A

-excavata
-sar
-unikonta
-archaeplastida

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23
Q

What characterizes the supergroup Excavata?

A

-unique flagella structure
-most freeliving, some parasitic
-diplomonads and parabasalids have reduced mitochondria

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24
Q

What are the three primary groups of excavata?

A

-diplomonads
-parabasalids
-euglenozoans

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25
Q

What is an example of diplomonads and paraboloids?

A

Giardia

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26
Q

What is an example of euglenozoans?

A

-spinal rod present
-Ex: trypanosoma (A.S.S.)
-Ex: Euglena (mixotropic,eyespot, long flagellum)

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27
Q

What characterizes the supergroup SAR?

A

-DNA similarities, several traditional clades combine

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28
Q

Do protists form a clade?

A

No

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29
Q

What are the three primary groups of SAR?

A

-Stramenophiles
-Alveolates
-Rhizarians

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30
Q

What are characteristics of Stramenophiles?

A

flagella w/ hair-like projections

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31
Q

What is an example of stramenophiles?

A

-Diatoms
-Brown Algae

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32
Q

What are characteristics of Diatoms?

A

-unicellular algae and cell walls of silicia
-main component: phytoplankton

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33
Q

What are characteristics of brown algae?

A

-largest and most complex

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34
Q

What are characteristics of alveolates?

A

vesicles enclosed in membranes

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35
Q

What are examples of alveolates?

A

-Dinoflagellates
-Alecomplexans
-Ciliates

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36
Q

What are dinoflagellates?

A

-unicellular algae
-2 flagella
-component of phytoplankton
-rapid reproduction (blooms)

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37
Q

What are alecomplexans?

A

parasitic protists
-ex: plasmodium(malaria)

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38
Q

What are ciliates?

A

-predatory protists
-cilia used for locomotion
-two nuclei

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39
Q

What are characteristics of Rhizarians?

A

amoeboid locomotion
-pseudopodia (false foot)

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40
Q

What is an example of rhizarians?

A

-radiolarians
-forams

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41
Q

What are radiolarians?

A

-zooplankton
-silicia skeletons

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42
Q

What are forams?

A

-porous shell
-host to algae symbionts

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43
Q

What are characteristics of Archeaplastids?

A

chloroplasts surrounded by 2 membranes
-ex: green algae, brown algae, landplants

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44
Q

What organisms are in Unikonta?

A

-ex: fungus, animals, protists w/ lobe-pseudopods

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45
Q

What is alteration of generations?

A

haploid and diploid multicellular stages

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46
Q

What is the most abundant group of photosynthetic org in the ocean?

A

Diatoms and dinoflagellates (SAR) in phytoplankton

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47
Q

What is conjugation?

A

two cells swap micronuclei, resulting in two separate copies (from meiosis)

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48
Q

What is nuclear fusion?

A

fusion of nuclei to form diploid micronucleus

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49
Q

Why are plants grouped with green and red algae?

A

-common ancestor
-algae photosynthetic
-contain chloroplast

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50
Q

When did land plants evolve and what were the evolutionary drivers?

A

-algae in dry seasons attached to rocky edges and enabled them to survive
-470-500 mya

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51
Q

What is the closest living relative to plants?

A

Charophye algae

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52
Q

What traits support the hypothesis of charophyte algae being the closest living relative to plants?

A

-lives along edge of freshwater system
-can tolerate short periods of time out of water

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53
Q

What are the supportive traits found in land plants?

A

-cell wall
-peroxisome enzyme (supports photosynthesis)
-flagellated sperm structure
-chlorophyll a&b only (green pigments)
-DNA similarities

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54
Q

What are the derived traits?

A

-alteration of generations
-spores w/ sporopollenin (protection)
-cuticle (wax covering)
-apical meristem

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55
Q

What are the functions of cuticle?

A

-protect tissues from drying out
-protects from microbes
-stomata allow gas exchange on underside (reduces water loss and increases dry period survival)

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56
Q

What are the three broad groups of plants?

A

-non-vascular/bryophytes
-seedless vascular plants
-seed plants

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57
Q

What is an example of non-vascular plants?

A

liverworts, mosses, hornworts

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58
Q

What are the characteristics of non-vascular plants/bryophytes?

A

-no vessels in plant tissues for water distribution and nutrients
-restricted to wet conditions

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59
Q

What are the male/female parts of bryophytes?

A

M: antheridia
F: Archegonia

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60
Q

In bryophytes plants the gametophyte is

A

dominant stage

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61
Q

Bryophyte’s sporophytes are

A

dependent of the gametophyte

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62
Q

What is an example of seedless vascular plants?

A

lycophytes/club “mosses” and pterophytes (ferns)

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63
Q

What unique traits evolved in vascular plants?

A

Roots, shoots, vascular system

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64
Q

Why is a vascular system important?

A

-Xylem for water from roots
-Phloem for sugar from leaves
- all cells get materials req. for living

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65
Q

What is the male/female part of seedless vascular plants?

A

M: antheridium
F: archegonium

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66
Q

What is the dominant part of the seedless vascular plant’s lifecycle?

A

sporophyte

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67
Q

Why are seedless vascular plants important/unique?

A

left carbonized material humans use for energy in the carboniferous period

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68
Q

Do ferns have reduced gametophytes? how many do they produce?

A

yes; one

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69
Q

The gametophyte is independent of

A

the sporophyte

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70
Q

What are the derived traits observed in seed plants?

A

-heterospores
-gametophytes are microscopic + develop in sporangia, sporophyte nourishes gametophyte

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71
Q

What is a seed plant?

A

seed composed of embryo, food supply and protective coat
-disperses from parent

72
Q

Antheridia houses..

A

male gametophyte microspore

73
Q

Archegonia houses..

A

female gametophyte megaspore

74
Q

What are some characteristics of gymnosperms?

A

-needle-leaves w/ thick cuticles
-NAKED SEEDS/CONES
-conifer forest (largest carbon sink)
EX: evergreen trees (pines)

75
Q

What is the ecological benefit of gymnosperms?

A

provide food and shelter for org

76
Q

Each scale on cone…

A

contains ovule

77
Q

Pollen is dispersed by _____ while seeds are dispersed by ______ in gymnosperms

A

wind; wind

78
Q

What are some characteristics of angiosperms?

A

-fruit/flower producing
-90% of plants
-co-evolved w/ animals

79
Q

What are ecological benefits to angiosperms?

A

-pollination for insects/birds
-critical to human agriculture

80
Q

Pollen is dispersed by _____ while seeds are dispersed by ______ in angiosperms

A

animals/insects; waste from animals/insects in new area

81
Q

What are the male and female parts of angiosperms?

A

M: Stamen producing pollen grains gametophyte
F: Carpel producing egg+endosperm gametophyte

82
Q

What is unqiue about angiosperms?

A

double fertilization, sperm cells fertilize egg and central cell to form embryo and endosperm

83
Q

Endosperm is important because…

A

it is the food source for endosperm

84
Q

Seed coat is important because…

A

protects embryo

85
Q

What are the organ systems found in plants?

A

-Shoot
-Root

86
Q

What are the three organs found in plants?

A

-Shoot: Stems +Leaves
-Root: Roots

87
Q

What are the functions of roots?

A

-anchor for plants
-absorb materials
-allow growth
-stores energy reserves (reproductive season)
-non-photosynthetic
gametophyte

88
Q

What are characteristics of tap roots?

A

-vertical growth
-lateral roots that branch off main
-strong anchor
-tall growth

89
Q

Why are these characteristics important for tap roots?

A

-grow tall= fav. light conditions, distribution of pollen and seed dispersal
-grow deep= able to reach materials

90
Q

What are characteristics of fibrous roots?

A

-lateral roots w/ own lateral roots
-complicated network of roots tangled w/ other’s roots
-thick mat of slender roots

91
Q

Why are these characteristics important?

A

thick mats prevent erosion

92
Q

What are the modified roots?

A

-Aerial
-strangling
-storage food
-pneumatophores

93
Q

What are aerial roots?

A

extend from tree trunk
-prop-roots: support top heavy
-buttress: support large trees (ex: rainfores)

94
Q

What are strangling roots?

A

parasitic trees that grow on/around other plants

95
Q

What are storage food roots?

A

enlarged to store water or sugars
-tap root modification

96
Q

What are storage food root examples?

A

beets and carrots

97
Q

What are pneumatophores?

A

-small roots that extend from underground to reach back above ground
-absorbs oxygen from air
-typical in mud substrates

98
Q

What are the functions of stems?

A

-growth
-physical support
-increase exposure to sun
-increase dispersal of pollen/seeds
-supports fruit/flowers
-transport fluids

99
Q

What are nodes and internodes?

A

nodes: leaf attachment
internodes: segments between leaves

100
Q

What are the two different types of buds?

A

-apical
-axillary

101
Q

What are apical buds?

A

growth @ the tips of stems
-site that allows:
growth in width/height
apical meristem
-increases overall width/space due to branches/stems getting longer

102
Q

What are axillary buds?

A

growth @ nodes
-increases branches on plant

103
Q

What are the modified stems?

A

-rhizomes
-stolons
-tubers

104
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

-horizontal stem
-grows UNDERGROUND
-asexual repro
-increases nutrient exposure due to spreading out across landscape

105
Q

What are stolons?

A

-horizontal stems
-grows ABOVE ground
-asexual repro
-“runners”
ex: strawberry

106
Q

What are tubers?

A

-enlarged rhizomes/stolons
-used to store sugars
ex: MOST FOOD/POTATOES

107
Q

What are the functions of leaves?

A

-photosynthesis
-gas exchange from stomata
-defense (fine hairs to protect pores + antibiotic properties)
-store water/sugars
-encourage repro
-decomposition/recycle of material
-support + climbing

108
Q

What are bracts?

A

colorful leaves to draw in pollinators

109
Q

What are the two diff types of leaves?

A

simple: one single leaf coming from from axillary bud
compound: complex, branches off from leaf “stem” w/ no axillary buds

110
Q

How to determine types of leaves?

A

look at axillary buds

111
Q

What are the diff modified leaves?

A

-tendrils
-spines
-storage
-reproductive

112
Q

What are tendrils?

A

-threadlike leaf
-cling+support for climbing

113
Q

What are spines?

A

-protection (cacti)

114
Q

What are storage leaves?

A

water or sugar
ex: aloe plant

115
Q

what are reproductive leaves?

A

-petals / bracts highly modified leaves to attract pollinators

116
Q

What is vegetative propogation?

A

plant reproduces asexually by fragmentation + regeneration of vegetative plant parts
-new plant develops from rhizomes or stolons

117
Q

What are the three plant tissues?

A

-dermal
-vascular
-ground

118
Q

What is dermal tissue?

A

-protective coating (outer)
-herbascous: epidermis (thick layer of cells)
-woody: periderm/bark (multiple layers)

119
Q

What is vascular tissue?

A

divided into xylem and phloem to transport water + sugar

120
Q

What is ground tissue?

A

-remaining support cells
-pith
-cortex

121
Q

What is the Pith?

A

internal to vascular

122
Q

What is the cortex?

A

external to vascular

123
Q

What is apical meristem?

A

LENGTH
-primary growth
-cells @ tips of roots + shoots go under rapid cell division to create new layers of cells

124
Q

What is lateral meristem?

A

THICKNESS/GIRTH
-divided into two sections
-Vascular Cambium:
adds xylem and phloem
-Cork Cambium
adds periderm (bark) on woody plants

125
Q

What is lateral meristem?

A

THICKNESS/GIRTH
-divided into two sections
-Vascular Cambium:
adds xylem and phloem
-Cork Cambium
adds periderm (bark) on woody plants

126
Q

Why is lateral meristem important?

A

add layer of cells to ensure protection of plant + transport

127
Q

What are the apical and lateral meristem’s main motive?

A

work together for proportional growth of plant

128
Q

Kingdom fungi…

A

-evolved from unicellular flagellated protists
-shared ancestor w/ animals +chanoflagellates

129
Q

What is absorbtive heterotrophy?

A

-secrete digestive enzymes that break down food particles in surrounding env., absorb directly through cell membranes
(typically feed on dead org. and absorb them)

130
Q

How is this diff from heterotrophy seen in animals?

A

-animals eat org directly
-fungi use digestive enzymes

131
Q

What is the general body structure of a fungus?

A

-mycellium: network of filamentous cells creating complex interwoven body that grows in a substrate

132
Q

What is hypha?

A

individual tubular cell walls (chitin-rigid) that create the filaments in mycelia

133
Q

What is sepetate hypha?

A

cross-walls (septa) w/ pores separate cells
-MOST FUNGUS

134
Q

What is coenocytic hypha?

A

lack septa, continuous mass of cytoplasm w/ freely moving nuclei
-“xenocidic” fungus

135
Q

What are xenocidic fungus?

A

fungus w/ coenocytic hypha
-influences how they repro

136
Q

What is mycorrhizae?

A

mutualism between fungus + plants
-fungus dev. specialized hypha (Haustoria) to extract nutrients from plants
-fungi provides phosphates, plants provide sugars

137
Q

What are Haustoria?

A

specialized hypha used to extract nutrients from plants

138
Q

How do the Haustoria cells transfer materials from plants?

A

branched extensions of the hypha (ARBUSCLES) that can transfer materials from plants

139
Q

What is the predator relationship of fungi?

A

specialized hypha to feed on living animals

140
Q

What are the sexual reproductive stages of fungi?

A

-plasmogamy and karyogamy
-haploid spores (wind/water) grows into mycelia
-hypha from 2 groups come together

141
Q

What is plasmogamy?

A

Union of cytoplasm + multiple nuclei (takes same from each ind. hyphen)
-Unit: HETEROKARYOTIC

142
Q

What is karyogamy?

A

fusion of nuclei to create diploid zygote
-only diploid part of lifecycle
-meoisis produce haplois spores and get released by wind/rain

143
Q

What are the asexual reproductive methods?

A

-mold
-yeast

144
Q

What is mold?

A

specialized hypha makes spores via mitosis (RAPID)

145
Q

What is yeast?

A

BUDDING via mitosis, small buds on parent cell break off + spread (RAPID)

146
Q

What are the five groups of fungus?

A

-Chytrids
-Zoopagomycetes
-Mucoromycetes
-Ascomycetes
-Basidiomycetes

147
Q

What are chytrids?

A

-‘most basal group’
-zoospores (flagella)
-aquatic + unicellular
-decomposers
-parasites
-endosymbionts
-can form colonies

148
Q

What are chytrids?

A

-‘most basal group’
-zoospores (flagella)
-aquatic + unicellular
-decomposers
-parasites
-endosymbionts
-can form colonies

149
Q

What are zoopagomycetes?

A

-parasities animals/other fungi
-cause of summit disease

150
Q

What are mucoromycetes?

A

-decomposers
-fast growing via mold spores
-sporangium filled w/ spores
-bread + fruit mold

151
Q

What are Ascomycetes?

A

produce “ascocarps” as a fruiting body to hold spores
-includes lichen/green algae & mycorrhizae w/ plants

152
Q

What are basidiomycetes?

A

-MOST DIVERSE
-produces basidiocarps (mushrooms) that hold spores
-oldest living species on the planet

153
Q

What are the valuable ecological roles fungi serve in the environment and across habitats?

A

-decomposers
-ensure balanced food web
-mutualistic relationship w plants

154
Q

What are some unique adaptations fungi have that allows them to be so successful?

A

-parasitize org + can change the behavior of them to increase evolutionary fitness
-flexible repro
-rapid growth (mold/yeast)

155
Q

The megaspore of a gymnosperm eventually develops into the

A

female gametophyte

156
Q

Which feature of plants is responsible for increasing the girth?

A

lateral meristem

157
Q

Which of the following enables vegetative reproduction in plants?

A

tubers, stolon, rhizome

158
Q

Periderm is made by the

A

cork cambium

159
Q

The egg cells of angiosperms are made by the process of

A

mitosis

160
Q

When you are eating potatoes and carrots, you’re eating _____ and ___.

A

stems and roots

161
Q

Archegonia always produce ______.

A

one non-motile egg

162
Q

The brown algae has a unique life cycle that is often described as ‘alternation of generations’. What exactly does this mean?

A

Multicellular haploid and diploid stages

163
Q

Plants that have vascular tissue are more versatile than nonvascular plants. The development of vascular tissue enabled plants to _______.

A

grow taller

164
Q

Diatoms have cell walls made of

A

silicia

165
Q

You are examining a sample of a newly discovered protist and see that it has hairy flagella. This organism is certainly a _______.

A

stramenophile

166
Q

Lycophytes are best described as _____.

A

seedless vascular plants

167
Q

Mycorrhizae is a specialized co-evolved mutualism between some fungi and plants, one by which each organism depends on for its life. Fungi have specialized structures in the mycelium that penetrate plant root cells. These serve as the conduit for exchanging materials back and forth. What are these structures called?

A

Haustoria

168
Q

You are presented with several single-celled organisms, including one thought to belong to the Kingdom Fungi. What unique feature helps you identify the fungus?

A

Presence of cell walls made of chitin

169
Q

Karyogamy is ____ and results in the production of a ___.

A

Fusion of nuclei : diploid zygote

170
Q

Which clade of fungi include decomposers that can grow quickly through the production of mold spores?

A

Mucoromycetes

171
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of fungi?

A

They tend to be quite small, never reaching sizes bigger than a small dog

172
Q

What are things true of fungi?

A

Can be multicellular or unicellular
-Likely evolved from a flagellated protist
-Can be decomposers, predators, and even recyclers

173
Q

The dominant part of the fungus life cycle is always _____

A

Haploid

174
Q

Yeast is actually a specialized reproductive mechanism utilized by some fungi to ______.

A

reproduce by budding

175
Q

If you see something with small cilia, what supergroup is it originated from?

A

Alveolates in SAR

Bio 2 (3 decks)

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