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Final Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is evolution?

A

genetic change in a population over time

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2
Q

What is a population?

A

same species living in the same area at the same time

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3
Q

consequence of evolution

A

speciation

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4
Q

consequence of not evolving

A

extinction

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5
Q

aristotle

A

-scala naturae
-first taxonomist

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6
Q

What is the Scala Naturae?

A

“ladder of life” , hierarchy system that had a creator on the top and the rest aligned beneath.

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7
Q

What did Scala Naturae view species as?

A

fixed and unchanging

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8
Q

What is Natural Theology?

A

-creator designed each org. for a particular purpose.
-no extinction, change, or new life.

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9
Q

What was Linneaus’ contribution?

A

Binomial classification system

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10
Q

What was Cuvier’s work and findings?

A

-demonstrated extinction + evolution from fossils
-shallow(younger) = living things
-deeper(older)= fossils dissimilar to living things.
–catastrophism

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11
Q

What kind of conclusions did Cuvier make that directly contradicted natural theology?

A

the theory that life forms appear in the fossil bed and disappear later

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12
Q

What is catastrophism?

A

catastrophic events destroyed many organisms and earth’s environment.

*used by cuvier to dispute evolution

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13
Q

What was Lyell’s work and findings?

A

-earth’s surface is being shaped by natural processes that are slow and continuous.
–uniformitarianism

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14
Q

What is uniformitarianism?

A

earth crust changes due to continuous and uniform processes
-ex: erosion and sedementation

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15
Q

Catastrophism versus Uniformitarianism

A

-both can affect earth’s crust
-uniformatarism is slow and continuous processes
-catastrophism is quick and impactful

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16
Q

What happened during the age of exploration?

A

-Biogeography began
-species were found that look similar to other species in diff areas of the world.
-ex: rhea, ostrich,emu

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17
Q

Who was Lammarck and what was his contribution?

A

-published book in 1809 about evolutionary change explaining:
-fossil record
-organisms matched to their environment

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18
Q

What did Lammarck’s principles claim?

A
  1. use and disuse
    2.inheritance of acquired traits (modifications passed to offspring)
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19
Q

What did Lammarck get wrong?

A

evolution happens at population level NOT individual level.

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20
Q

What did Lamarck get right?

A

-species are not fixed, there’s a link between an organism’s environment and its body structures
-first to say evolution could explain the fossil record

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21
Q

What were Darwin’s duties on the Voyage of the Beatle?

A

-chart coastlines
-collect specimen
-note on animal behavior
-habitat types
-climate

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22
Q

What did Darwin observe?

A

-witnessed EQ in SA + saw the impact of geological processes
-temperate SA and tropical SA had similar animals
-variation in vegetation and species across islands
-realized animals on Galapagos islands must have come from SA

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23
Q

What influenced Darwins thinking process to develop natural selection?

A

-Read Malthus’ principle of pop.
-Lyell’s book ab. geological processes being slow and constant
-animals in Galapagos similar to SA
-observed variation
-principle of pop+observed variation= competition + natural selection
-species change
-artificial selection

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24
Q

What is natural selection, how does it work?

A

adaptations(alleles) increase reproductive output and survivorship, therefore it passes to the next generation, and those who do not have the adaptations die.

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25
Q

What type of evidence did darwin use for his book?

A

-adaptations
-artificial selection

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26
Q

What is required for natural selection?

A

-variation for a trait
-trait must be heritable
-differential reproduction because of that trait (more with than without)

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27
Q

How do you measure fitness?

A

reproductive output: amount of offspring species produces.

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28
Q

How does camouflage demonstrate evolution?

A

closely related species living in diff environments have diff camouflage based on their environment.

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29
Q

What are Homologous traits? How do they demonstrate evolution?

A

-traits shared among species due to common ancestor
-provides evidence of evolutionary change and decent from common ancestor
(ex: forearm similarity)

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30
Q

What are vestigial structures? How do they demonstrate evolution?

A

-served a function in ancestors but little/no value to the species today
-evidence of descent with modification, pointing out traits that may have been useful for our ancestors.
(ex: python w leg bones)

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31
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

independent development of similar features in unrelated species
(ex: sugar glider and flying squirrels)

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32
Q

What are analogous traits?

A

traits that share a common function or purpose but evolved independently in unrelated species
(ex: fins in dolphins,sea turtles, penguins, and sharks)

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33
Q

Genotype v Phenotype

A

genotype- genetic makeup
phenotype-physical expression

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34
Q

What is a population’s Gene pool?

A

all of the alleles present in that population

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35
Q

What are the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions?

A

-random mating
-no evolutionary mechanism (no change)

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36
Q

What is the allele frequency equation?

A

p + q = 1

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37
Q

What is the genotype frequency equation?

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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38
Q

What are the mechanisms of change/evolution?

A

-Non-random mating
-Mutations
-Gene flow
-Genetic Drift
-Sexual Selection
-Natural Selection

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39
Q

What is non-random mating?

A

-when individuals select mates based on proximity or phenotype
-probability of two individuals mating is not the same for all pairs.

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40
Q

Can non-random mating lead to speciation?

A

YES

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41
Q

What are mutations?

A

heritable changes in genetic information.

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42
Q

What is Gene Flow?

A

movement of alleles from one population to another

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43
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

certain traits increase mating success

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44
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

sexes look different, certain traits desired by the other sex.

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45
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

random change in allele frequency

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46
Q

What is the Founder effect?

A

migration of a small group to form a new pop

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47
Q

Why is the founder effect a type of genetic drift?

A

when individuals migrate, both pop can see changes in allele frequencies

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48
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

significant + mostly rapid pop. decline, leaving smaller portion of pop. alive
-allele frequencies change due to this decline
(ex: florida panthers)

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49
Q

What can occur due to the bottleneck effect?

A

-reduction in genetic diversity
-interbreeding
-disorders

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50
Q

Non-random mating versus sexual selection

A

Non-random mating focuses on proximity and phenotypes while sexual selection solely focuses on the appearance of mate

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51
Q

what can cause interbreeding?

A

-non random mating
-bottleneck effect
-founders effect

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52
Q

Gene flow versus founder effect

A

Gene flow is from one ESTABLISHED pop. to another. Founder effect is forming a new population.

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53
Q

How does geneflow influence genetic structure of different populations?

A

-reduces genetic diff. between the two populations.
-creates larger gene pool with neighboring pop.
-reduce frequency of old alleles

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54
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

favors intermediate trait
-fixed; no variation in trait
(ex: human birth weight)

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55
Q

What is directional selection?

A

favors one extreme
-curve shifts in favor of that extreme
(ex: Galapagos finches during drought)

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56
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

favors both extremes
-curve has peaks at both ends with a minimum in the middle
(ex: mice with dark fur and light fur both common)

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57
Q

Why are there no perfect species?

A

-selection acts on existing variation
-limited by historical constraints
-adaptations often require compromise
-environment is constantly changing

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58
Q

What is speciation?

A

single species splits into two new species

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59
Q

what happens during speciation?

A

pop. connected by gene flow but a reproductive barrier happens and the populations become isolated.

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60
Q

What two things are required for speciation?

A
  1. loss of gene flow to one pop.
  2. isolated pop. must become reproductively isolated.
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61
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

species are a group of populations whose members:
-interbreed
-produce viable, fertile offspring
-do NOT breed with other groups

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62
Q

What are the problems with the biological species concept?

A

-only based on successful reproduction, nothing to do w/ appearance.
-fossil species
-leaves out asexual species
-closely related species/hybrids can breed with either of the two parent species
-ring species

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63
Q

Fossil Species

A

-can’t provide evidence for reproductive isolation
-no way of knowing if 2 fossils belong to same species

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64
Q

ring species

A

pop. that can interbreed with neighboring pop. but not with pop. separated by larger geographical distances

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65
Q

allopatric speciation

A

-geographically isolated pop.
-can occur from founders effect

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66
Q

sympatric speciation

A

-same area, but different preferences
-non-random mating preferences

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67
Q

What is a pre-zygotic barrier?

A

prevent mating and the fertilizations of egg

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68
Q

What are the five types of prezygotic barriers?

A

-habitat isolation
-temporal isolation
-behavioral isolation
-mechanical isolation
-gametic isolation

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69
Q

habitat isolation?

A

found in two diff habitats

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70
Q

temporal isolation?

A

mate @ different times

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71
Q

gametic isolation?

A

sperm can not fertilize egg
(ex: frogs and fish)

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72
Q

mechanical isolation?

A

reproductive parts are diff so can not produce

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73
Q

behavioral isolation?

A

mating behaviors are diff. therefore do not attract other species

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74
Q

What is a post-zygotic barrier?

A

maintain reproductive isolation even AFTER a zygote develops

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75
Q

what are the types of post-zygotic barriers?

A

-Reduced hybrid viability
-reduced hybrid fertility
-hybrid breakdown

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76
Q

reduced hybrid viability?

A

zygote is not viable and will die

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77
Q

reduced hybrid ferility

A

zygote is viable and develops but can not reproduce with others
(ex: horse + donkey= mule)

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78
Q

hybrid breakdown?

A

Hybrid is fertile, but when they breed the next generation is sterile.

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79
Q

What is Punctuated equilibrium?

A

time periods with rapid change followed by long periods w/ little change.
(rapid divergence and long time period of static)

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80
Q

What is phyletic gradualism?

A

slow, gradual and steady changes over long period of time, eventually cause speciation.

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81
Q

When did life first appear on Earth?

A

3.5-4 BYA

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82
Q

What 2 things are required for life?

A

1.replication
2.metabolic activity

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83
Q

what four steps are required for life to form?

A
  1. abiotic synthesis of organic molecules
  2. macromolecules
  3. membrane
  4. RNA+replication
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84
Q

What are the possible sources of organic molecules on earth?

A
  1. deep sea hydrothermal vents
  2. meteorites
  3. condensation of rainwater from early earth’s atmosphere
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85
Q

What was the Miller-Urey experiment?

A

-water evaporated from the lightning in an early “ocean” type setting
-proved amino acids formed
confirmed early earth’s conditions could result in organic molecules

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86
Q

Why can membranes form spontaneously?

A

-form spheres in water because the molecular attraction of head towards water and tail away.
-experiments showed phospholipids slowly create vesicles (membranes) around other molecules

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87
Q

How can RNA function as an enzyme?

A

ability to catalyze reactions because it can fold onto itself and take on many shapes.
-interacts w/ self + others nearby
-forms 3 dimensional shapes similar to enzyme

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88
Q

How can RNA self-replicate?

A

-can enable chemical reactions
-enable presence of metabolic activity
so it can replicate itself!

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89
Q

What major life events occurred during the pre-Cambrian period?

A

-bacteria formed
-oxygen may have come into atmosphere
-eukaryotes
-multicellular org. appeared
-fungi and marine invertebrates appeared

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90
Q

What may have happened for oxygen to come into the atmosphere?

A

prokaryotes appeared that could photosynthesis

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91
Q

What happened during the Cambrian explosion?

A

-quick radiation of invertebrates (marine and land)
-insects appeared
-fish and land plants appeared
-land plants increased oxygen in the atmosphere
-soil became rich because of fungus
-vegetation and colonization of land by animals

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92
Q

How do we know life could have evolved only once?

A

-fossil record
-carbon based
-DNA similarities
-no evidence of life evolving a second time

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93
Q

What was the atmosphere like in the early Earth?

A

methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide

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94
Q

Endosymbiosis is a common relationship among two species where one actually lives/survives inside another. Humans have many endosymbionts!! It turns out this special relationship is most likely the process by which eukaryotes evolved from

A

prokaryotes

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95
Q

What type of traits are used for phylogenetics?

A

morphology, shared derived traits, DNA

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96
Q

What is a sister taxa/clade?

A

two taxa sharing an immediate ancestor, that is NOT shared with anyone else.

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97
Q

How do phylogenetic trees differ from the traditional classification system?

A

phylogenetic trees use molecular data

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98
Q

How is the rule of parsimony used to interpret evolutionary relationships?

A

-loss/gain of a new trait is rare
-true relationships have FEWEST # of changes

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99
Q

Why are analogous traits often important to distinguish?

A

dorsal fins in sharks and dolphins more likely to come from convergent evolution rather than the loss/gain of that trait over time according to rule of parsinomy

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100
Q

What is a monophyletic clade?

A

ancestor and all descendants

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101
Q

What is a paraphyletic clade?

A

ancestor and some descendants
-incorrect classification
-birds should be grouped with reptiles

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102
Q

What is a polyphyletic clade?

A

no common ancestor, clade takes from two or more diff ancestors

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103
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

pro do not have nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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104
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Eukarya
Archaea
Bacteria

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105
Q

What is the current hypothesis regarding the evolution of eukaryotic cells?

A

evolved from endosymbiosis (symbiotic relationship with prokaryotes)

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106
Q

What are characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

A

membrane bound organelles
-nuclear envelope protects genome
-cytoskeleton of microtubules
-inner membrane, DNA presence and ribosome similar to bacteria

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107
Q

When did eukaryotes evolve?

A

1.8 bya

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108
Q

What are characteristics of protists?

A

-no single unifying trait
-can be unicellular or multicellular
-energy: photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs
-repro: both
-all habitats

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109
Q

What are the protist groups?

A

-excavata
-sar
-unikonta
-archaeplastida

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110
Q

What characterizes the supergroup Excavata?

A

-unique flagella structure
-most freeliving, some parasitic
-diplomonads and parabasalids have reduced mitochondria

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111
Q

What are the three primary groups of excavata?

A

-diplomonads
-parabasalids
-euglenozoans

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112
Q

What is an example of diplomonads and paraboloids?

A

Giardia

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113
Q

What is an example of euglenozoans?

A

-spinal rod present
-Ex: trypanosoma (African sleeping sickness)
-Ex: Euglena (mixotropic,eyespot, long flagellum)

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114
Q

What characterizes the supergroup SAR?

A

-DNA similarities, several traditional clades combine

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115
Q

Do protists form a clade?

A

no

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116
Q

What are the three primary groups of SAR?

A

-Stramenophiles
-Alveolates
-Rhizarians

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117
Q

What are characteristics of Stramenophiles?

A

flagella w/ hair-like projections
(diatoms, brown algae)

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118
Q

What are characteristics of Diatoms?

A

-unicellular algae and cell walls of silicia
-main component: phytoplankton

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119
Q

What are characteristics of alveolates?

A

vesicles enclosed in membranes

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120
Q

What are examples of alveolates?

A

-Dinoflagellates
-Alecomplexans
-Ciliates

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121
Q

What are dinoflagellates?

A

-unicellular algae
-2 flagella
-component of phytoplankton
-rapid reproduction (blooms)

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122
Q

What are alecomplexans?

A

parasitic protists
-ex: plasmodium(malaria)

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123
Q

What are ciliates?

A

-predatory protists
-cilia used for locomotion
-two nuclei

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124
Q

What are characteristics of Rhizarians?

A

amoeboid locomotion
-pseudopodia (false foot)

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125
Q

What is an example of rhizarians?

A

-radiolarians
(zooplankton, silicia skeletons)
-forams
(porous shell, host to algae)

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126
Q

Which are components of phytoplankton?

A

-diatoms
-dinoflagellates
-green algae

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127
Q

What are characteristics of Archeaplastids?

A

chloroplasts surrounded by 2 membranes
-ex: green algae, brown algae, landplants

128
Q

What organisms are in Unikonta?

A

-ex: fungus, animals, protists w/ lobe-pseudopods

129
Q

What is alteration of generations?

A

haploid and diploid multicellular stages

130
Q

What is conjugation?

A

two cells swap micronuclei, resulting in two separate copies (from meiosis)

131
Q

What is nuclear fusion?

A

fusion of nuclei to form diploid micronucleus

132
Q

Why are plants grouped with green and red algae?

A

-common ancestor
-algae photosynthetic
-contain chloroplast

133
Q

When did land plants evolve and what were the evolutionary drivers?

A

-algae in dry seasons attached to rocky edges and enabled them to survive
-470-500 mya

134
Q

What is the closest living relative to plants?

A

Charophye algae

135
Q

What are the supportive traits found in land plants?

A

-cell wall
-peroxisome enzyme (supports photosynthesis)
-flagellated sperm structure
-chlorophyll a&b only (green pigments)
-DNA similarities

136
Q

What are the derived traits?

A

-alteration of generations
-spores w/ sporopollenin (protection)
-cuticle (wax covering)
-apical meristem

137
Q

What are the functions of cuticle?

A

-protect tissues from drying out
-protects from microbes
-stomata allow gas exchange on underside (reduces water loss and increases dry period survival)

138
Q

What are the three broad groups of plants?

A

-non-vascular/bryophytes
-seedless vascular plants
-seed plants

139
Q

What is an example of non-vascular plants?

A

liverworts, mosses, hornworts

140
Q

What are the characteristics of non-vascular plants/bryophytes?

A

-no vessels in plant tissues for water distribution and nutrients
-restricted to wet conditions

141
Q

What are the male/female parts of bryophytes?

A

M: antheridia
F: Archegonia

142
Q

In bryophytes plants the dominant stage is

A

gametophyte

143
Q

Bryophyte’s sporophytes are

A

dependent of the gametophyte

144
Q

What is an example of seedless vascular plants?

A

lycophytes/club “mosses” and pterophytes (ferns)

145
Q

What unique traits evolved in vascular plants?

A

Roots, shoots, vascular system

146
Q

Why is a vascular system important?

A

-Xylem for water from roots
-Phloem for sugar from leaves

147
Q

What is the male/female part of seedless vascular plants?

A

M: antheridium
F: archegonium

148
Q

What is the dominant part of the seedless vascular plant’s lifecycle?

A

sporophyte

149
Q

Why are seedless vascular plants important/unique?

A

left carbonized material humans use for energy in the carboniferous period

150
Q

Do ferns have reduced gametophytes? how many do they produce?

A

yes; one

151
Q

in seedless vascular plants the gametophyte is independent of

A

the sporophyte

152
Q

What are the derived traits observed in seed plants?

A

-heterospores
-gametophytes are microscopic + develop in sporangia, sporophyte nourishes gametophyte

153
Q

What is a seed plant?

A

-seed composed of embryo, food supply and protective coat
-disperses from parent

154
Q

Antheridia houses..

A

male gametophyte microspore

155
Q

Archegonia houses..

A

female gametophyte megaspore

156
Q

What are some characteristics of gymnosperms?

A

-needle-leaves w/ thick cuticles
-NAKED SEEDS/CONES
-conifer forest (largest carbon sink)
EX: evergreen trees (pines)

157
Q

What is the ecological benefit of gymnosperms?

A

provide food and shelter for org

158
Q

Each scale on cone…

A

contains ovule

159
Q

Pollen is dispersed by _____ while seeds are dispersed by ______ in gymnosperms

A

wind; wind

160
Q

What are some characteristics of angiosperms?

A

-fruit/flower producing
-90% of plants
-co-evolved w/ animals

161
Q

What are ecological benefits to angiosperms?

A

-pollination for insects/birds
-critical to human agriculture

162
Q

Pollen is dispersed by _____ while seeds are dispersed by ______ in angiosperms

A

animals/insects; waste from animals/insects in new area

163
Q

What are the male and female parts of angiosperms?

A

M: Stamen producing pollen grains gametophyte
F: Carpel producing egg+endosperm gametophyte

164
Q

What is unqiue about angiosperms?

A

double fertilization, sperm cells fertilize egg and central cell to form embryo and endosperm

165
Q

Endosperm is important because…

A

it is the food source for endosperm

166
Q

Seed coat is important because…

A

protects embryo

167
Q

What are the organ systems found in plants?

A

-Shoot
-Root

168
Q

What are the three organs found in plants?

A

-Shoot: Stems +Leaves
-Root: Roots

169
Q

What are the functions of roots?

A

-anchor for plants
-absorb materials
-allow growth
-stores energy reserves (reproductive season)
-non-photosynthetic
gametophyte

170
Q

What are characteristics of tap roots?

A

-vertical growth
-lateral roots that branch off main
-strong anchor
-tall growth

171
Q

Why are these characteristics important for tap roots?

A

-grow tall= fav. light conditions, distribution of pollen and seed dispersal
-grow deep= able to reach materials

172
Q

What are characteristics of fibrous roots?

A

-lateral roots w/ own lateral roots
-thick mat of slender roots

173
Q

Why are these characteristics important in fibrous roots?

A

thick mats prevent erosion

174
Q

What are the modified roots?

A

-Aerial
-strangling
-storage food
-pneumatophores

175
Q

What are strangling roots?

A

parasitic trees that grow on/around other plants

176
Q

What are storage food roots?

A

enlarged to store water or sugars
-tap root modification

177
Q

What are storage food root examples?

A

beets and carrots

178
Q

What are pneumatophores?

A

-small roots that extend from underground to reach back above ground
-absorbs oxygen from air
-typical in mud substrates

179
Q

What are aerial roots?

A

extend from tree trunk
-prop-roots: support top heavy
-buttress: support large trees (ex: rainfores)

180
Q

What are the functions of stems?

A

-growth
-physical support
-increase exposure to sun
-increase dispersal of pollen/seeds
-supports fruit/flowers
-transport fluids

181
Q

What are nodes and internodes?

A

nodes: leaf attachment
internodes: segments between leaves

182
Q

What are the two different types of buds?

A

-apical
-axillary

183
Q

What are apical buds?

A

growth @ the tips of stems
-site that allows:
growth in width/height
apical meristem
-increases overall width/space due to branches/stems getting longer

184
Q

What are axillary buds?

A

growth @ nodes
-increases branches on plant

185
Q

What are the modified stems?

A

-rhizomes
-stolons
-tubers

186
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

-horizontal stem
-grows UNDERGROUND
-increases nutrient exposure due to spreading out across landscape

187
Q

What are stolons?

A

-horizontal stems
-grows ABOVE ground
-“runners”
ex: strawberry

188
Q

What are tubers?

A

-enlarged rhizomes/stolons
-used to store sugars
ex: MOST FOOD/POTATOES

189
Q

What are the functions of leaves?

A

-photosynthesis
-gas exchange from stomata
-defense (fine hairs to protect pores + antibiotic properties)
-store water/sugars
-encourage repro
-decomposition/recycle of material
-support + climbing

190
Q

What are bracts?

A

colorful leaves to draw in pollinators

191
Q

What are the two diff types of leaves?

A

simple: one single leaf coming from from axillary bud
compound: complex, branches off from leaf “stem” w/ no axillary buds

192
Q

What are the diff modified leaves?

A

-tendrils
-spines
-storage
-reproductive

193
Q

What are tendrils?

A

-threadlike leaf
-cling+support for climbing

194
Q

What are spines?

A

-protection (cacti)

195
Q

What are storage leaves?

A

water or sugar
ex: aloe plant

196
Q

what are reproductive leaves?

A

-petals / bracts highly modified leaves to attract pollinators

197
Q

What is vegetative propogation?

A

plant reproduces asexually by fragmentation + regeneration of vegetative plant parts
-new plant develops from rhizomes or stolons

198
Q

What are the three plant tissues?

A

-dermal
-vascular
-ground

199
Q

What is dermal tissue?

A

-protective coating (outer)
-herbascous: epidermis (thick layer of cells)
-woody: periderm/bark (multiple layers)

200
Q

What is ground tissue?

A

-remaining support cells
-pith (internal to vascular)
-cortex (external to vascular)

201
Q

What is apical meristem?

A

LENGTH
-primary growth
-cells @ tips of roots + shoots go under rapid cell division to create new layers of cells

202
Q

What is lateral meristem?

A

THICKNESS/GIRTH
-divided into two sections
-Vascular Cambium:
adds xylem and phloem
-Cork Cambium
adds periderm (bark) on woody plants

203
Q

Why is lateral meristem important?

A

add layer of cells to ensure protection of plant + transport

204
Q

Kingdom fungi…

A

-evolved from unicellular flagellated protists
-shared ancestor w/ animals +chanoflagellates

205
Q

What is absorbtive heterotrophy?

A

-secrete digestive enzymes that break down food particles in surrounding env
(typically feed on dead org. and absorb them)

206
Q

What is the general body structure of a fungus?

A

-mycellium: network of filamentous cells creating complex interwoven body that grows in a substrate

207
Q

What is hypha?

A

individual tubular cell walls (chitin-rigid) that create the filaments in mycelia

208
Q

What is sepetate hypha?

A

cross-walls (septa) w/ pores separate cells

209
Q

What is coenocytic hypha?

A

lack septa, continuous mass of cytoplasm w/ freely moving nuclei

210
Q

What is mycorrhizae?

A

mutualism between fungus + plants
-fungus dev. specialized hypha (Haustoria) to extract nutrients from plants
-fungi provides phosphates, plants provide sugars

211
Q

What are Haustoria?

A

specialized hypha used to extract nutrients from plants

212
Q

What is the predator relationship of fungi?

A

specialized hypha to feed on living animals

213
Q

What are the sexual reproductive stages of fungi?

A

-plasmogamy and karyogamy
-haploid spores (wind/water) grows into mycelia
-hypha from 2 groups come together

214
Q

What is plasmogamy?

A

Union of cytoplasm + multiple nuclei

215
Q

What is karyogamy?

A

fusion of nuclei to create diploid zygote
-only diploid part of lifecycle

216
Q

What are the asexual reproductive methods?

A

-mold
(specialized hypha makes spores via mitosis)
-yeast
(BUDDING via mitosis, small buds on parent cell break off + spread)

217
Q

BUDDING via mitosis, small buds on parent cell break off + spread (RAPID)

A

-Chytrids
-Zoopagomycetes
-Mucoromycetes
-Ascomycetes
-Basidiomycetes

218
Q

What are chytrids?

A

-‘most basal group’
-zoospores (flagella)
-aquatic + unicellular
-decomposers
-parasites
-endosymbionts
-can form colonies

219
Q

What are zoopagomycetes?

A

-parasities animals/other fungi
-cause of summit disease

220
Q

What are mucoromycetes?

A

-decomposers
-fast growing via mold spores
-sporangium filled w/ spores
-bread + fruit mold

221
Q

What are Ascomycetes?

A

produce “ascocarps” as a fruiting body to hold spores
-includes lichen/green algae & mycorrhizae w/ plants

222
Q

What are basidiomycetes?

A

-MOST DIVERSE
-produces basidiocarps (mushrooms) that hold spores
-oldest living species on the planet

223
Q

What are the valuable ecological roles fungi serve in the environment and across habitats?

A

-decomposers
-ensure balanced food web
-mutualistic relationship w plants

224
Q

What are some unique adaptations fungi have that allows them to be so successful?

A

-parasitize org + can change the behavior of them to increase evolutionary fitness
-flexible repro
-rapid growth (mold/yeast)

225
Q

The megaspore of a gymnosperm eventually develops into the

A

female gametophyte

226
Q

Which feature of plants is responsible for increasing the girth?

A

lateral meristem

227
Q

Which of the following enables vegetative reproduction in plants?

A

tubers, stolon, rhizome

228
Q

Periderm is made by the

A

cork cambium

229
Q

When you are eating potatoes and carrots, you’re eating _____ and ___.

A

stems and roots

230
Q

Archegonia always produce ______.

A

one non-motile egg

231
Q

Plants that have vascular tissue are more versatile than nonvascular plants. The development of vascular tissue enabled plants to _______.

A

grow taller

232
Q

Diatoms have cell walls made of

A

silicia

232
Q

You are examining a sample of a newly discovered protist and see that it has hairy flagella. This organism is certainly a _______.

A

stramenophile

233
Q

Lycophytes are best described as _____.

A

seedless vascular plants

234
Q

Karyogamy is ____ and results in the production of a ___.

A

Fusion of nuclei : diploid zygote

235
Q

Which clade of fungi include decomposers that can grow quickly through the production of mold spores?

A

Mucoromycetes

236
Q

What are things true of fungi?

A

Can be multicellular or unicellular
-Likely evolved from a flagellated protist
-Can be decomposers, predators, and even recyclers

237
Q

The dominant part of the fungus life cycle is always _____

A

Haploid

238
Q

Yeast is actually a specialized reproductive mechanism utilized by some fungi to ______.

A

reproduce by budding

239
Q

If you see something with small cilia, what supergroup is it originated from?

A

Alveolates in SAR

240
Q

What phylum is classified as sponges?

A

Phylum porifera

241
Q

Which class under Phylum Porifera are sponges that are small, tropical/temperate?

A

class calcarea

242
Q

Which class under Phylum Porifera are sponges that are diverse, colorful, & large?

A

class demospongia

243
Q

Which class under Phylum Porifera are sponges that are deep sea & cold polar, glow & glasslike?

A

Class hexactinellidae

244
Q

What phylum includes jellyfish, anemones, & corals?

A

Phylum Cnidaria

245
Q

What class under Cnidaria are specifically jellyfish & hydrozoans that produce a medusa?

A

medusozoans

246
Q

What class under Cnidaria are anemones, corals, & zooxanthellae (algae) that only occur as polyps?

A

Anthozoans

247
Q

What clade includes Phylum’s Platyhelminthes Mollusca, & Annelida?

A

Clade Lophotrochozoans

248
Q

What Phylum under Clade Lophotrochozoans is of the trematodes (endoparasite fluke) & cestodes (tapeworms)?

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

249
Q

What is the name for a endoparasite fluke?

A

trematodes

250
Q

What is the name for a tapeworm?

A

Cestode

251
Q

What phylum under Clade Lophotrochozoans is of the chitons, bivalves, snails, & octopus?

A

Phylum Mollusca

252
Q

What class under Phylum Mollusca is of the chitons?

A

Polyplacophora

253
Q

What animal has 8 interlocking plates, grazers to eat algae, & are dorso-ventrally flattened?

A

Chitons

254
Q

What class under Phylum Mollusca is of snails & slugs?

  • Spiral shell or no shell
  • Grazers or predatory
A

Gastropoda

255
Q

What class under Phylum Mollusca is of clams, scallops, & oysters?

  • 2 shell feature
  • sedentary filter feeders
  • sensory tentacles
A

Bivalvia

256
Q

What class under Phylum Mollusca is of Octopus & Squid?

  • Highly modified for predation
A

Cephalopoda

257
Q

What Phylum under Clade Lophotrochozoans is of the Earth worms, marine worms, & leeches?

A

Phylum Annelida

258
Q

What class under Phylum Annelida is of swimmers, crawlers, & burrowers?

A

Erantians

259
Q

What class under Phylum Annelida is of leeches, marine & earthworms

A

Sedentarians

260
Q

What clade sheds cuticle as they grow and go through the process of ecdysis?

A

Clade Ecdysozoa

261
Q

What are the 2 Phylum’s under the clade Ecdysozoa?

A

Phylum Nematoda & Arthropoda

262
Q

What Phylum under clade Ecdysozoa consists of roundworms & parasites?

  • crawl under skin during night if a human has them
A

Phylum Nematoda

263
Q

What Phylum under clade Ecdysozoa consists of insects, crustaceans, spiders etc.

  • 2-3 body regions
  • exoskeleton
A

Phylum Arthropoda

264
Q

What class under Phyum Arthropoda consists of spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, ticks, sea spiders etc.

  • they have a chelicera
A

Chelicerates

265
Q

What class under Phylum Arthropoda consists of centipedes & millipedes?

A

Myriapods

266
Q

What class under Phylum Arthropoda consists of crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacle etc.

A

Crustaceans

267
Q

What class under Phylum Arthropoda consists of the 1st animal to fly & radiated in response to plant colonization?

  • appeared around 385 mya
A

Insects

268
Q

What clade has sub clades Echinodermata & Chordata?

A

Clade Deuterostomata

269
Q

Which sub clade under Deuterostomata is known for sea stars, brittle stars, urchins, sea cucumbers etc.

  • “prickly skin”
A

Echinodermata

270
Q

Which class under clade Echinodermata has sea stars?

  • predator of mollusks
A

Asteroidea

271
Q

Which class under clade Echinodermata has brittle stars?

  • slender arms
  • muscles in arms to push body forward
A

Ophiuroidea

272
Q

Which class under clade Echinodermata has sea urchins?

  • 5 rows of tube feet
  • protective spines
  • jawlike structures
A

Echinoidea

273
Q

Which class under clade Echinodermata has sea lilies/feather stars?

  • arms used for suspension feeding
  • tube feet release mucus
A

Crinoidea

274
Q

Which class under clade Echinodermata has sea cucumbers?

  • elongated along oral aboral axis
  • 5 rows of tube feet
A

Holothuroidea

275
Q

Which subclade under Deuterostomata is known for having a;

  • notochord
  • dorsal hollow nerve cord
  • pharyngeal slits
  • post anal tail
A

Chordata

276
Q

Which subclades under Chordata are chordates without a vertebrae and skull?

A

Cephalochordata & Urochordata

277
Q

What is another name for Lancelets ?

  • Blade like animal with all 4 chordate characteristics as adults
  • lives in seafloor with head sticking out
A

Cephalochordata

278
Q

What is another name for tunicates?

  • sessile as adults
  • larva has 4 chordate characteristics, adults have 1
  • Pharyngeal slits used to filter water
A

Urochordata

279
Q

Which subclade under Chordata has all the characteristics for a chordate along with a skull & vertebral column?

  • appear 500 mya
A

Vertebrates

280
Q

What are the 2 subclades under clade vertebrates?

  • jawless vs jawed vertebrates
A

Cyclostomes & Gnathosomes

281
Q

Which subclade under clade Vertebrates are jawless vertebrates?

  • rudimentary vertebrae of cartilage
A

Cyclostomes

282
Q

What are 2 examples of cyclostomes?

A

Hagfish & Lamprey

283
Q

Which type of cyclostome has an elongated body?

  • marine scavengers
  • mucus glands
  • when attacked they release a mucus to get away from predators
A

Hagfish

284
Q

Which type of cyclostome is freshwater & marine?

  • mostly parasitic
  • hooks & tongue to penetrate skin
A

Lamprey

285
Q

Which subclade under clade Vertebrates are jawed vertebrates?

  • enlarged forebrain
  • appear 400 mya
A

Gnathostomes

286
Q

What are 2 subclades for the clade Gnathostomes?

A

Chondricthyans & Osteinchthyans

287
Q

What subclade of Gnathostomes are animals with a skeleton made of cartilage?

  • rough skin from back to forth
  • outgrowth of ectoderm tissue
  • scales are called dermal denticles
A

Chondricthyans

288
Q

What are some examples of Chondricthyans?

A

sharks, skates, and rays

289
Q

What subclade of Gnathostomes are animals with a true bone?

  • bony vertebrates
A

Osteinchthyans

290
Q

What 2 fish came from Osteinchthyans?

A

Ray finned and lobe finned fish

291
Q

Which type of fish under Osteichthyans are bony fish supported by long spines?

A

Ray finned fish

292
Q

Which type of fish under Osteichthyans are fish with bones surrounded by muscle?

  • ancestor of all tetrapod’s
A

Lobe finned fish

293
Q

What are the 2 types of tetrapods?

A

Amphibians & amniotes

294
Q

Which type of tetrapods are frogs, salamanders, caecilians etc?

  • 2 life stage (larval & adult stage)
  • Relies on water for survival
A

Amphibians

295
Q

Which type of tetrapod’s have extraembryonic membranes?

  • 4 membranes around embryo
A

Amniotes

296
Q

What are the 2 types of animals under Amniotes?

A

Reptiles & mammals

297
Q

What type of animals are turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, dinosaurs & birds?

  • mostly ectothermic (except birds)
A

Reptiles

298
Q

What type of animals ones with mammary glands?

  • hair & fat layer
  • long parental care
  • monotremes, marsupials, eutherians
A

Mammals

299
Q

What type of mammal has a large brain?

  • strong grip
  • ex: gorillas, lemurs, bush babies, tarsiers
A

Primates

300
Q

What type of animal are monkeys & apes?

  • opposable thumbs
A

Anthropoids

301
Q

What is a descendant of Anthropoids?

A

humans

302
Q

What is anatomy?

A

shape/structure=form

303
Q

What is physiology?

A

mechanism=function

304
Q

Epithelial tissue types

A

-cuboidal (kidney, glands)
*secretion
-columnar (intestine)
*absorbtion
-squamous (skin, espophagus)
*cell division, diffusion

305
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

-cover body, organs, cavities
-barrier
-tight junctions prevent passages btwn cells

306
Q

What is the main structure of connective tissue?

A

-functions to hold tissues&organs in place
-extracellular matrix of proteins w/ few cells
-fibroglast cells
-macrophage cells
-helps cushion, protect, support
-stores energy (fat)

307
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

A

-fiber tissue
-bone
-adipose
-cartilage
-blood

308
Q

Muscle tissue…

A

-majority of movement
-filaments contain actin + myosin proteins that generate contractions

309
Q

What are the different types of muscle?

A

-skeletal (only VOLUNTARY)
-smooth
-cardiac

310
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

-in cardiac muscles to communicate contractions in heart

311
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

-receive, process, transmit info
-neurons that form spinal cord & brain(some)

312
Q

How does a neuron pass along a signal?

A

-receive impulse/signal from another neuron via dendrites (extensions)

-neurons can transmit signal to others or muscle through axons

313
Q

System coordination between nervous and endocrine

A

-nervous: specific action, fast response, short term
-endocrine: hormones broadly distributed, slow response, longer lasting

314
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

-internal body fluid that fills all spaces btwn cells
-systems exchange info through this
-IMPORTANT for many animals to maintain homeostasis

315
Q

What is a regulator?
-mammals, birds

A

uses physiological mechanisms to control internal conditions when faced w/ external changes

316
Q

what is a conformer?
-marine inverts, reptiles, birds

A

allows internal conditions to change in accordance w/ external changes?

Bio 2 (3 decks)

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