Final Exam Flashcards
What is evolution?
genetic change in a population over time
What is a population?
same species living in the same area at the same time
consequence of evolution
speciation
consequence of not evolving
extinction
aristotle
-scala naturae
-first taxonomist
What is the Scala Naturae?
“ladder of life” , hierarchy system that had a creator on the top and the rest aligned beneath.
What did Scala Naturae view species as?
fixed and unchanging
What is Natural Theology?
-creator designed each org. for a particular purpose.
-no extinction, change, or new life.
What was Linneaus’ contribution?
Binomial classification system
What was Cuvier’s work and findings?
-demonstrated extinction + evolution from fossils
-shallow(younger) = living things
-deeper(older)= fossils dissimilar to living things.
–catastrophism
What kind of conclusions did Cuvier make that directly contradicted natural theology?
the theory that life forms appear in the fossil bed and disappear later
What is catastrophism?
catastrophic events destroyed many organisms and earth’s environment.
*used by cuvier to dispute evolution
What was Lyell’s work and findings?
-earth’s surface is being shaped by natural processes that are slow and continuous.
–uniformitarianism
What is uniformitarianism?
earth crust changes due to continuous and uniform processes
-ex: erosion and sedementation
Catastrophism versus Uniformitarianism
-both can affect earth’s crust
-uniformatarism is slow and continuous processes
-catastrophism is quick and impactful
What happened during the age of exploration?
-Biogeography began
-species were found that look similar to other species in diff areas of the world.
-ex: rhea, ostrich,emu
Who was Lammarck and what was his contribution?
-published book in 1809 about evolutionary change explaining:
-fossil record
-organisms matched to their environment
What did Lammarck’s principles claim?
- use and disuse
2.inheritance of acquired traits (modifications passed to offspring)
What did Lammarck get wrong?
evolution happens at population level NOT individual level.
What did Lamarck get right?
-species are not fixed, there’s a link between an organism’s environment and its body structures
-first to say evolution could explain the fossil record
What were Darwin’s duties on the Voyage of the Beatle?
-chart coastlines
-collect specimen
-note on animal behavior
-habitat types
-climate
What did Darwin observe?
-witnessed EQ in SA + saw the impact of geological processes
-temperate SA and tropical SA had similar animals
-variation in vegetation and species across islands
-realized animals on Galapagos islands must have come from SA
What influenced Darwins thinking process to develop natural selection?
-Read Malthus’ principle of pop.
-Lyell’s book ab. geological processes being slow and constant
-animals in Galapagos similar to SA
-observed variation
-principle of pop+observed variation= competition + natural selection
-species change
-artificial selection
What is natural selection, how does it work?
adaptations(alleles) increase reproductive output and survivorship, therefore it passes to the next generation, and those who do not have the adaptations die.
What type of evidence did darwin use for his book?
-adaptations
-artificial selection
What is required for natural selection?
-variation for a trait
-trait must be heritable
-differential reproduction because of that trait (more with than without)
How do you measure fitness?
reproductive output: amount of offspring species produces.
How does camouflage demonstrate evolution?
closely related species living in diff environments have diff camouflage based on their environment.
What are Homologous traits? How do they demonstrate evolution?
-traits shared among species due to common ancestor
-provides evidence of evolutionary change and decent from common ancestor
(ex: forearm similarity)
What are vestigial structures? How do they demonstrate evolution?
-served a function in ancestors but little/no value to the species today
-evidence of descent with modification, pointing out traits that may have been useful for our ancestors.
(ex: python w leg bones)
What is convergent evolution?
independent development of similar features in unrelated species
(ex: sugar glider and flying squirrels)
What are analogous traits?
traits that share a common function or purpose but evolved independently in unrelated species
(ex: fins in dolphins,sea turtles, penguins, and sharks)
Genotype v Phenotype
genotype- genetic makeup
phenotype-physical expression
What is a population’s Gene pool?
all of the alleles present in that population
What are the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions?
-random mating
-no evolutionary mechanism (no change)
What is the allele frequency equation?
p + q = 1
What is the genotype frequency equation?
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
What are the mechanisms of change/evolution?
-Non-random mating
-Mutations
-Gene flow
-Genetic Drift
-Sexual Selection
-Natural Selection
What is non-random mating?
-when individuals select mates based on proximity or phenotype
-probability of two individuals mating is not the same for all pairs.
Can non-random mating lead to speciation?
YES
What are mutations?
heritable changes in genetic information.
What is Gene Flow?
movement of alleles from one population to another
What is sexual selection?
certain traits increase mating success
What is sexual dimorphism?
sexes look different, certain traits desired by the other sex.
What is genetic drift?
random change in allele frequency
What is the Founder effect?
migration of a small group to form a new pop
Why is the founder effect a type of genetic drift?
when individuals migrate, both pop can see changes in allele frequencies
What is the bottleneck effect?
significant + mostly rapid pop. decline, leaving smaller portion of pop. alive
-allele frequencies change due to this decline
(ex: florida panthers)
What can occur due to the bottleneck effect?
-reduction in genetic diversity
-interbreeding
-disorders
Non-random mating versus sexual selection
Non-random mating focuses on proximity and phenotypes while sexual selection solely focuses on the appearance of mate
what can cause interbreeding?
-non random mating
-bottleneck effect
-founders effect
Gene flow versus founder effect
Gene flow is from one ESTABLISHED pop. to another. Founder effect is forming a new population.
How does geneflow influence genetic structure of different populations?
-reduces genetic diff. between the two populations.
-creates larger gene pool with neighboring pop.
-reduce frequency of old alleles
What is stabilizing selection?
favors intermediate trait
-fixed; no variation in trait
(ex: human birth weight)
What is directional selection?
favors one extreme
-curve shifts in favor of that extreme
(ex: Galapagos finches during drought)
What is disruptive selection?
favors both extremes
-curve has peaks at both ends with a minimum in the middle
(ex: mice with dark fur and light fur both common)
Why are there no perfect species?
-selection acts on existing variation
-limited by historical constraints
-adaptations often require compromise
-environment is constantly changing
What is speciation?
single species splits into two new species
what happens during speciation?
pop. connected by gene flow but a reproductive barrier happens and the populations become isolated.
What two things are required for speciation?
- loss of gene flow to one pop.
- isolated pop. must become reproductively isolated.
What is the biological species concept?
species are a group of populations whose members:
-interbreed
-produce viable, fertile offspring
-do NOT breed with other groups
What are the problems with the biological species concept?
-only based on successful reproduction, nothing to do w/ appearance.
-fossil species
-leaves out asexual species
-closely related species/hybrids can breed with either of the two parent species
-ring species
Fossil Species
-can’t provide evidence for reproductive isolation
-no way of knowing if 2 fossils belong to same species
ring species
pop. that can interbreed with neighboring pop. but not with pop. separated by larger geographical distances
allopatric speciation
-geographically isolated pop.
-can occur from founders effect
sympatric speciation
-same area, but different preferences
-non-random mating preferences
What is a pre-zygotic barrier?
prevent mating and the fertilizations of egg
What are the five types of prezygotic barriers?
-habitat isolation
-temporal isolation
-behavioral isolation
-mechanical isolation
-gametic isolation
habitat isolation?
found in two diff habitats
temporal isolation?
mate @ different times
gametic isolation?
sperm can not fertilize egg
(ex: frogs and fish)
mechanical isolation?
reproductive parts are diff so can not produce
behavioral isolation?
mating behaviors are diff. therefore do not attract other species
What is a post-zygotic barrier?
maintain reproductive isolation even AFTER a zygote develops
what are the types of post-zygotic barriers?
-Reduced hybrid viability
-reduced hybrid fertility
-hybrid breakdown
reduced hybrid viability?
zygote is not viable and will die
reduced hybrid ferility
zygote is viable and develops but can not reproduce with others
(ex: horse + donkey= mule)
hybrid breakdown?
Hybrid is fertile, but when they breed the next generation is sterile.
What is Punctuated equilibrium?
time periods with rapid change followed by long periods w/ little change.
(rapid divergence and long time period of static)
What is phyletic gradualism?
slow, gradual and steady changes over long period of time, eventually cause speciation.
When did life first appear on Earth?
3.5-4 BYA
What 2 things are required for life?
1.replication
2.metabolic activity
what four steps are required for life to form?
- abiotic synthesis of organic molecules
- macromolecules
- membrane
- RNA+replication
What are the possible sources of organic molecules on earth?
- deep sea hydrothermal vents
- meteorites
- condensation of rainwater from early earth’s atmosphere
What was the Miller-Urey experiment?
-water evaporated from the lightning in an early “ocean” type setting
-proved amino acids formed
confirmed early earth’s conditions could result in organic molecules
Why can membranes form spontaneously?
-form spheres in water because the molecular attraction of head towards water and tail away.
-experiments showed phospholipids slowly create vesicles (membranes) around other molecules
How can RNA function as an enzyme?
ability to catalyze reactions because it can fold onto itself and take on many shapes.
-interacts w/ self + others nearby
-forms 3 dimensional shapes similar to enzyme
How can RNA self-replicate?
-can enable chemical reactions
-enable presence of metabolic activity
so it can replicate itself!
What major life events occurred during the pre-Cambrian period?
-bacteria formed
-oxygen may have come into atmosphere
-eukaryotes
-multicellular org. appeared
-fungi and marine invertebrates appeared
What may have happened for oxygen to come into the atmosphere?
prokaryotes appeared that could photosynthesis
What happened during the Cambrian explosion?
-quick radiation of invertebrates (marine and land)
-insects appeared
-fish and land plants appeared
-land plants increased oxygen in the atmosphere
-soil became rich because of fungus
-vegetation and colonization of land by animals
How do we know life could have evolved only once?
-fossil record
-carbon based
-DNA similarities
-no evidence of life evolving a second time
What was the atmosphere like in the early Earth?
methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide
Endosymbiosis is a common relationship among two species where one actually lives/survives inside another. Humans have many endosymbionts!! It turns out this special relationship is most likely the process by which eukaryotes evolved from
prokaryotes
What type of traits are used for phylogenetics?
morphology, shared derived traits, DNA
What is a sister taxa/clade?
two taxa sharing an immediate ancestor, that is NOT shared with anyone else.
How do phylogenetic trees differ from the traditional classification system?
phylogenetic trees use molecular data
How is the rule of parsimony used to interpret evolutionary relationships?
-loss/gain of a new trait is rare
-true relationships have FEWEST # of changes
Why are analogous traits often important to distinguish?
dorsal fins in sharks and dolphins more likely to come from convergent evolution rather than the loss/gain of that trait over time according to rule of parsinomy
What is a monophyletic clade?
ancestor and all descendants
What is a paraphyletic clade?
ancestor and some descendants
-incorrect classification
-birds should be grouped with reptiles
What is a polyphyletic clade?
no common ancestor, clade takes from two or more diff ancestors
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
pro do not have nucleus or membrane bound organelles
What are the three domains of life?
Eukarya
Archaea
Bacteria
What is the current hypothesis regarding the evolution of eukaryotic cells?
evolved from endosymbiosis (symbiotic relationship with prokaryotes)
What are characteristics of eukaryotic cells?
membrane bound organelles
-nuclear envelope protects genome
-cytoskeleton of microtubules
-inner membrane, DNA presence and ribosome similar to bacteria
When did eukaryotes evolve?
1.8 bya
What are characteristics of protists?
-no single unifying trait
-can be unicellular or multicellular
-energy: photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs
-repro: both
-all habitats
What are the protist groups?
-excavata
-sar
-unikonta
-archaeplastida
What characterizes the supergroup Excavata?
-unique flagella structure
-most freeliving, some parasitic
-diplomonads and parabasalids have reduced mitochondria
What are the three primary groups of excavata?
-diplomonads
-parabasalids
-euglenozoans
What is an example of diplomonads and paraboloids?
Giardia
What is an example of euglenozoans?
-spinal rod present
-Ex: trypanosoma (African sleeping sickness)
-Ex: Euglena (mixotropic,eyespot, long flagellum)
What characterizes the supergroup SAR?
-DNA similarities, several traditional clades combine
Do protists form a clade?
no
What are the three primary groups of SAR?
-Stramenophiles
-Alveolates
-Rhizarians
What are characteristics of Stramenophiles?
flagella w/ hair-like projections
(diatoms, brown algae)
What are characteristics of Diatoms?
-unicellular algae and cell walls of silicia
-main component: phytoplankton
What are characteristics of alveolates?
vesicles enclosed in membranes
What are examples of alveolates?
-Dinoflagellates
-Alecomplexans
-Ciliates
What are dinoflagellates?
-unicellular algae
-2 flagella
-component of phytoplankton
-rapid reproduction (blooms)
What are alecomplexans?
parasitic protists
-ex: plasmodium(malaria)
What are ciliates?
-predatory protists
-cilia used for locomotion
-two nuclei
What are characteristics of Rhizarians?
amoeboid locomotion
-pseudopodia (false foot)
What is an example of rhizarians?
-radiolarians
(zooplankton, silicia skeletons)
-forams
(porous shell, host to algae)
Which are components of phytoplankton?
-diatoms
-dinoflagellates
-green algae
What are characteristics of Archeaplastids?
chloroplasts surrounded by 2 membranes
-ex: green algae, brown algae, landplants
What organisms are in Unikonta?
-ex: fungus, animals, protists w/ lobe-pseudopods
What is alteration of generations?
haploid and diploid multicellular stages
What is conjugation?
two cells swap micronuclei, resulting in two separate copies (from meiosis)
What is nuclear fusion?
fusion of nuclei to form diploid micronucleus
Why are plants grouped with green and red algae?
-common ancestor
-algae photosynthetic
-contain chloroplast
When did land plants evolve and what were the evolutionary drivers?
-algae in dry seasons attached to rocky edges and enabled them to survive
-470-500 mya
What is the closest living relative to plants?
Charophye algae
What are the supportive traits found in land plants?
-cell wall
-peroxisome enzyme (supports photosynthesis)
-flagellated sperm structure
-chlorophyll a&b only (green pigments)
-DNA similarities
What are the derived traits?
-alteration of generations
-spores w/ sporopollenin (protection)
-cuticle (wax covering)
-apical meristem
What are the functions of cuticle?
-protect tissues from drying out
-protects from microbes
-stomata allow gas exchange on underside (reduces water loss and increases dry period survival)
What are the three broad groups of plants?
-non-vascular/bryophytes
-seedless vascular plants
-seed plants
What is an example of non-vascular plants?
liverworts, mosses, hornworts
What are the characteristics of non-vascular plants/bryophytes?
-no vessels in plant tissues for water distribution and nutrients
-restricted to wet conditions
What are the male/female parts of bryophytes?
M: antheridia
F: Archegonia
In bryophytes plants the dominant stage is
gametophyte
Bryophyte’s sporophytes are
dependent of the gametophyte
What is an example of seedless vascular plants?
lycophytes/club “mosses” and pterophytes (ferns)
What unique traits evolved in vascular plants?
Roots, shoots, vascular system
Why is a vascular system important?
-Xylem for water from roots
-Phloem for sugar from leaves
What is the male/female part of seedless vascular plants?
M: antheridium
F: archegonium
What is the dominant part of the seedless vascular plant’s lifecycle?
sporophyte
Why are seedless vascular plants important/unique?
left carbonized material humans use for energy in the carboniferous period
Do ferns have reduced gametophytes? how many do they produce?
yes; one
in seedless vascular plants the gametophyte is independent of
the sporophyte
What are the derived traits observed in seed plants?
-heterospores
-gametophytes are microscopic + develop in sporangia, sporophyte nourishes gametophyte
What is a seed plant?
-seed composed of embryo, food supply and protective coat
-disperses from parent
Antheridia houses..
male gametophyte microspore
Archegonia houses..
female gametophyte megaspore
What are some characteristics of gymnosperms?
-needle-leaves w/ thick cuticles
-NAKED SEEDS/CONES
-conifer forest (largest carbon sink)
EX: evergreen trees (pines)
What is the ecological benefit of gymnosperms?
provide food and shelter for org
Each scale on cone…
contains ovule
Pollen is dispersed by _____ while seeds are dispersed by ______ in gymnosperms
wind; wind
What are some characteristics of angiosperms?
-fruit/flower producing
-90% of plants
-co-evolved w/ animals
What are ecological benefits to angiosperms?
-pollination for insects/birds
-critical to human agriculture
Pollen is dispersed by _____ while seeds are dispersed by ______ in angiosperms
animals/insects; waste from animals/insects in new area
What are the male and female parts of angiosperms?
M: Stamen producing pollen grains gametophyte
F: Carpel producing egg+endosperm gametophyte
What is unqiue about angiosperms?
double fertilization, sperm cells fertilize egg and central cell to form embryo and endosperm
Endosperm is important because…
it is the food source for endosperm
Seed coat is important because…
protects embryo
What are the organ systems found in plants?
-Shoot
-Root
What are the three organs found in plants?
-Shoot: Stems +Leaves
-Root: Roots
What are the functions of roots?
-anchor for plants
-absorb materials
-allow growth
-stores energy reserves (reproductive season)
-non-photosynthetic
gametophyte
What are characteristics of tap roots?
-vertical growth
-lateral roots that branch off main
-strong anchor
-tall growth
Why are these characteristics important for tap roots?
-grow tall= fav. light conditions, distribution of pollen and seed dispersal
-grow deep= able to reach materials
What are characteristics of fibrous roots?
-lateral roots w/ own lateral roots
-thick mat of slender roots
Why are these characteristics important in fibrous roots?
thick mats prevent erosion
What are the modified roots?
-Aerial
-strangling
-storage food
-pneumatophores
What are strangling roots?
parasitic trees that grow on/around other plants
What are storage food roots?
enlarged to store water or sugars
-tap root modification
What are storage food root examples?
beets and carrots
What are pneumatophores?
-small roots that extend from underground to reach back above ground
-absorbs oxygen from air
-typical in mud substrates
What are aerial roots?
extend from tree trunk
-prop-roots: support top heavy
-buttress: support large trees (ex: rainfores)
What are the functions of stems?
-growth
-physical support
-increase exposure to sun
-increase dispersal of pollen/seeds
-supports fruit/flowers
-transport fluids
What are nodes and internodes?
nodes: leaf attachment
internodes: segments between leaves
What are the two different types of buds?
-apical
-axillary
What are apical buds?
growth @ the tips of stems
-site that allows:
growth in width/height
apical meristem
-increases overall width/space due to branches/stems getting longer
What are axillary buds?
growth @ nodes
-increases branches on plant
What are the modified stems?
-rhizomes
-stolons
-tubers
What are rhizomes?
-horizontal stem
-grows UNDERGROUND
-increases nutrient exposure due to spreading out across landscape
What are stolons?
-horizontal stems
-grows ABOVE ground
-“runners”
ex: strawberry
What are tubers?
-enlarged rhizomes/stolons
-used to store sugars
ex: MOST FOOD/POTATOES
What are the functions of leaves?
-photosynthesis
-gas exchange from stomata
-defense (fine hairs to protect pores + antibiotic properties)
-store water/sugars
-encourage repro
-decomposition/recycle of material
-support + climbing
What are bracts?
colorful leaves to draw in pollinators
What are the two diff types of leaves?
simple: one single leaf coming from from axillary bud
compound: complex, branches off from leaf “stem” w/ no axillary buds
What are the diff modified leaves?
-tendrils
-spines
-storage
-reproductive
What are tendrils?
-threadlike leaf
-cling+support for climbing
What are spines?
-protection (cacti)
What are storage leaves?
water or sugar
ex: aloe plant
what are reproductive leaves?
-petals / bracts highly modified leaves to attract pollinators
What is vegetative propogation?
plant reproduces asexually by fragmentation + regeneration of vegetative plant parts
-new plant develops from rhizomes or stolons
What are the three plant tissues?
-dermal
-vascular
-ground
What is dermal tissue?
-protective coating (outer)
-herbascous: epidermis (thick layer of cells)
-woody: periderm/bark (multiple layers)
What is ground tissue?
-remaining support cells
-pith (internal to vascular)
-cortex (external to vascular)
What is apical meristem?
LENGTH
-primary growth
-cells @ tips of roots + shoots go under rapid cell division to create new layers of cells
What is lateral meristem?
THICKNESS/GIRTH
-divided into two sections
-Vascular Cambium:
adds xylem and phloem
-Cork Cambium
adds periderm (bark) on woody plants
Why is lateral meristem important?
add layer of cells to ensure protection of plant + transport
Kingdom fungi…
-evolved from unicellular flagellated protists
-shared ancestor w/ animals +chanoflagellates
What is absorbtive heterotrophy?
-secrete digestive enzymes that break down food particles in surrounding env
(typically feed on dead org. and absorb them)
What is the general body structure of a fungus?
-mycellium: network of filamentous cells creating complex interwoven body that grows in a substrate
What is hypha?
individual tubular cell walls (chitin-rigid) that create the filaments in mycelia
What is sepetate hypha?
cross-walls (septa) w/ pores separate cells
What is coenocytic hypha?
lack septa, continuous mass of cytoplasm w/ freely moving nuclei
What is mycorrhizae?
mutualism between fungus + plants
-fungus dev. specialized hypha (Haustoria) to extract nutrients from plants
-fungi provides phosphates, plants provide sugars
What are Haustoria?
specialized hypha used to extract nutrients from plants
What is the predator relationship of fungi?
specialized hypha to feed on living animals
What are the sexual reproductive stages of fungi?
-plasmogamy and karyogamy
-haploid spores (wind/water) grows into mycelia
-hypha from 2 groups come together
What is plasmogamy?
Union of cytoplasm + multiple nuclei
What is karyogamy?
fusion of nuclei to create diploid zygote
-only diploid part of lifecycle
What are the asexual reproductive methods?
-mold
(specialized hypha makes spores via mitosis)
-yeast
(BUDDING via mitosis, small buds on parent cell break off + spread)
BUDDING via mitosis, small buds on parent cell break off + spread (RAPID)
-Chytrids
-Zoopagomycetes
-Mucoromycetes
-Ascomycetes
-Basidiomycetes
What are chytrids?
-‘most basal group’
-zoospores (flagella)
-aquatic + unicellular
-decomposers
-parasites
-endosymbionts
-can form colonies
What are zoopagomycetes?
-parasities animals/other fungi
-cause of summit disease
What are mucoromycetes?
-decomposers
-fast growing via mold spores
-sporangium filled w/ spores
-bread + fruit mold
What are Ascomycetes?
produce “ascocarps” as a fruiting body to hold spores
-includes lichen/green algae & mycorrhizae w/ plants
What are basidiomycetes?
-MOST DIVERSE
-produces basidiocarps (mushrooms) that hold spores
-oldest living species on the planet
What are the valuable ecological roles fungi serve in the environment and across habitats?
-decomposers
-ensure balanced food web
-mutualistic relationship w plants
What are some unique adaptations fungi have that allows them to be so successful?
-parasitize org + can change the behavior of them to increase evolutionary fitness
-flexible repro
-rapid growth (mold/yeast)
The megaspore of a gymnosperm eventually develops into the
female gametophyte
Which feature of plants is responsible for increasing the girth?
lateral meristem
Which of the following enables vegetative reproduction in plants?
tubers, stolon, rhizome
Periderm is made by the
cork cambium
When you are eating potatoes and carrots, you’re eating _____ and ___.
stems and roots
Archegonia always produce ______.
one non-motile egg
Plants that have vascular tissue are more versatile than nonvascular plants. The development of vascular tissue enabled plants to _______.
grow taller
Diatoms have cell walls made of
silicia
You are examining a sample of a newly discovered protist and see that it has hairy flagella. This organism is certainly a _______.
stramenophile
Lycophytes are best described as _____.
seedless vascular plants
Karyogamy is ____ and results in the production of a ___.
Fusion of nuclei : diploid zygote
Which clade of fungi include decomposers that can grow quickly through the production of mold spores?
Mucoromycetes
What are things true of fungi?
Can be multicellular or unicellular
-Likely evolved from a flagellated protist
-Can be decomposers, predators, and even recyclers
The dominant part of the fungus life cycle is always _____
Haploid
Yeast is actually a specialized reproductive mechanism utilized by some fungi to ______.
reproduce by budding
If you see something with small cilia, what supergroup is it originated from?
Alveolates in SAR
What phylum is classified as sponges?
Phylum porifera
Which class under Phylum Porifera are sponges that are small, tropical/temperate?
class calcarea
Which class under Phylum Porifera are sponges that are diverse, colorful, & large?
class demospongia
Which class under Phylum Porifera are sponges that are deep sea & cold polar, glow & glasslike?
Class hexactinellidae
What phylum includes jellyfish, anemones, & corals?
Phylum Cnidaria
What class under Cnidaria are specifically jellyfish & hydrozoans that produce a medusa?
medusozoans
What class under Cnidaria are anemones, corals, & zooxanthellae (algae) that only occur as polyps?
Anthozoans
What clade includes Phylum’s Platyhelminthes Mollusca, & Annelida?
Clade Lophotrochozoans
What Phylum under Clade Lophotrochozoans is of the trematodes (endoparasite fluke) & cestodes (tapeworms)?
Phylum Platyhelminthes
What is the name for a endoparasite fluke?
trematodes
What is the name for a tapeworm?
Cestode
What phylum under Clade Lophotrochozoans is of the chitons, bivalves, snails, & octopus?
Phylum Mollusca
What class under Phylum Mollusca is of the chitons?
Polyplacophora
What animal has 8 interlocking plates, grazers to eat algae, & are dorso-ventrally flattened?
Chitons
What class under Phylum Mollusca is of snails & slugs?
- Spiral shell or no shell
- Grazers or predatory
Gastropoda
What class under Phylum Mollusca is of clams, scallops, & oysters?
- 2 shell feature
- sedentary filter feeders
- sensory tentacles
Bivalvia
What class under Phylum Mollusca is of Octopus & Squid?
- Highly modified for predation
Cephalopoda
What Phylum under Clade Lophotrochozoans is of the Earth worms, marine worms, & leeches?
Phylum Annelida
What class under Phylum Annelida is of swimmers, crawlers, & burrowers?
Erantians
What class under Phylum Annelida is of leeches, marine & earthworms
Sedentarians
What clade sheds cuticle as they grow and go through the process of ecdysis?
Clade Ecdysozoa
What are the 2 Phylum’s under the clade Ecdysozoa?
Phylum Nematoda & Arthropoda
What Phylum under clade Ecdysozoa consists of roundworms & parasites?
- crawl under skin during night if a human has them
Phylum Nematoda
What Phylum under clade Ecdysozoa consists of insects, crustaceans, spiders etc.
- 2-3 body regions
- exoskeleton
Phylum Arthropoda
What class under Phyum Arthropoda consists of spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, ticks, sea spiders etc.
- they have a chelicera
Chelicerates
What class under Phylum Arthropoda consists of centipedes & millipedes?
Myriapods
What class under Phylum Arthropoda consists of crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacle etc.
Crustaceans
What class under Phylum Arthropoda consists of the 1st animal to fly & radiated in response to plant colonization?
- appeared around 385 mya
Insects
What clade has sub clades Echinodermata & Chordata?
Clade Deuterostomata
Which sub clade under Deuterostomata is known for sea stars, brittle stars, urchins, sea cucumbers etc.
- “prickly skin”
Echinodermata
Which class under clade Echinodermata has sea stars?
- predator of mollusks
Asteroidea
Which class under clade Echinodermata has brittle stars?
- slender arms
- muscles in arms to push body forward
Ophiuroidea
Which class under clade Echinodermata has sea urchins?
- 5 rows of tube feet
- protective spines
- jawlike structures
Echinoidea
Which class under clade Echinodermata has sea lilies/feather stars?
- arms used for suspension feeding
- tube feet release mucus
Crinoidea
Which class under clade Echinodermata has sea cucumbers?
- elongated along oral aboral axis
- 5 rows of tube feet
Holothuroidea
Which subclade under Deuterostomata is known for having a;
- notochord
- dorsal hollow nerve cord
- pharyngeal slits
- post anal tail
Chordata
Which subclades under Chordata are chordates without a vertebrae and skull?
Cephalochordata & Urochordata
What is another name for Lancelets ?
- Blade like animal with all 4 chordate characteristics as adults
- lives in seafloor with head sticking out
Cephalochordata
What is another name for tunicates?
- sessile as adults
- larva has 4 chordate characteristics, adults have 1
- Pharyngeal slits used to filter water
Urochordata
Which subclade under Chordata has all the characteristics for a chordate along with a skull & vertebral column?
- appear 500 mya
Vertebrates
What are the 2 subclades under clade vertebrates?
- jawless vs jawed vertebrates
Cyclostomes & Gnathosomes
Which subclade under clade Vertebrates are jawless vertebrates?
- rudimentary vertebrae of cartilage
Cyclostomes
What are 2 examples of cyclostomes?
Hagfish & Lamprey
Which type of cyclostome has an elongated body?
- marine scavengers
- mucus glands
- when attacked they release a mucus to get away from predators
Hagfish
Which type of cyclostome is freshwater & marine?
- mostly parasitic
- hooks & tongue to penetrate skin
Lamprey
Which subclade under clade Vertebrates are jawed vertebrates?
- enlarged forebrain
- appear 400 mya
Gnathostomes
What are 2 subclades for the clade Gnathostomes?
Chondricthyans & Osteinchthyans
What subclade of Gnathostomes are animals with a skeleton made of cartilage?
- rough skin from back to forth
- outgrowth of ectoderm tissue
- scales are called dermal denticles
Chondricthyans
What are some examples of Chondricthyans?
sharks, skates, and rays
What subclade of Gnathostomes are animals with a true bone?
- bony vertebrates
Osteinchthyans
What 2 fish came from Osteinchthyans?
Ray finned and lobe finned fish
Which type of fish under Osteichthyans are bony fish supported by long spines?
Ray finned fish
Which type of fish under Osteichthyans are fish with bones surrounded by muscle?
- ancestor of all tetrapod’s
Lobe finned fish
What are the 2 types of tetrapods?
Amphibians & amniotes
Which type of tetrapods are frogs, salamanders, caecilians etc?
- 2 life stage (larval & adult stage)
- Relies on water for survival
Amphibians
Which type of tetrapod’s have extraembryonic membranes?
- 4 membranes around embryo
Amniotes
What are the 2 types of animals under Amniotes?
Reptiles & mammals
What type of animals are turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, dinosaurs & birds?
- mostly ectothermic (except birds)
Reptiles
What type of animals ones with mammary glands?
- hair & fat layer
- long parental care
- monotremes, marsupials, eutherians
Mammals
What type of mammal has a large brain?
- strong grip
- ex: gorillas, lemurs, bush babies, tarsiers
Primates
What type of animal are monkeys & apes?
- opposable thumbs
Anthropoids
What is a descendant of Anthropoids?
humans
What is anatomy?
shape/structure=form
What is physiology?
mechanism=function
Epithelial tissue types
-cuboidal (kidney, glands)
*secretion
-columnar (intestine)
*absorbtion
-squamous (skin, espophagus)
*cell division, diffusion
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
-cover body, organs, cavities
-barrier
-tight junctions prevent passages btwn cells
What is the main structure of connective tissue?
-functions to hold tissues&organs in place
-extracellular matrix of proteins w/ few cells
-fibroglast cells
-macrophage cells
-helps cushion, protect, support
-stores energy (fat)
Types of Connective Tissue
-fiber tissue
-bone
-adipose
-cartilage
-blood
Muscle tissue…
-majority of movement
-filaments contain actin + myosin proteins that generate contractions
What are the different types of muscle?
-skeletal (only VOLUNTARY)
-smooth
-cardiac
What are intercalated discs?
-in cardiac muscles to communicate contractions in heart
Nervous Tissue
-receive, process, transmit info
-neurons that form spinal cord & brain(some)
How does a neuron pass along a signal?
-receive impulse/signal from another neuron via dendrites (extensions)
-neurons can transmit signal to others or muscle through axons
System coordination between nervous and endocrine
-nervous: specific action, fast response, short term
-endocrine: hormones broadly distributed, slow response, longer lasting
What is interstitial fluid?
-internal body fluid that fills all spaces btwn cells
-systems exchange info through this
-IMPORTANT for many animals to maintain homeostasis
What is a regulator?
-mammals, birds
uses physiological mechanisms to control internal conditions when faced w/ external changes
what is a conformer?
-marine inverts, reptiles, birds
allows internal conditions to change in accordance w/ external changes?
