Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology 3 > Module 2: Chapter 6: Life span: Children > Flashcards

Module 2: Chapter 6: Life span: Children Flashcards

1
Q

The textbook defines a pediatric patient as what

A

less than 16 years of age and under 50kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what % of drugs regularly prescribed to children in the US have never been labeled for use in any pediatric population

A

75

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

is it now considered ethical or unethical to exclude children from drug studies

A

unethical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what must nurses be aware of until all drugs have been tested and labeled for sue in children?

A

off-label use that will occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are most pediatric doses based on

A

the childs weight in kilograms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is used to determine the dosage in pediatric patients if a child dose is not specified

A

can be determined from the adult dose based on the body SA of the child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what can be used to determine a childs surface area to determine dosing

A

nomogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True or false a drugs mechanism of action is the same in all individuals regardless of age

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

true of false in very young children immature organ systmes have less than optimal functioning

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

true or false a childs age, growth and maturation can affect how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes and excretes a drug

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what can a nurse do regarding adverse and therapeutic effects

A

maximize therapeutic effects and minimize adverse effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what can be done with dosages to account for immature or impaired body systems in neonates and infants

A

lowered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what can have an effect on pediatric drug absorption

A 
age
disease process
dosage form
route 
foods and drugs present in the childs body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

is an infants GI tract more or less acidic than an adults

A

less acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

compared to adults do infants have a higher or lower body SA

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are fat and water levels like in children compared to adults

A

children have higher concentrations of water

lower concentrations of fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

does a neonates liver produce more or less plasma proteins then adults

A

fewer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the difference in the blood brain barrier in children compared to adults

A

at birth the blood-brain barrier is not full developed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

immaturity of the nonatal and infant liver results in _____ or ___ metabolism of many drugs

A

decreased or incomplete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

a child with an immature or compromised liver fn is at risk for what

A

drug toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why are drugs that require oxidation for metabolism frequently more rapidly metabolized in children than adults

A

because children ahve a faster resting respiratory rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

immaturity of the nonatal and infant liver results in ____ or _____ metabolism of many drugs

A

decreased or incomplete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

in children with impaired renal fn, drug dosages should be _____ to acheive and maintain therapeutic drug levels

A

alterered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the neonate, especially the preterm infant, has immature kindeys so renal excretion of the drug is

A

slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

true or false: many drugs excreted through the bilary tree into the intestinal tract

A

false: few drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

is biliary drug flow increased or decreased during the first few days of life

A

increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

are most drugs prescribed to children prescribed for their labeled use or off labeled use

A

off labeled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

are drugs that are dangerous for children labelled as such?

A

obviously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

T or F: some adverse effects on body systems occur only at specific phases of development

A

yes

30
Q

what is the effect diarrhea can have on drug absorption

A

decrease intestinal transit time and therefore decrease the time available for drug absorption

31
Q

does constipation decrease drug absorption

A

no, it increases it as it slows down the motility in the GI tract allowing more of the drug to be absorbed

32
Q

what considerations are especially important when communicating with a child

A

developmental considerations

33
Q

what is the age range for infants

A

birth to 12 months

34
Q

why may infants willingly swallow a pleasant-tasting liquid drug through a bottle nipple

A

well-developed sucking reflex

35
Q

what is the preferred injection site for children and infants up to 3 years

A

vastus lateralis

36
Q

what age group is considered toddlers

A

13 months to 3 years

37
Q

can toddlers chew oral drugs

A

yes

38
Q

what can ease a toddlers anxiety when administering drug therapy

A

having a parent nearby

39
Q

why are toddles likely to be anxious or uncooperative druing administration of rectal suppositories

A

because of their experiences with toilet training and sphincter control

40
Q

what are the IM injection sites of choice for toddlers

A

vastus lateralis and rectus femoris

41
Q

are scalp veins still appropriate for toddlers?

A

yes, up till 18 months

42
Q

why are scalp veins not the first choice for IV access

A

because of the anxiety it causes parents

43
Q

what age group are preschoolers

A

3-5 years

44
Q

are preschoolers usually cooperative in drug administration

A

no

45
Q

what is a strategy for getting a preschooler to be cooperative during drug administration

A

offer choices

46
Q

what can be used to reduce pain when administering an IM injection to a preschooler

A

use of topical anesthetic cream to numb the site

47
Q

what are the common sites for IM injections in preschoolers

A

vastus lateralis
rectus femoris
ventrogluteal sites

48
Q

what age are school-aged children

A

6-12 years

49
Q

are school aged children cooperative

A

very

50
Q

how can you allow a school aged child to exercise control during drug administration

A

offer choices

51
Q

what age group can begin to swallow pills

A

school-aged children

52
Q

what is the site recommended for administering an IM injection to a school-aged child

A

ventrogluteal

53
Q

what should you offer adolescents whenever possible

A

control so that they can make their own choices

54
Q

what are adolescents particularly sensitive about

A

their bodies and their independence

55
Q

routes of administration for adolescents are similar to what

A

adults

56
Q

what is the preferred IM injection sites for adolescents

A

same as adults

57
Q

what is an infants primary food intake

A

milk and formula, these substances decrease gastric acidity and thus increase gastric pH

58
Q

what should you assess for in school-aged children

A

use and abuse of substances such as caffeine, alcohol, tobacco and street drugs

59
Q

what should you question the parent of a school-aged child

A

the use of herbal therapy in their child

60
Q

what should you also consider for patients

A

the economic circumstances of the family

61
Q

what do children receving drug therapy at home need to have

A

a parent or gaurdian responsible for ensuring that he child receives the prescribed therapy

62
Q

what is an important question to ask the parent or caretaker when sending a child home with a perscription

A

if there is a safe place to store prescription and non-prescription drugs

63
Q

a families beliefs can greatly affect the child in what way

A

childs attitude and adherence to the therapeutic regimen

64
Q

what must be considered quite seriously when planning drug therapy for a child

A

cultural background and heritage

65
Q

what is the desired outcome for delayed growth and development in children

A

patient will achieve normal growth and development during growth and development

66
Q

what is the desired outcome for ineffective family therapeutic regimen management

A

family members will master effective management strategies of the patients drug regimen

67
Q

what is the desired outcome for the nursing diagnosis caregiver role strain

A

patient and family will develop effective coping skills to avoid, reduce, or relieve stress on family caregivers

68
Q

administering drugs safely and effectively to children requires an understanding of what 3 things

A

pediatric anatomy and physiology
developmental and cognitive levels
diagnosis and prognosis

69
Q

what are the 6 situations medication errors are most likely to occur

A 
children younger than 2
in ICU
emergency departments
children receiving cehmo
children receiving IV meds
children whose weight was not documented
70
Q

what are strategies for preventing medication errors

A

always weigh the child before administering any medications
standardize as much as possible
use computerized drug order entry systems
use reliable drug information cources
double-check each calculated dose for accuracy
measure and deliver oral medications via oral syringes only
invovle the family
communicate the drug therapy plan clearly when different nurses will be caring for the patient

71
Q

what are some ways of reducing psychological stress and anxiety

A

consider age-related emotional needs
adress feelings and discuss and answer questions as simply and honestly as possible
play therapy reduces anxiety and promotes understanding of drug therapy
for preschoolers and school-aged chilrdren take care to explore the childs experiences with the health care system

Pharmacology 3 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions