Module 2 - Cells And Tissues Flashcards
It is the smallest unit of life.
Cells
Cells that connect body parts, form linings or transport gases.
Epithelial Cells, Fibroblasts, Erythrocytes
Cells that move organs and body parts.
Skeletal muscle cell, Smooth muscle cells
Cell that stores nutrients.
Fat cell
Cell that fights disease.
Macrophage
Cell that gathers information and controls body functions.
Nerve cell
Cell of reproduction.
Sperm
A selectively permeable barrier and a phospholipid bilayer with protein molecules plugged in as a fluid mosaic.
Plasma Membrane
An intracellular fluid packed
with organelles.
Cytoplasm
The organelle that controls
cellular activities.
Nucleus
It includes interstitial fluids, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
ECF (extracellular fluid)
The substances that aid in digestion (gastric fluids) or act as lubricants (saliva).
Cellular secretions
Most abundant material, jellylike substance composed of proteins and polysaccharides.
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
It forms the fabric of the membrane (phospholipid +
cholesterol).
Membrane Lipids
It allows the membrane to communicate with its
environment, responsible for specialized membrane function.
Membrane Proteins
It includes glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Glycocalyx (carbohydrate rich area) provides identity molecules for specific
biologicals markers.
Membrane Carbohydrates
It allows neighboring cells to adhere and to communicate,
inhibit or aid in allowing movement of molecules between cells.
Cell Junctions
Form basic structure of the membrane.
Phospholipids
Stiffens the membrane and further decreases the water solubility of the membrane.
Cholesterol
It determines what functions the membrane can perform.
Proteins
They act as identity molecules.
Carbohydrates
Encloses the cell, separating the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid. (Functions of the Plasma Membrane)
Physical Barrier
Determines which substances enters or exit
the cell. (Functions of the Plasma Membrane)
Selective Permeability
Plasma membrane proteins interact with specific chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior. (Functions of the Plasma Membrane)
Communication
Cell surface carbohydrates allow cells to recognize each other. (Functions of the Plasma Membrane)
Cell Recognition
Face the water inside and outside the cell. (includes phosphate group)
Polar Hydrophilic head
Hide from the water. (fatty acids)
Nonpolar Hydrophobic tail
Type of protein that is embedded in the lipid bilayer.
Integral proteins
Type of protein that is anchored to the membrane or to the other proteins.
Peripheral proteins
What are the membrane proteins functions?
Transport, receptors for signal transduction, Enzymatic activity, Cell - cell recognition, Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM), Cell - cell joining.
Impermeable junctions that form continuous seals around the cell.
Tight junctions
Anchoring junctions that help keep cells from tearing apart.
Desmosomes
Communicating junctions that allow ions and small molecules to pass from cell to cell.
Gap junctions
Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that
readily dissolve in lipids).
Simple Diffusion
Either through a) binding to
carrier proteins or 2) through water filled channel
proteins.
Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion of a solvent through a membrane.
Osmosis
Diffusion via protein carrier specific for one chemical; binding of solute causes transport protein to change shape.
Carrier - mediated facilitated diffusion
Diffusion through a channel protein; mostly ions selected on basis of size and charge.
Channel - mediated facilitated diffusion
Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by
altering the cells; internal water volume.
Tonicity
Have the same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those
found in the cells, retain shape, exhibit no net loss or gain of water.
Isotonic
Higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the
cell, lose water, shrivel or crenate.
Hypertonic
More dilute than cells, cells plump up or lyse.
Hypotonic
Cells retain their normal size and shape in this solution (same solute/water concentration as inside cells; water moves in and out).
Isotonic solutions
Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink in this solution (contains a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than are present inside the cells).
Hypertonic solutions
Cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst (lyse) in this solution (contains a lower concentration of non-penetrating solutes than are present inside the cells).
Hypotonic solutions
Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances
and move solutes uphill, against a concentration gradient using energy.
Active Transport
The transport of substances against a concentration (or electrochemical) gardient.
Primary active transport
Cotransport (coupled transport) of two solutes across the membrane.
Secondary active transport
A large external particle (proteins, bacteria, dead cell debris) is surrounded by a pseudopod (false foot) and becomes enclosed in a vesicle (phagosome).
Phagocytosis
Plasma membrane sinks beneath an external fluid droplet containing small solutes. Membrane edges fuse, forming a fluid - filled vesicle.
Pinocytosis (fluid - phase endocytosis)
External substance binds to membrane receptors and is a selective endocytosis and transcytosis.
Receptor - mediated endocytosis
Vesicles pinch off from organelles and travel to other organelles to deliver their cargo.
Vesicular trafficking
Secretion or ejection of substances from a cell.
Exocytosis
Also termed as voltage, electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles.
Membrane Potential
Ranging from (-)50 – (-)90 mV.
Resting Membrane Potential
According to Ren, Roberts and Shi (2011), these molecules are cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM).
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
Diverse group of integral proteins that serve as binding sites.
Plasma Membrane Receptors
Cells come together, touch and recognize one another. Useful in development and
immunity.
Contact Signaling
Process in which a ligand (chemical messenger) binds a specific receptor and initiates a response.
Chemical Signaling
Type of ligand that signals from the nervous system.
Neurotransmitters
Type of ligand that signals from the endocrine system.
Hormones
Chemicals that act locally and are rapidly destroyed.
Paracrines
Ligand is sent out and
binds to a specific receptor. The receptor’s structure changes, and cell proteins are altered. Cell response
Chemical Signaling
A type of chemical signaling wherein a cell targets itself.
Autocrine
A type of chemical signaling wherein a cell targets a cell connected by gap junctions.
Signaling across gap junctions
A type of chemical signaling wherein a cell targets a nearby cell.
Paracrine
A type of chemical signaling wherein a cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream.
Endocrine
Types of plasma membrane receptor that act through G-protein to start a second messenger cascade.
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCR)
Regulatory molecule that acts as a middle-man to activate either 1) membrane bound enzyme or 2) ion channel.
G-protein
2 Important second messengers
Cyclic AMP and Ionic
Calcium and activates protein kinase enzymes
Cell material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
Cytoplasm
Viscous, semi-transparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic elements
are suspended.
Cytosol
Metabolic machinery of the cell that synthesize proteins,
generate ATP.
Organelles
Chemical substances like stored nutrients, lipid droplets and pigments.
Inclusions
Powerplants of the cell, providing ATP supply
Lozenge-shaped organelles that contains its own DNA, RNA, ribosomes and able to reproduce themselves.
Mitochondria
Small-dark staining granules composed of proteins and RNA and the sites of protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
Extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Studded with ribosomes that manufacture all proteins secreted from cells; manufacture of integral proteins and phospholipids that form part of all cellular membranes.
Rough ER
Contains integral proteins called enzymes that catalyze
reactions.
Smooth ER
Modify, concentrate and package the proteins and lipids. Stacked, flattened membranous sacs associated with tiny
membranous vesicles.
Golgi Apparatus
Spherical membranous sacs containing enzymes
(numerous in kidneys and livers) which oxidases and catalases detoxify alcohol and formaldehyde and neutralize free radicals.
Peroxisomes
Spherical membranous organelles containing activated hydrolytic enzymes which digests all kinds of biological molecules including invading bacteria and cell debris.
Lysosomes
System of organelles that work together mainly to
produce, degrade, store and export biological molecules as well as degrade potentially harmful substances.
Endomembrane System
Elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol and hundreds of accessory proteins that link these rods to other cell structures.
Cytoskeleton
Whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur on the exposed surfaces of certain cells. Its actions move substances in one direction
across the cell surfaces.
Cilia
Projections formed by centrioles but longer. The only flagellated cell is a sperm which has one propulsive flagellum. It propels the cell itself.
Flagella
Tiny, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface. It increases the cell surface and most often found in absorptive cells in the intestine and kidney.
Microvilli
Control center and contains the instructions to build nearly all the body’s proteins.
Nucleus
Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces.
Cell Cycle
Period from cell formation to cell division.
Interphase
Metabolically active cell, synthesizing proteins rapidly and growing vigorously, duration is variable. (subphase)
G1 subphase (Gap 1)
DNA is replicated, ensuring 2 future cells will receive identical copies of the genetic material. (subphase)
S subphase
Enzymes and other proteins are synthesized, centriole
replication is complete. (subphase)
G2 subphase (Gap 2)
Sequence: 1) Uncoiling 2) Separation 3) Assembly 4) Restoration
DNA Replication
Division of the nucleus,
is the series of events that
parcels out the replicated DNA of the parent cell to two daughter cells.
Mitosis
Division of the cytoplasm.
Cytokinesis
It is the segment of a DNA molecule that carries instructions for creating one
polypeptide chain.
Gene
It is single strand and has 3 forms that act together to carry out DNA’s instructions for polypeptide synthesis.
RNA
It carries the coded information to the cytoplasm, where protein
synthesis occurs.
Messenger RNA
2 units form functional ribosomes which are sites of protein synthesis.
Ribosomal RNA
Ferry amino acids to the ribosomes.
Transfer RNA
Sweeps up bits of cytoplasm and organelles into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes then delivered to lysosomes
for digestion.
Autophagy “self-eating”
Proteasome Pathway
wherein ubiquitin proteins attach to marked proteins ready for destruction and then hydrolyzed by proteasomes.
Ubiquitin
Programmed cell death, rids the body of cells that are programmed to have a limited life span.
Apoptosis
Groups of cells that are
similar in structure and
perform a common or
related function.
Tissues
Sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity,
a boundary-forming tissue.
Epithelial Tissue
Forms the outer layer of the skin, lines the cavities (urogenital, digestive and respiratory), and covers the walls and organs of the ventral cavity.
Covering and lining epithelium
Fashions the glands of the body.
Glandular epithelium
Found where absorption, secretion and filtration occurs. (classification of epithelial tissue)
Simple
With 2 or more layers, common in high abrasion area such as lining
of the mouth and skin surface. (classification of epithelial tissue)
Stratified
Single layer of flattened cells with disc - shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia. It allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important.
Simple squamous
Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei. Its function is secretion and absorption.
Simple cuboidal
Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei and its functions is absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances.
Simple columnar
Single layer of cells of differing heights which secrete substances, particularly mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.
Pseudostratified columnar
Thick epithelium composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active, surface cells are flattened (squamous). It protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.
Stratified squamous
Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar. It stretches readily and permits stored urine to distend urinary organ.
Transitional
Consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product.
Gland
Product of a gland that can be aqueous, lipid or steroid-rich containing proteins.
Secretion
Product hormones that enter the blood or lymphatic fluid to specific target organs. These hormones are structurally diverse and secretions also varies (Internally secreting).
Endocrine
Secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities, include the liver, pancreas, salivary glands among others
(Externally secreting).
Exocrine
One-celled
Unicellular
Many celled
Multicellular
Does much more than just
connect body parts. This tissue also has functions such as: Binding and supporting, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel and transporting substances.
Connective Tissue
Gel - like matrix that wraps and cushions the organs.
Areolar
Matrix as in areolar but very sparce which provides reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs.
Adipose
Loose network of reticular fibers in a gel - like ground substance that supports other cell type including white blood cells, mast cells and macrophages.
Reticular
Primarily parallel collagen fibers that attaches muscles to bones or to muscles, attaches bones to bones, withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction.
Regular
Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers that withstand tension exerted in many directions and provides structural strength.
Irregular
Dense regular connective tissue that allows tissue to recoil after stretching and maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries.
Elastic (Connective tissue)
Amorphous but firm matrix that supports and reinforces, serves as resilient cushion and resists compressive stress.
Hyaline
Similar to hyaline cartilage but more elastic fibers in matrix. it maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility.
Elastic (Cartilage)
Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage. It has tensile strength that allows it to absorb compressive shock.
Fibrocartilage
Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers that supports and protects (by enclosing), provide levers for the muscles to act on and stores calcium and other minerals.
Bone
Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma) that transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances.
Blood
Well-vascularized tissues that are
responsible for most type of
body movement.
Muscle Tissue
Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells that is responsible for voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression and voluntary control.
Skeletal muscle
Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that connect at specialized junctions. as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control.
Cardiac muscle
Cells are spindle shaped with central nuclei and it propels substances or objects along internal passageways, involuntary control.
Smooth muscle
Main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord and
nerves) which regulates and controls body functions.
Nervous Tissue
High specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve
impulses which enables them to 1) respond to stimuli and 2) transmit electrical
impulses.
Neurons
Non-conducting cells that support, insulate and protect delicate neurons.
Supporting cells/Glial/Neuroglia
It covers the body surface (the skin).
Cutaneous membrane
It lines body cavities that are open to the exterior.
Mucous membrane
It lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior.
Serous membrane
