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Anatomy and Physiology > Module 2 - Cells And Tissues > Flashcards

Module 2 - Cells And Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

It is the smallest unit of life.

A

Cells

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2
Q

Cells that connect body parts, form linings or transport gases.

A

Epithelial Cells, Fibroblasts, Erythrocytes

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3
Q

Cells that move organs and body parts.

A

Skeletal muscle cell, Smooth muscle cells

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4
Q

Cell that stores nutrients.

A

Fat cell

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5
Q

Cell that fights disease.

A

Macrophage

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6
Q

Cell that gathers information and controls body functions.

A

Nerve cell

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7
Q

Cell of reproduction.

A

Sperm

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8
Q

A selectively permeable barrier and a phospholipid bilayer with protein molecules plugged in as a fluid mosaic.

A

Plasma Membrane

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9
Q

An intracellular fluid packed
with organelles.

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

The organelle that controls
cellular activities.

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

It includes interstitial fluids, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

A

ECF (extracellular fluid)

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12
Q

The substances that aid in digestion (gastric fluids) or act as lubricants (saliva).

A

Cellular secretions

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13
Q

Most abundant material, jellylike substance composed of proteins and polysaccharides.

A

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

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14
Q

It forms the fabric of the membrane (phospholipid +
cholesterol).

A

Membrane Lipids

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15
Q

It allows the membrane to communicate with its
environment, responsible for specialized membrane function.

A

Membrane Proteins

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16
Q

It includes glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Glycocalyx (carbohydrate rich area) provides identity molecules for specific
biologicals markers.

A

Membrane Carbohydrates

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17
Q

It allows neighboring cells to adhere and to communicate,
inhibit or aid in allowing movement of molecules between cells.

A

Cell Junctions

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18
Q

Form basic structure of the membrane.

A

Phospholipids

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19
Q

Stiffens the membrane and further decreases the water solubility of the membrane.

A

Cholesterol

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20
Q

It determines what functions the membrane can perform.

A

Proteins

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21
Q

They act as identity molecules.

A

Carbohydrates

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22
Q

Encloses the cell, separating the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid. (Functions of the Plasma Membrane)

A

Physical Barrier

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23
Q

Determines which substances enters or exit
the cell. (Functions of the Plasma Membrane)

A

Selective Permeability

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24
Q

Plasma membrane proteins interact with specific chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior. (Functions of the Plasma Membrane)

A

Communication

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25
Q

Cell surface carbohydrates allow cells to recognize each other. (Functions of the Plasma Membrane)

A

Cell Recognition

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26
Q

Face the water inside and outside the cell. (includes phosphate group)

A

Polar Hydrophilic head

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27
Q

Hide from the water. (fatty acids)

A

Nonpolar Hydrophobic tail

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28
Q

Type of protein that is embedded in the lipid bilayer.

A

Integral proteins

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29
Q

Type of protein that is anchored to the membrane or to the other proteins.

A

Peripheral proteins

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30
Q

What are the membrane proteins functions?

A

Transport, receptors for signal transduction, Enzymatic activity, Cell - cell recognition, Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM), Cell - cell joining.

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31
Q

Impermeable junctions that form continuous seals around the cell.

A

Tight junctions

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32
Q

Anchoring junctions that help keep cells from tearing apart.

A

Desmosomes

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33
Q

Communicating junctions that allow ions and small molecules to pass from cell to cell.

A

Gap junctions

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34
Q

Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that
readily dissolve in lipids).

A

Simple Diffusion

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35
Q

Either through a) binding to
carrier proteins or 2) through water filled channel
proteins.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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36
Q

Diffusion of a solvent through a membrane.

A

Osmosis

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37
Q

Diffusion via protein carrier specific for one chemical; binding of solute causes transport protein to change shape.

A

Carrier - mediated facilitated diffusion

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38
Q

Diffusion through a channel protein; mostly ions selected on basis of size and charge.

A

Channel - mediated facilitated diffusion

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39
Q

Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by
altering the cells; internal water volume.

A

Tonicity

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40
Q

Have the same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those
found in the cells, retain shape, exhibit no net loss or gain of water.

A

Isotonic

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41
Q

Higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the
cell, lose water, shrivel or crenate.

A

Hypertonic

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42
Q

More dilute than cells, cells plump up or lyse.

A

Hypotonic

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43
Q

Cells retain their normal size and shape in this solution (same solute/water concentration as inside cells; water moves in and out).

A

Isotonic solutions

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44
Q

Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink in this solution (contains a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than are present inside the cells).

A

Hypertonic solutions

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45
Q

Cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst (lyse) in this solution (contains a lower concentration of non-penetrating solutes than are present inside the cells).

A

Hypotonic solutions

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46
Q

Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances
and move solutes uphill, against a concentration gradient using energy.

A

Active Transport

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47
Q

The transport of substances against a concentration (or electrochemical) gardient.

A

Primary active transport

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48
Q

Cotransport (coupled transport) of two solutes across the membrane.

A

Secondary active transport

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49
Q

A large external particle (proteins, bacteria, dead cell debris) is surrounded by a pseudopod (false foot) and becomes enclosed in a vesicle (phagosome).

A

Phagocytosis

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50
Q

Plasma membrane sinks beneath an external fluid droplet containing small solutes. Membrane edges fuse, forming a fluid - filled vesicle.

A

Pinocytosis (fluid - phase endocytosis)

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51
Q

External substance binds to membrane receptors and is a selective endocytosis and transcytosis.

A

Receptor - mediated endocytosis

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52
Q

Vesicles pinch off from organelles and travel to other organelles to deliver their cargo.

A

Vesicular trafficking

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53
Q

Secretion or ejection of substances from a cell.

A

Exocytosis

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54
Q

Also termed as voltage, electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles.

A

Membrane Potential

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55
Q

Ranging from (-)50 – (-)90 mV.

A

Resting Membrane Potential

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56
Q

According to Ren, Roberts and Shi (2011), these molecules are cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM).

A

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

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57
Q

Diverse group of integral proteins that serve as binding sites.

A

Plasma Membrane Receptors

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58
Q

Cells come together, touch and recognize one another. Useful in development and
immunity.

A

Contact Signaling

59
Q

Process in which a ligand (chemical messenger) binds a specific receptor and initiates a response.

A

Chemical Signaling

60
Q

Type of ligand that signals from the nervous system.

A

Neurotransmitters

61
Q

Type of ligand that signals from the endocrine system.

A

Hormones

62
Q

Chemicals that act locally and are rapidly destroyed.

A

Paracrines

63
Q

Ligand is sent out and
binds to a specific receptor. The receptor’s structure changes, and cell proteins are altered. Cell response

A

Chemical Signaling

64
Q

A type of chemical signaling wherein a cell targets itself.

A

Autocrine

65
Q

A type of chemical signaling wherein a cell targets a cell connected by gap junctions.

A

Signaling across gap junctions

66
Q

A type of chemical signaling wherein a cell targets a nearby cell.

A

Paracrine

67
Q

A type of chemical signaling wherein a cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream.

A

Endocrine

68
Q

Types of plasma membrane receptor that act through G-protein to start a second messenger cascade.

A

G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCR)

69
Q

Regulatory molecule that acts as a middle-man to activate either 1) membrane bound enzyme or 2) ion channel.

A

G-protein

70
Q

2 Important second messengers

A

Cyclic AMP and Ionic
Calcium and activates protein kinase enzymes

71
Q

Cell material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

A

Cytoplasm

72
Q

Viscous, semi-transparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic elements
are suspended.

A

Cytosol

73
Q

Metabolic machinery of the cell that synthesize proteins,
generate ATP.

A

Organelles

74
Q

Chemical substances like stored nutrients, lipid droplets and pigments.

A

Inclusions

75
Q

Powerplants of the cell, providing ATP supply
Lozenge-shaped organelles that contains its own DNA, RNA, ribosomes and able to reproduce themselves.

A

Mitochondria

76
Q

Small-dark staining granules composed of proteins and RNA and the sites of protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

77
Q

Extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

78
Q

Studded with ribosomes that manufacture all proteins secreted from cells; manufacture of integral proteins and phospholipids that form part of all cellular membranes.

A

Rough ER

79
Q

Contains integral proteins called enzymes that catalyze
reactions.

A

Smooth ER

80
Q

Modify, concentrate and package the proteins and lipids. Stacked, flattened membranous sacs associated with tiny
membranous vesicles.

A

Golgi Apparatus

81
Q

Spherical membranous sacs containing enzymes
(numerous in kidneys and livers) which oxidases and catalases detoxify alcohol and formaldehyde and neutralize free radicals.

A

Peroxisomes

82
Q

Spherical membranous organelles containing activated hydrolytic enzymes which digests all kinds of biological molecules including invading bacteria and cell debris.

A

Lysosomes

83
Q

System of organelles that work together mainly to
produce, degrade, store and export biological molecules as well as degrade potentially harmful substances.

A

Endomembrane System

84
Q

Elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol and hundreds of accessory proteins that link these rods to other cell structures.

A

Cytoskeleton

85
Q

Whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur on the exposed surfaces of certain cells. Its actions move substances in one direction
across the cell surfaces.

A

Cilia

86
Q

Projections formed by centrioles but longer. The only flagellated cell is a sperm which has one propulsive flagellum. It propels the cell itself.

A

Flagella

87
Q

Tiny, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface. It increases the cell surface and most often found in absorptive cells in the intestine and kidney.

A

Microvilli

88
Q

Control center and contains the instructions to build nearly all the body’s proteins.

A

Nucleus

89
Q

Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces.

A

Cell Cycle

90
Q

Period from cell formation to cell division.

A

Interphase

91
Q

Metabolically active cell, synthesizing proteins rapidly and growing vigorously, duration is variable. (subphase)

A

G1 subphase (Gap 1)

92
Q

DNA is replicated, ensuring 2 future cells will receive identical copies of the genetic material. (subphase)

A

S subphase

93
Q

Enzymes and other proteins are synthesized, centriole
replication is complete. (subphase)

A

G2 subphase (Gap 2)

94
Q

Sequence: 1) Uncoiling 2) Separation 3) Assembly 4) Restoration

A

DNA Replication

95
Q

Division of the nucleus,
is the series of events that
parcels out the replicated DNA of the parent cell to two daughter cells.

A

Mitosis

96
Q

Division of the cytoplasm.

A

Cytokinesis

97
Q

It is the segment of a DNA molecule that carries instructions for creating one
polypeptide chain.

A

Gene

98
Q

It is single strand and has 3 forms that act together to carry out DNA’s instructions for polypeptide synthesis.

A

RNA

99
Q

It carries the coded information to the cytoplasm, where protein
synthesis occurs.

A

Messenger RNA

100
Q

2 units form functional ribosomes which are sites of protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomal RNA

101
Q

Ferry amino acids to the ribosomes.

A

Transfer RNA

102
Q

Sweeps up bits of cytoplasm and organelles into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes then delivered to lysosomes
for digestion.

A

Autophagy “self-eating”

103
Q

Proteasome Pathway
wherein ubiquitin proteins attach to marked proteins ready for destruction and then hydrolyzed by proteasomes.

A

Ubiquitin

104
Q

Programmed cell death, rids the body of cells that are programmed to have a limited life span.

A

Apoptosis

105
Q

Groups of cells that are
similar in structure and
perform a common or
related function.

A

Tissues

106
Q

Sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity,
a boundary-forming tissue.

A

Epithelial Tissue

107
Q

Forms the outer layer of the skin, lines the cavities (urogenital, digestive and respiratory), and covers the walls and organs of the ventral cavity.

A

Covering and lining epithelium

108
Q

Fashions the glands of the body.

A

Glandular epithelium

109
Q

Found where absorption, secretion and filtration occurs. (classification of epithelial tissue)

A

Simple

110
Q

With 2 or more layers, common in high abrasion area such as lining
of the mouth and skin surface. (classification of epithelial tissue)

A

Stratified

111
Q

Single layer of flattened cells with disc - shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia. It allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important.

A

Simple squamous

112
Q

Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei. Its function is secretion and absorption.

A

Simple cuboidal

113
Q

Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei and its functions is absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances.

A

Simple columnar

114
Q

Single layer of cells of differing heights which secrete substances, particularly mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.

A

Pseudostratified columnar

115
Q

Thick epithelium composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active, surface cells are flattened (squamous). It protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.

A

Stratified squamous

116
Q

Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar. It stretches readily and permits stored urine to distend urinary organ.

A

Transitional

117
Q

Consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product.

A

Gland

118
Q

Product of a gland that can be aqueous, lipid or steroid-rich containing proteins.

A

Secretion

119
Q

Product hormones that enter the blood or lymphatic fluid to specific target organs. These hormones are structurally diverse and secretions also varies (Internally secreting).

A

Endocrine

120
Q

Secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities, include the liver, pancreas, salivary glands among others
(Externally secreting).

A

Exocrine

121
Q

One-celled

A

Unicellular

122
Q

Many celled

A

Multicellular

123
Q

Does much more than just
connect body parts. This tissue also has functions such as: Binding and supporting, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel and transporting substances.

A

Connective Tissue

124
Q

Gel - like matrix that wraps and cushions the organs.

A

Areolar

125
Q

Matrix as in areolar but very sparce which provides reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs.

A

Adipose

126
Q

Loose network of reticular fibers in a gel - like ground substance that supports other cell type including white blood cells, mast cells and macrophages.

A

Reticular

127
Q

Primarily parallel collagen fibers that attaches muscles to bones or to muscles, attaches bones to bones, withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction.

A

Regular

128
Q

Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers that withstand tension exerted in many directions and provides structural strength.

A

Irregular

129
Q

Dense regular connective tissue that allows tissue to recoil after stretching and maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries.

A

Elastic (Connective tissue)

130
Q

Amorphous but firm matrix that supports and reinforces, serves as resilient cushion and resists compressive stress.

A

Hyaline

131
Q

Similar to hyaline cartilage but more elastic fibers in matrix. it maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility.

A

Elastic (Cartilage)

132
Q

Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage. It has tensile strength that allows it to absorb compressive shock.

A

Fibrocartilage

133
Q

Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers that supports and protects (by enclosing), provide levers for the muscles to act on and stores calcium and other minerals.

A

Bone

134
Q

Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma) that transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances.

A

Blood

135
Q

Well-vascularized tissues that are
responsible for most type of
body movement.

A

Muscle Tissue

136
Q

Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells that is responsible for voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression and voluntary control.

A

Skeletal muscle

137
Q

Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that connect at specialized junctions. as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control.

A

Cardiac muscle

138
Q

Cells are spindle shaped with central nuclei and it propels substances or objects along internal passageways, involuntary control.

A

Smooth muscle

139
Q

Main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord and
nerves) which regulates and controls body functions.

A

Nervous Tissue

140
Q

High specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve
impulses which enables them to 1) respond to stimuli and 2) transmit electrical
impulses.

A

Neurons

141
Q

Non-conducting cells that support, insulate and protect delicate neurons.

A

Supporting cells/Glial/Neuroglia

142
Q

It covers the body surface (the skin).

A

Cutaneous membrane

143
Q

It lines body cavities that are open to the exterior.

A

Mucous membrane

144
Q

It lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior.

A

Serous membrane

Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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