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Anatomy and Physiology > Module 1 - Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Module 1 - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart,
lungs, kidneys.

A

Gross Anatomy

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2
Q

It refers to all structures in particular region of the body (abdomen or leg region)

A

Regional

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3
Q

The body structures are examined system by system (cardiovascular, neuro, nephron
etc.)

A

Systemic

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4
Q

It is the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.

A

Surface

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5
Q

It deals with structures too small to be seen by the naked eye (cytology,
histology)

A

Microscopic

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6
Q

Traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span.

A

Developmental

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7
Q

It studies the function of the body, how the body parts work
and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

A

Physiology

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8
Q

Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands

A

Integumentary System

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9
Q

Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.

A

Skeletal System

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10
Q

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat.

A

Muscular System

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11
Q

As the fast - acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

A

Nervous System

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12
Q

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

A

Endocrine System

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13
Q

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc. The heart pumps blood.

A

Cardiovascular System

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14
Q

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

A

Lymphatic System / Immunity

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15
Q

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

A

Respiratory System

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16
Q

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

A

Digestive System

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17
Q

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid - base balance of the blood.

A

Urinary System

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18
Q

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.

A

Male Reproductive System

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19
Q

Overall function is production of offspring. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

A

Female Reproductive System

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20
Q

What does this highly organized human body do?

A
  1. Maintaining boundaries
  2. Movement
  3. Responsiveness/ Excitability
  4. Digestion
  5. Metabolism
  6. Excretion
  7. Reproduction
  8. Growth
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21
Q

Is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.

A

Catabolism

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22
Q

Is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process.

A

Anabolism

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23
Q

What are the requirements for life? (Survival needs)

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Oxygen
  3. Water
  4. Normal Body Temperature
  5. Atmospheric Pressure
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24
Q

The ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even
though the outside world changes continuously

A

Homeostasis

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25
Q

When a signal is bound to its receptor, a specific intracellular signal transduction pathway is triggered which leads to either
1) cell fate changes or 2) morphogenetic responses.

A

Negative feedback mechanisms

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26
Q

Initial response enhances the original stimulus so that further responses are even greater. The response to a stimulus does not stop or reverse it but instead
keeps the sequence of events going up.

A

Positive feedback mechanisms / Cascades

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27
Q

An inability of the body to
restore a functional, stable
internal environment.

A

Homeostatic Imbalance

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28
Q

It refers to the positioning of the human body when it is standing upright and facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing forward with the legs parallel to one another.

A

Anatomical Position

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29
Q

It is a body position in which a person is lying flat on their front, face down.

A

Prone Position

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30
Q

It is a body position in which a person is lying on their back with their face upward.

A

Supine Position

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31
Q

It is a vertical plane that travels straight down the human body and divides the body into right and left portions.

A

Sagittal Plane

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32
Q

It is a vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body and bisects the body into two symmetrical halves: right and left.

A

Median Plane

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33
Q

It is a plane slices the body into two halves, namely the front side (anterior) and backside (posterior).

A

Coronal Plane

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34
Q

It is a plane that can be any angle other than horizontal or vertical.

A

Oblique Plane

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35
Q

It is a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

A

Transverse Plane

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36
Q

It means towards the middle or center.

A

Medial

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37
Q

It means farther from the middle or center.

A

Lateral

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38
Q

Describes the anatomical structures located above.

A

Superior

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39
Q

Describes the anatomical structures located below.

A

Inferior

40
Q

Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body.

A

Anterior

41
Q

Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body.

A

Posterior

42
Q

Describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

A

Proximal

43
Q

Describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

A

Distal

44
Q

Describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones.

A

Superficial

45
Q

Describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull.

A

Deep

46
Q

It refers to something that is only on one side of the body.

A

Unilateral

47
Q

It refers to something that is on both sides of the body.

A

Bilateral

48
Q

It means on the same side.

A

Ipsilateral

49
Q

It means on opposite sides of the body.

A

Contralateral

50
Q

Refers to the back portion of the body.

A

Dorsal

51
Q

Refers to the front portion of the body.

A

Ventral

52
Q

Lining the walls

A

Parietal

53
Q

It covers the organs.

A

Visceral

54
Q

Lubricating fluid that separates the serosa.

A

Serous fluid

55
Q

Solute particles are very tiny and they do not settle out or scatter light.

A

Solution

56
Q

Solute particles are larger than in a solution, they scatter light and do not settle out.

A

Colloid

57
Q

Solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light.

A

Suspension

58
Q

It is a concentration measurement
in the blood (glucose, cholesterol, electrolytes).

A

Milligrams/ deciliter (mg/dL)

59
Q

Any element or compound equal to its molecular weight in
grams

A

Mole

60
Q

The study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter.

A

Biochemistry

61
Q

Contain carbon and
made by living things.

A

Organic Compounds

62
Q

Compounds that lack carbon except carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

A

Inorganic Compounds

63
Q

Also called, proton donors, substance that release hydrogen ions in detectable
amounts

A

Acids

64
Q

Also called proton acceptors,
substances that take up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts

A

Bases

65
Q

Measures the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various
body fluids.

A

pH

66
Q

When acids and bases mix, displacement reaction
happen to form water and salt.

A

Neutralization

67
Q

Consists of a weak acid and a weak base that resists abrupt and large changes in the pH of body fluids.

A

Buffers

68
Q

Large complex molecules with thousands of atoms.

A

Macromolecules

69
Q

Chainlike molecules made of smaller, similar subunits
(monomers).

A

Polymers

70
Q

The process of joining together monomers.

A

Dehydration Synthesis

71
Q

The process of degrading molecules (water splitting).

A

Hydrolysis

72
Q

It includes sugars and starches.

A

Carbohydrates

73
Q

Simple sugars, single chain (e.g. glucose,
galactose, ribose).

A

Monosaccharides

74
Q

Double sugar, two monosaccharides joined by
dehydration synthesis (sucrose, lactose, maltose).

A

Disaccharides

75
Q

Polymers of simple sugars, large fairly insoluble
molecules (starch, cellulose – plants; glycogen – animals).

A

Polysaccharides

76
Q

Functions of Carbohydrates

A

Provide ready, easily used source of cellular fuel.

77
Q

Insoluble in water but dissolve readily in other lipids, alcohol and ether.

A

Lipids

78
Q

Fats when solid; oil if liquid, yields large amounts of energy.

A

Triglycerides

79
Q

Only with single covalent bonds between carbon atoms.

A

Saturated fats

80
Q

Contains one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

A

Unsaturated fats

81
Q

Solidified fats by addition of H atoms at carbon double bonds.

A

Trans fats

82
Q

Modified triglycerides with glycerol, 2 fatty acids,
and phosphate group (PO4).

A

Phospholipids

83
Q

Flat molecules made of interlocking hydrocarbon rings.

A

Steroids

84
Q

Essential for human life, found in cell membranes and
raw material for synthesis of vitamin D, steroid hormones and bile salts.

A

Cholesterol

85
Q

Lipids found in all cell membranes (e.g. prostaglandins).

A

Eicosanoids

86
Q

Basic structure material of the body and plays vital roles in cell function.

A

Proteins

87
Q

Building blocks of protein.

A

Amino acid

88
Q

Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts (substances that regulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions).

A

Enzymes

89
Q

Substance on which an enzyme acts.

A

Substrate

90
Q

Type of protein that provides mechanical support.

A

Structural proteins

91
Q

Type of protein responsible for catalysis. Protein enzymes are essential for virtually every biochemical reaction in the body.

A

Enzyme proteins

92
Q

Type of protein responsible for moving substances (in blood or across plasma membranes).

A

Transport proteins

93
Q

Type of protein responsible for movement.

A

Contractile proteins

94
Q

Type of protein responsible for transmitting signals between cells. Can act as chemical messengers (e.g., hormones) or as receptors in the plasma membrane.

A

Communication proteins

95
Q

Type of protein that protects against disease.

A

Defensive proteins

96
Q

Largest molecules in the body and includes 2 major classes: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & Ribonucleic acid (RNA).

A

Nucleic acids

Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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