Module 2- Cells and Tissues

Question 1

Smallest unit of life

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

Parts of a cell

Answer 2

plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus

Question 3

The very thin, semi-permeable boundary of the cell which separates two of the body’s major fluid compartments; the intracellular fluid within the cells and extracellular fluid outside the cells.

Answer 3

Plasma membrane

Question 4

Substances diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer.

Answer 4

Simple diffusion

Question 5

The transported substance either attaches to carrier proteins in the membrane and is ferried across or moves through water-filled channel proteins.

Answer 5

Facilitated diffusion

Question 6

The passive transport (diffusion) of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane, from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration (or vice versa)

Answer 6

Osmosis

Question 7

The ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells’ internal water volume.

Answer 7

Tonicity

Question 8

Cells retain their normal size and shape in isotonic solutions. They have same solute/water concentration as inside cells; no net movement of water.

Answer 8

Isotonic solutions

Question 9

Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink in a hypertonic solution. They contain a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than are present inside the cells. Eg. Sea water.

Answer 9

Hypertonic solutions

Question 10

Cells take on water until they become bloated and burst in a hypotonic solution. They contain a lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than are present inside cells. Eg. Pure water.

Answer 10

Hypotonic solutions

Question 11

Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances. Uses energy and moves substances across membrane against concentration gradient.

Answer 11

Active transport

Question 12

The process where solutes are moved across cell membrane against electrochemical gradients using energy supplied directly by ATP.

Answer 12

Primary active

Question 13

Transport is driven by energy stored in concentration gradients of ions created by primary active transport pumps.

Answer 13

Secondary active

Question 14

‘Little organs’. Specialised cellular compartments or structures; each performing its own job to maintain the life of the cell.

Answer 14

Organelles

Question 15

The internal environment of the cell, excluding the nucleus. It is a gel-like fluid, with a variety of organelles and inclusions within it.

Answer 15

Cytoplasm

Question 16

The viscous, semitransparent fluid in which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended.

Answer 16

Cytosol

Question 17

Other bodies (chemical substances) that may appear in it temporarily and aren’t part of the permanent metabolic machinery of the cell.

Answer 17

Inclusions

Question 18

The powerhouse of a cell, function in the production of most of the ATP (energy) supply. Enclosed in a double membrane.

Answer 18

Mitochondria

Question 19

Small organelles composed of granules of RNA which have an important role in protein synthesis.

Answer 19

Ribosomes

Question 20

System of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs which function in the transport and networking of molecules. 2 types; smooth & rough.

Answer 20

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 21

Modifies substances produced in other parts of the cell and prepares/packages these products (protein) for secretion.

Answer 21

Golgi apparatus

Question 22

Contains enzymes that breakdown toxic hydrogen peroxide molecules, a substance often generated in the degradation of large organic molecules.

Answer 22

Peroxisomes

Question 23

Products of golgi apparatus and contain digestive enzymes to break down substances that need to be removed from the cell- particularly damaged organelles and pathogens.

Answer 23

Lysosomes

Question 24

A system of organelle that work together mainly to 1) produce, degrade, store and export biological molecules, and 2) degrade potentially harmful substances.

Answer 24

Endomembrane system

Question 25

An elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol and hundreds of accessory proteins that link these rods to other cell structures.

Answer 25

Cytoskeleton

Question 26

whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur on the exposed surfaces of certain cells. Its actions move substances in one direction across the cell surfaces

Answer 26

Cilia

Question 27

projections formed by centrioles but longer. The only flagellated cell is a sperm which has one propulsive flagellum. It propels the cell itself

Answer 27

Flagella

Question 28

tiny, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface. It increase the cell surface and and most often found in absorptive cells in the intestine and kidney

Answer 28

Microvilli

Question 29

The cell’s control center.

Answer 29

Nucleus

Question 30

The series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces.

Answer 30

Cell cycle

Question 31

The period from cell formation to cell division. Cell grows and carries on usual activities.

Answer 31

Interphase

Question 32

The process of nuclear division in which the chromosomes are distributed to two daughter nuclei. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Answer 32

Mitosis

Question 33

division of the
cytoplasm

Answer 33

Cytokinesis

Question 34

A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a cavity. Accomplishes many functions, including protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion and sensory reception.

Answer 34

Epithelial tissue

Question 35

The most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body. There are four main classes; connective tissue proper (fat and fibrous tissue of ligaments), cartilage, bone and blood.

Answer 35

Connective tissue

Question 36

Well-vascularised tissues that are responsible for most types of body movement. The cells are all tightly packed together and contain myofilaments.

Answer 36

Muscle Tissue

Question 37

Packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs that are attached to the bones. They form the flesh of body and as they contract, they pull on bones or skin, causing body movements.

Answer 37

Skeletal muscle

Question 38

Main tissue of the heart. Found only in the walls of the heart. Its contractions help propel blood through the blood vessels to all parts of the body.

Answer 38

Cardiac muscle

Question 39

Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs other than the heart. It squeezes substances through these organs by alternating contracting and relaxing.

Answer 39

Smooth muscle

Question 40

Its main component are the brain, spinal cord and nerves - which regulate and controls body functions by transmitting electrical signals. It contains two major cell types; neurons and supporting (glial) cells.

Answer 40

Nervous tissue

Question 41

1. Inflammation
2. Organization restores the blood supply
3. Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair

Answer 41

Tissue repair