MODULE 2: CELLS AND TISSUES Flashcards
Smallest unit of life
CELLS
A generalized, composite cells has:
- PLASMA MEMBRANE
- CYTOPLASM
- NUCLEUS
Selectively permeable barrier
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Intercellular fluid packed with organelles
CYTOPLASM
Organelle that controls cellular activities
NUCLEUS
Includes interstitial fluids, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
ECF / EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Substances that aid in digestion (gastric fluids) or act as lubricants (saliva)
CELLULAR SECRETIONS
Most abundant material, jellylike substance composed of proteins and polysaccharides
ECM / EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
Forms the fabric of the membrane (phospholipids + cholesterol)
MEMBRANE LIPIDS
Allows the membrane to communicate with its environment, responsible for specialized membrane function
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
Includes glycoproteins and glycolipids. Glycocalyx (carbohydrate rich area) provides identity molecules for specific biologicals markers.
MEMBRANE CARBOHYDRATES
Allow neighboring cells to adhere and to communicate, inhibit or aid in allowing movement of molecules between cells
CELL JUNCTIONS
What are the 4 functions of the Plasma Membrane?
- PHYSICAL BARRIER
- SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
- COMMUNICATION
- CELL RECOGNITION
Encloses the cell, separating the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid
PHYSICAL BARRIER
Determines which substances enters or exit the cell
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
Plasma membrane proteins interact with specific chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior
COMMUNICATION
Cell surface carbohydrates allow cells to recognize each other
CELL RECOGNITION
Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that readily dissolve in lipids)
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
Either through a binding to carrier proteins or 2 through water filled channel proteins
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
Diffusion of a solvent through a membrane
OSMOSIS
Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells; internal water volume
TONICITY
have the same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those found in the cells, retain shape, exhibit no net loss or gain of water
ISOTONIC
higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell, lose water, shrivel or crenate
HYPERTONIC
More dilute than cells, cells plump up or lyse
HYPOTONIC
- Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances
- Move solutes uphill, against a concentration gradient using energy
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Also termed as voltage, electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
- Ranging from (-)50 – (-)90 mV.
- All cells are electrically polarized at the membrane
- The cell interior remains electrically neutral
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
What is PISO?
POTASSIUM AND SODIUM ROLES
According to Ren, Roberts and Shi (2011), adhesion molecules are cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM).
CAMs / CELL ADHESION MOLECULES
Diverse group of integral proteins that
serve as binding sites which play a role in Signaling.
PLASMA MEMBRANE RECEPTORS
In which cells come together, touch and recognize one another. Useful in development and immunity.
CONTACT SIGNALING
Process in which a ligand (chemical messenger) binds a specific receptor and initiates a response.
CHEMICAL SIGNALING
Signals from the nervous system
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Signals from the endocrine system
HORMONES
Chemicals that act locally and are rapidly destroyed
PARACRINES
