Module 2: Cell and Tissue Levels of Animal Life Flashcards
How much ATP, NADH & FADH2, and CO2 are produced in one molecule during each stage of cellular respiration? What is the net ATP?
- Glycolysis: 2 ATP; 2 NADH
- Pyruvate Decarboxylation: 4 NADH; 2 CO2
- Krebs Cycle:1 ATP; 3 NADH; 1 FADH2; 2 CO2 (x2)
- Oxidative phosphorylation: 34 ATP
Net 38 ATP/ glucose molecule
MATH:
6 ATP (Substrate phosphorylation) + 34 ATP (Oxidative phosphorylation) - 2 ATP (spent from Glycolysis)
= 38 ATP
Describe the aerobic pathway of Glycolysis and its end products
1) Investment phase: 2 phosphorylation occurs = 2 ATP is used.
2) Payoff phase: 6 carbon is split into 2 3-carbon molecules, G3P and DHAP. DHAP turns into another G3P in a separate process. G3P is then reduced by NAD+ and produces NADH. After the 1st phosphorylation, water is removed and another phosphorylation follows. 2 substrate phosphorylations occurs per G3P.
Occurs in the Cytoplasm
End products: 2 Pyruvates, 2 NADH, net 2 ATP
Describe how Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-CoA in Pyruvate Decarboxylation, as well as its end products
3-carbon Pyruvate in decarboxylzed and reduced into 2-carbon Acetyl-CoA.
Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
End products: 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH
Describe how the Citric Acid cycle occurs and the end products
- Preparatory stage
Covering 2 major steps: Acetyl-CoA reacts with Oxaloacetate to turn into Citrate, then releases and absorbs water which turns into Isocitrate. - Dehyrodgenation + Decarboxylation
Undergoes dehydrogenation twice, thus releasing 2 NADH (from Isocitrate > alpha-ketaglumarate > Succinyl CoA) and releases 2 CO2 molecules. Coenzyme CoA also joins alpha-ketaglumarate to form Succinyl CoA. - Dehydrogenation + ATP Synthesis
Coenzyme CoA is Replaced by a phosphate group and then undergoes substrate phosphorylation to form Succinate. (Sometimes GDP > GTP in some cells). Synthase is responsible for the synthesis of ATP.
Succinate is dehydrogenated by FAD to produce FADH2 and turned into Fumarase.
- Adding water + Dehydrogenation
Water is added to Fumarate and turned into Malate. Subsequently, Malate is dehydrogenated, releasing 1 NADH, and forms into Oxaloacetate. This will react again with the Acetyl-Coa
Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
End products: oxaloacetate (to react again w/ Acetyl CoA) + 1 ATP + 3 NADH + 1 FADH2
What are the processes that occurs in the Citric Acid cycle?
- Dehydrogenation 3x
- Decarboxylation 2x
- Substrate phosphorylation 1x
- Using water 2x
What are the goals of the Citric Acid cycle?
- Remove carbon atoms from Acetyl-CoA step-by-step
- Harvest Acetyl-CoA bond energy in a closed loop
What are the 2 steps of Oxidative Phosphorylation?
- Electron Transport Chain
- Chemiosmosis
What common enzymes are mostly involved in cellular respiration?
Isomerase, dehydrogenase, kinase, and synthase
What are the respective goals of the Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
- Regenerate NADH and FADH2 and create proton gradient (pumped by protein complexes in the membrane) into the intermembrane space
- Generate ATP from the proton gradient
What are the transmembrane proteins pumps and mobile carrier proteins involved in Electron Transport Chain?
Transmembrane: Protein complexes I, III, IV
Mobile carriers: Q, cyt
*Peripheral: Protein complex II
Describe the electron pathways from NADH and FADH2
- NADH (from dehydrogenase) > I > Q > III > cyt > IV > Matrix
- FADH2 (from Succinate dehydrogenase) > II > Q > Q > III > cyt > IV > Matrix
What is the final Electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain?
Oxygen
Which protein does the H+ ions pass through from the Matrix to the intermembrane space to create ATP?
ATP Synthase
