Module 1: Animals and their history

Question 1

The biological molecules or building blocks of life

Answer 1

Biomolecules

Question 2

Common Molecule of the human body

Answer 2

Water

Question 3

List down 4 biomolecules & their respective monomers

Answer 3

1. Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
2. Lipids: Glycerol & fatty acids
3. Proteins: Amino Acids
4. Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides

Question 4

3 common elements in lipids & carbohydrates

Answer 4

1. Hydrogen
2. Oxygen
3. Carbon

Question 5

2 other elements present in proteins

Answer 5

1. Nitrogen
2. Sulfur

Question 6

3 classifications of carbohydrates

Answer 6

1. monosaccharides
2. disaccharides
3. polysaccharides

Question 7

3 important polysaccharides. Also state function and organism.

Answer 7

1. Glycogen: storage: animals
2. Starch: storage: plants
3. Cellulose: structure: plants

Question 8

The covalent linkage or bond of Carbon-Oxygen-Carbon in disaccharides and polysaccharides

Answer 8

Glycosidic bond

Question 9

4 common lipids present in the body and state their functions

Answer 9

1. phospholipids: structural bilayer of cellular membranes
2. fatty acids: storage of energy
3. sterols: molecule signalling

Question 10

The covalent bond of two or more amino acids by the removal of a water molecule

Answer 10

Peptide bond

Question 11

4 levels of protein structure and their respective components

Answer 11

1. Primary: Amino Acids
2. Secondary: Oligopeptides
3. Tertiary: Polypeptides
4. Quartenary: Proteins

Question 12

2 parts of a Phospholipid

Answer 12

hydrophobic tail: hydrophilic head

Question 13

Functions of proteins

Answer 13

1. Cellular transportation
2. Enzymes (catabolic reactions)
3. Hormones
4. Antibodies

Question 14

2 main types of nucleic acids and their main characteristics

Answer 14

1. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): double stranded
2. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid): single stranded

Question 15

3 components of a Nucleotide + the covalent bond that link them together

Answer 15

1. nitrogenous base
2. pentose sugar
3. phosphate group
4. phosphodiester bond

Question 15

Nitrogenous bases: What are the purines and the pyrimidines?

Answer 15

Purines: Adenine, Guanine
Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Question 16

What are the nitrogenous pairs in DNA and RNA

Answer 16

DNA: AT, CG
RNA: AU, CG

Question 17

3 hypotheses on how life began on Earth

Answer 17

1. Panspermia hypothesis
2. Iron-Sulfur world hypothesis
3. Primordial Soup Hypothesis / Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis/ Abiogenesis

Question 18

What were the primary gases of Primitive Earth?

Answer 18

1. Hydrogen gas
2. Methane
3. Ammonia
4. Water Vapor

Question 19

What made Primitive Earth unsafe to live? Give 3 answers

Answer 19

1. Harmful gases and atmosphere
2. Too hot
3. No atmosphere

Question 20

What experiment tested how the conditions of Primitive Earth created macromolecules? What was the primary reason?

Answer 20

The Miller-Urey experiment. It simulated the Earth’s early atmosphere and oceans using lab apparatus. It first simulates Early Earth when it gets hot and contains gases. Water then evaporates and mixes with with other gases in the presence of electricity. After it condenses, the sample underneath would contain self assembling amino acids and other organic molecules. UV radiation or lightning was the primary reason behind the formation of organic molecules in the ocean. Thus, polymerization of these molecules would form polymers that would turn into units capable of replicating and sustaining themselves.

Question 21

A hypothesis that explains on how multicellularity arose from unicellularity

Answer 21

The Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis: Flagellates aggregate and form a colony. The colony develops once certain cells perform specialization i.e reproduction.

Question 22

“Polymers assembled into units or structures capable of replicating and sustaining themselves”. 2 reasons this occurs…

Answer 22

1. Compartmentalization: Lipids would form vesicles underwater to form a proto-cell
2. Replication: Genetic material such as RNA would first appear and replicate, which allows the protocell for further growth and evolution

Question 23

How did the eukaryotes evolve from prokaryotes?

Answer 23

Endosymbiosis: Formation between an endomembrane system and a mitochondria.

Question 24

How did the prokaryote emerge to the terrain? How did change the atmosphere of the Earth?

Answer 24

Firstly, it was able to photosynthesize and produce sugars and oxygen from carbon dioxide in the ocean, which increased concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere. The photosynthetic prokaryotes washed up on land or in moist environments continued to gradually evolve in the terrain into multicellular plants and fungi. This was due to the high concentration of carbon dioxide and and abundance of sunlight in the early atmosphere.

Question 25

3 steps of central dogma and what happens to the DNA.

Answer 25

1. Replication (DNA) - DNA basically duplicates itself 2. Transcription (RNA) - DNA is split and being transcribed into mRNA, which would be further edited by enzymes to send instructions of the formation of the protein. 3. Translation (proteins) - mRNA goes thru ribosome to help synthesize proteins

Question 26

Order of which organisms emerged on Earth

Answer 26

Photosynthetic prokaryotes > multicellular plants and fungi > antropods > tetrapods

Question 27

Small circular, double strands of DNA in the prokaryotes responsible for antibiotic resistance

Answer 27

Plasmids

Question 28

Material of a bacteria's Cell wall

Answer 28

Peptidoglycan

Question 29

List down all organelles of the Eukaryotes and their functions

Answer 29

1. Nucleus: contains the genetic material of the cell 2. RER: significant role in protein synthesis and folding 3. SER: storage of fats, sterols, & lipids 4. Golgi Apparatus: responsible for sorting and packaging of molecules via vesicles to be sent out in the cytoplasm 5. Cytoplasm: contains all organelles of the cell 6. Cytoskeletons: keeps the cell's shape with microtubules & filaments 7. Cell membrane: boundary from extracellular space; responsible for taking in nutrients / taking out waste 8. Lysosome: breaks down cell materials with digestive enzymes 9. Mitochondria: the powerhouse of the cell; most involved in cell respiration 10. Ribosomes: responsible for protein synthesis (including "free" ribosomes). 11. Centrosomes / Centrioles: responsible for cell division 12. Desmosomes: proteins that mediate intracellular contact

Question 30

Why do smaller animals release more body heat than larger animals?

Answer 30

It is because of their high surface area: volume ratio, since they have higher metabolic rates.

Question 31

Describe the organization from DNA to Chromsomes

Answer 31

Double stranded DNA > Nucleosome (DNA packed with Histones) > Chromatin fiber > Chromosome

Question 32

What are the three phases of Interphase in the cell cycle?

Answer 32

1. G1: Cell grows continuously and prepares itself by duplicating organelles and other biomolecules. It is also the longest and most metabolically active (11h) 2. Synthesis: Cell undergoes DNA replication and duplicates the centrosomes responsible for the mitotic spindle 3. G2: Cell grows continuously to prepare for the next phase of the cell.

Question 33

What are the stages of mitotic cell division?

Answer 33

1. Interphase: Cell grows and replicates DNA for cell division 2. Prophase: Chromatin fibers condenses into X-shaped chromosomes; Spindle apparatus forms around the cell from opposite poles; Nuclear envelop breaks down 3. Prometaphase: Chromosomes are released as the nucleus completely dissolves, and bind with the spindle apparatus via kinetochores. 4. Metaphase: Spindle apparatus aligns sister chromatids at the center of the cell. 5. Anaphase: Spindle apparatus separates the sister chromatids and migrates to opposite poles. 6. Telophase: The spindle apparatus disappears and the nucleus are formed at both sides. Chromosomes also loosen and become chromatin fibers. 7. Cytokinesis: Cell is cytoplasmically divided

Question 34

At what stages does the cell contains double the genetic material?

Answer 34

From the Synthesis stage of Interphase until the end of Telophase of the Mitosis stage.

Question 35

How long does each stage of the cell cycle occur?

Answer 35

1. G1: 11 hours 2. S: 8 hours 3. G2: 4 hours 4: Mitosis: 1 hour