Module 2: C. 1,6 Flashcards
Heterophic? Autotroph? Are they organic or inorganic?
- Get energy from other organisms organic
- Obtain energy from photosynthesis “self-feeders” inorganic
What are essential nutrients?
Organisms who are “picky eaters” are called what?
What does the acronym CHONPS mean?
(c.1)
Things an organism has to have in order to survive.
Fastidious organisms
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfate.
Diff. between macro & micronutrients. (trace elements)
Organic vs. inorganic.
(C.1)
Macro- need nutrients in lg. amounts
Micro- need nutrients in small amounts
Organic- contains carbon AND hydrogen
Inorganic- contains carbon OR hydrogen
What does microbial cytoplasm composed of?
c.1
70% water, rest proteins
96% dry weight organic compounds
97% dry weight CHONPS
What is the monomer- polymer system?
Name 4 macro molecules and their monomers?
(c.1)
polymers are broken down into monomers and reassembled back into polymers.
Carbohydrates (sugar)
Proteins (amino acids)
Lipids (fatty acids)
Nucleic Acids (nucleotides)
What are carbohydrates and their fxn?
What are fatty acids & triglycerides?
(c.1)
simple sugars, structural support & protection, Store nutrients and energy
long chains of hydrocarbon molecules.
Storage of lipids, including fats & oils.
What are polysaccarides? Fxns of polysaccarides? (5)
c.1
polymer of 5 or more monosaccarides.
celluose-long polymer, break down and recycle plant material
Peptidoglycan- made of sugars NAG & NAM, provide structural support in bacteria
LPS- Found in gram - organism, made of lipids and proteins, responsible for fever & shock.
Glycocalyx- outer surface on cells, attachment site
Agar- prepares solid culture media so we can grow bacteria.
Diff. saturated & unsaturated fatty acids.
Diff. in hydrophillic and hydrophobic?
Saturated- solids at room temp and are stronger
unsaturated- liquids at room temperature and not as strong as saturated.
Hydrophillic. Charged heads and like water
Hydrophobic- uncharged tails & hate water. Tails are composed of fatty acids.
When layers start to fold on themselves what is this known as?
Bacteria that cause TB and Leprosy contain what type of wax to contribute to pathogencity?
(c.1)
Bilayers
Mycolic acid ( can be ingested but not digested)
What are proteins, fxn?
What is a native state of a protein?
When does it become denatured?
(c.1)
key in organic molecules ( very important)
Structure & functional (if its not made of a protein, it’s made with a protein)
when it is in 3-D form and functional.
protein is disrupted.
Def. Amino acids. peptide, polypeptide, enzymes, & antibodies.
(c.1)
Amino Acids-building blocks of proteins
peptide- short chains of amino acids
polypeptide- long chains of amino acids
enzymes- fxn enzymes used to speed up chemical reactions
antibodies- complex glycoproteins w/ specific attachment sites for bacteria, virus & other microorganisms
Stages of a functional protein and when does it become functional?
(C.1)
primary- amino acids in a chain
Secondary- structures fold on themselves and becomes beta pleated and alpha helix
tertiary- becomes functional here, beta and alpha fold on themselves to make a 3-d protein
Quaternary- multiple tertiary structures together.
Name 2 types of nucleic acids and their sugars?
How is DNA important?
DNA to RNA, RNA to Proteins!
(C.1)
DNA (deoxyribose) RNA(ribose)
Tells cells what protein to make & how to make it.
DNA to RNA (transcription)
RNA to Proteins (Translation)
What is ATP, what is it composed of?
When is the most energy released?
What happens when the 3rd phosphate is broken?
(c.1)
Nucleotide, contains adenine, ribose & phosphate
when 2nd or 3rd phosphate is broken. (releases & stores energy for rxns.)
energy is released to do cellular work and generates ADP. ADP is converted back to ATP when the 3rd phosphate is restored.
Heterotrophs? Autotrophs?
Phototrophs? Chemotrophs?
Get energy from other organisms (organic)
Self feeders, get energy from photosynthesis ( inorganic)
- Get energy from sunlight, inorganic (turn inorganic to organic molecules.)
- Get energy from chemical bond organic
Name four different types of nutritional categories?
- Photoautotrophs (sunlight) inorganic
- Chemoautotrophs (chemical bonds) inorganic
- photoheterotrophs ( sunlight) organic
- chemoheterotrophs (chemical bonds) organic
What are parasites? Pathogenic parasites?
Ectoparasites? Endoparasites?
Intracellular parasites? Obligate parasites?
Feed off tissues of living hosts.
Cause damage to tissue & even death
Live outside body
Live inside body
Live inside cells
Has to live on a host or it will die
Majority of microbes causing disease are? Why?
Chemoheterotrophs
What is passive transport?
What is it’s driving force?
Free movement based on equilibrium, no energy is used
Atomic & molecular movement
Diffusion? Osmosis? Tonicity?
Molecules move from high to low con.
Water moves through a selectively permeable membrane
Relationship between cells and their environment. (Comparative term)
Isotonic? Hypertonic? Hypotonic?
Equal number of so lutes in a solution
More # of solutes in a solution
Less # of solutes in a solution
Active transport?
Endocytosis? Name 2 types?
Cell uses energy to move substances against their con. gradient ( low to high)
Bring large molecules into a cell
- – phagocytosis “ eating solids”
- –pinocytosis “ cell drinking” ( oils)
Name 6 categories microbes fall into?
- Aerobes (use oxygen & detoxify it) organisms grow at top of test tubes because that is where o2 is.
- Anaerobes (do not like o2 and cannot detoxify it) organisms grow at bottom of the test tube
- Aerotolerant Anaerobes ( do not need o2 but can detoxify it) found growing throughout the tube because they can live with it w/out o2.
- microaerophiles (likes small amount of o2) organisms grow slightly below the top of the test tube
- facultative anaerobes( can live with or w/out o2) grow throughout tube.
- capnophiles( loves carbon dioxide)
What is Cardinal temperatures?
Best temp. That will grow a microbe
Min- lowest temp. It can be before a microbe dies
Max- highest temp. It can be before a microbe dies
Optimum- temp. Organism grows best
Name 4 organisms that describes temp. Preferences?
Psychrophiles( colder temps.)
Mesophiles( midrange temp. Body temp)
Thermophiles (likes heat)
Extreme thermophiles ( likes hot, hot, hot temp.)
Name different ph an organism is classified into?
Acidophiles (likes acids)
Neutrophiles(likes neutral environments)
Alkaliphiles ( likes alkaline environments)
What are osmophiles? Name 4 diff. Types!
Organisms lives in a high con. Of solutes. (Sugars/salts)
- halophiles( high con. Of salt)
- -obligate halophiles( has to live in high con. Of salts)
- facultative halophiles ( can live w or w/out salt)
- barophiles ( lives in high atmosphere places)
Name the 2 groups associated b/t organisms? Name the subgroups!
Symbiotic( nutritional relationship, feed off one another)
- mutualism( both members benefit)
- commensalism( one member benefits but no one is harmed)
- paratism ( one member benefits, but one is harmed)
Nonsymbiotic( free living, do not have nutritional relationships)
- -synergism (work together, cooperate with eAch other and share nutrients)
- -Antagonism (members fight for nutrients they are in a competition)
2 examples of bacteria synergy!
Biofilms(diff. Types of bacteria live together, they don’t have to but benefit)
Quorum sensing ( bacteria produces molecules called auto inducers)
What is the specific definition of bacteria growth? How do bacteria divide?
What is generation time( doubling time)?
Increase in cell number
Binary fission
Time required to complete one round of the fission cycle and for one cell to become 2
Where does normal growth curve happen ( batch culture)?
What 2 things is there to remember when doing a batch culture?
Test tube, closed system.
Waste products cannot be removed & there is a limited amount of nutrients
Name the 4 steps of the normal growth curve ( batch culture)?
LAG( organisms aren’t growing yet, they need to get use to their new environment)
LOG (organisms start to grow and multiply)
Stationary( # new cells are equal to the # of dying cells)
Decline( cells start to die off because they are out of nutrients and space, some remain alive)
What is turbidity?
Name 3 tools used to count bacteria?
- cloudiness of the media, more cloudier media is the more bacteria is present
- direct cell count(measured microscopically)
- coulter counter( electronically scans fluid with bacteria through a tiny pipette
- flow cytometer( works similar to coulter, but can measure cell size & tell diff. Between cells that are alive and dead.
Def. Metabolism
Anabolic
Canobolism
Chemical reactions in the cell.
Small molecules are created into larger ones. (Uses energy)
Larger molecules are broken into smaller molecules. (Releases energy)
Enzymes
Enzymes structure (3 different kinds of enzymes)
Catalyst that speed up a chemical reaction.
Simple enzymes (made of proteins)
Conjugated enzymes (have protein & nonprofit molecules)
Holoenzyme ( Conjugated enzyme protein and one or more cofactors)
How do enzymes work?
Bind to a specific substrate by the active site catalyzingredients the rxn, either makes or breaks bonds.
Apoenzyme
Cofactors
Protein portion of an enzyme
Aka coenzyme they are organic or inorganic (metals)
What are coenzymes?
How are enzymes classified?
A type of cofactor. Organic compounds that work with an apoenzyme to perform necessary alteration of a substrate
According to what type of rxn they run, site of acation & type of substrate..
Name 6 classes of enzymes!
1) Oxireductase ( transfer e- from one substrate to another)
- dehydrogenase (transfer hydrogen from one compound to another)
2) transferase ( transfer funds groups from one substation to another)
3) hydrolases (split molecules w/ the addition of water)
4) lyases (add/remove groups by double bonded substrates)
5) isomerase (change substrates into isometric form)
6) ligases (form bond by putting in energy and removing water)
Energetic & Energetic Reactions.
Releases energy as rxn goes FORWARD.
REQUIRES energy as the rxn goes forward
What is a metabolic pathway?
Constitutive enzymes
Regulated enzymes
Product of one rxn is a substrate for another.
Always present, always in constant amounts.
Production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) depending on changes in con. Of a substrate.
Apoenzyme
Cofactors
Protein portion of an enzyme
Aka coenzyme they are organic or inorganic (metals)
What are coenzymes?
How are enzymes classified?
A type of cofactor. Organic compounds that work with an apoenzyme to perform necessary alteration of a substrate
According to what type of rxn they run, site of acation & type of substrate..
Name 6 classes of enzymes!
1) Oxireductase ( transfer e- from one substrate to another)
- dehydrogenase (transfer hydrogen from one compound to another)
2) transferase ( transfer funds groups from one substation to another)
3) hydrolases (split molecules w/ the addition of water)
4) lyases (add/remove groups by double bonded substrates)
5) isomerase (change substrates into isometric form)
6) ligases (form bond by putting in energy and removing water)
Energetic & Energetic Reactions.
Releases energy as rxn goes FORWARD.
REQUIRES energy as the rxn goes forward
What is a metabolic pathway?
Constitutive enzymes
Regulated enzymes
Product of one rxn is a substrate for another.
Always present, always in constant amounts.
Production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) depending on changes in con. Of a substrate.
2 controlling mechanisms for enzymes. (What helps enzymes get to the active site)
Competitive inhibition (2 substrates compete for the active site)
Noncompetitive inhibition ( 2 binding sites active & regulatory. Molecules bind to regulatory site, the active site is then changed so another substrate cannot get it.)
What are the 2 controls on enzyme synthesis?
Why doesn’t our bodies make enzymes constantly?
Enzyme repression (stop making an enzyme half way through the pathway)
Enzyme induction (enzymes are only made when needed)
Because it will be a waste. Our bodies only make enzymes when needed because itshe expensive to make enzymes)
Oxidation reduction
Oxidation reduction REDOX rxn?
Oxidation ( loss of e-)
Reduction (gain an e-)
Happens in pairs. Has an e- donor and an e- acceptor.
