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Microbiology 225 > Module 2: C. 1,6 > Flashcards

Module 2: C. 1,6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Heterophic? Autotroph? Are they organic or inorganic?

A
  • Get energy from other organisms organic

- Obtain energy from photosynthesis “self-feeders” inorganic

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2
Q

What are essential nutrients?

Organisms who are “picky eaters” are called what?

What does the acronym CHONPS mean?

(c.1)

A

Things an organism has to have in order to survive.

Fastidious organisms

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfate.

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3
Q

Diff. between macro & micronutrients. (trace elements)
Organic vs. inorganic.

(C.1)

A

Macro- need nutrients in lg. amounts
Micro- need nutrients in small amounts

Organic- contains carbon AND hydrogen
Inorganic- contains carbon OR hydrogen

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4
Q

What does microbial cytoplasm composed of?

c.1

A

70% water, rest proteins
96% dry weight organic compounds
97% dry weight CHONPS

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5
Q

What is the monomer- polymer system?

Name 4 macro molecules and their monomers?

(c.1)

A

polymers are broken down into monomers and reassembled back into polymers.

Carbohydrates (sugar)
Proteins (amino acids)
Lipids (fatty acids)
Nucleic Acids (nucleotides)

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6
Q

What are carbohydrates and their fxn?

What are fatty acids & triglycerides?

(c.1)

A

simple sugars, structural support & protection, Store nutrients and energy

long chains of hydrocarbon molecules.
Storage of lipids, including fats & oils.

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7
Q

What are polysaccarides? Fxns of polysaccarides? (5)

c.1

A

polymer of 5 or more monosaccarides.

celluose-long polymer, break down and recycle plant material
Peptidoglycan- made of sugars NAG & NAM, provide structural support in bacteria
LPS- Found in gram - organism, made of lipids and proteins, responsible for fever & shock.
Glycocalyx- outer surface on cells, attachment site
Agar- prepares solid culture media so we can grow bacteria.

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8
Q

Diff. saturated & unsaturated fatty acids.

Diff. in hydrophillic and hydrophobic?

A

Saturated- solids at room temp and are stronger

unsaturated- liquids at room temperature and not as strong as saturated.

Hydrophillic. Charged heads and like water

Hydrophobic- uncharged tails & hate water. Tails are composed of fatty acids.

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9
Q

When layers start to fold on themselves what is this known as?

Bacteria that cause TB and Leprosy contain what type of wax to contribute to pathogencity?

(c.1)

A

Bilayers

Mycolic acid ( can be ingested but not digested)

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10
Q

What are proteins, fxn?

What is a native state of a protein?

When does it become denatured?

(c.1)

A

key in organic molecules ( very important)
Structure & functional (if its not made of a protein, it’s made with a protein)

when it is in 3-D form and functional.

protein is disrupted.

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11
Q

Def. Amino acids. peptide, polypeptide, enzymes, & antibodies.

(c.1)

A

Amino Acids-building blocks of proteins
peptide- short chains of amino acids
polypeptide- long chains of amino acids
enzymes- fxn enzymes used to speed up chemical reactions
antibodies- complex glycoproteins w/ specific attachment sites for bacteria, virus & other microorganisms

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12
Q

Stages of a functional protein and when does it become functional?

(C.1)

A

primary- amino acids in a chain
Secondary- structures fold on themselves and becomes beta pleated and alpha helix
tertiary- becomes functional here, beta and alpha fold on themselves to make a 3-d protein
Quaternary- multiple tertiary structures together.

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13
Q

Name 2 types of nucleic acids and their sugars?

How is DNA important?

DNA to RNA, RNA to Proteins!

(C.1)

A

DNA (deoxyribose) RNA(ribose)

Tells cells what protein to make & how to make it.

DNA to RNA (transcription)
RNA to Proteins (Translation)

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14
Q

What is ATP, what is it composed of?

When is the most energy released?

What happens when the 3rd phosphate is broken?

(c.1)

A

Nucleotide, contains adenine, ribose & phosphate

when 2nd or 3rd phosphate is broken. (releases & stores energy for rxns.)

energy is released to do cellular work and generates ADP. ADP is converted back to ATP when the 3rd phosphate is restored.

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15
Q

Heterotrophs? Autotrophs?

Phototrophs? Chemotrophs?

A

Get energy from other organisms (organic)
Self feeders, get energy from photosynthesis ( inorganic)

  • Get energy from sunlight, inorganic (turn inorganic to organic molecules.)
  • Get energy from chemical bond organic
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16
Q

Name four different types of nutritional categories?

A
  • Photoautotrophs (sunlight) inorganic
  • Chemoautotrophs (chemical bonds) inorganic
  • photoheterotrophs ( sunlight) organic
  • chemoheterotrophs (chemical bonds) organic
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17
Q

What are parasites? Pathogenic parasites?

Ectoparasites? Endoparasites?
Intracellular parasites? Obligate parasites?

A

Feed off tissues of living hosts.
Cause damage to tissue & even death

Live outside body
Live inside body
Live inside cells
Has to live on a host or it will die

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18
Q

Majority of microbes causing disease are? Why?

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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19
Q

What is passive transport?

What is it’s driving force?

A

Free movement based on equilibrium, no energy is used

Atomic & molecular movement

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20
Q

Diffusion? Osmosis? Tonicity?

A

Molecules move from high to low con.

Water moves through a selectively permeable membrane

Relationship between cells and their environment. (Comparative term)

21
Q

Isotonic? Hypertonic? Hypotonic?

A

Equal number of so lutes in a solution

More # of solutes in a solution

Less # of solutes in a solution

22
Q

Active transport?

Endocytosis? Name 2 types?

A

Cell uses energy to move substances against their con. gradient ( low to high)

Bring large molecules into a cell

  • – phagocytosis “ eating solids”
  • –pinocytosis “ cell drinking” ( oils)
23
Q

Name 6 categories microbes fall into?

A
  • Aerobes (use oxygen & detoxify it) organisms grow at top of test tubes because that is where o2 is.
  • Anaerobes (do not like o2 and cannot detoxify it) organisms grow at bottom of the test tube
  • Aerotolerant Anaerobes ( do not need o2 but can detoxify it) found growing throughout the tube because they can live with it w/out o2.
  • microaerophiles (likes small amount of o2) organisms grow slightly below the top of the test tube
  • facultative anaerobes( can live with or w/out o2) grow throughout tube.
  • capnophiles( loves carbon dioxide)
24
Q

What is Cardinal temperatures?

A

Best temp. That will grow a microbe

Min- lowest temp. It can be before a microbe dies
Max- highest temp. It can be before a microbe dies
Optimum- temp. Organism grows best

25
Q

Name 4 organisms that describes temp. Preferences?

A

Psychrophiles( colder temps.)
Mesophiles( midrange temp. Body temp)
Thermophiles (likes heat)
Extreme thermophiles ( likes hot, hot, hot temp.)

26
Q

Name different ph an organism is classified into?

A

Acidophiles (likes acids)

Neutrophiles(likes neutral environments)

Alkaliphiles ( likes alkaline environments)

27
Q

What are osmophiles? Name 4 diff. Types!

A

Organisms lives in a high con. Of solutes. (Sugars/salts)

    • halophiles( high con. Of salt)
  • -obligate halophiles( has to live in high con. Of salts)
    • facultative halophiles ( can live w or w/out salt)
    • barophiles ( lives in high atmosphere places)
28
Q

Name the 2 groups associated b/t organisms? Name the subgroups!

A

Symbiotic( nutritional relationship, feed off one another)

    • mutualism( both members benefit)
    • commensalism( one member benefits but no one is harmed)
    • paratism ( one member benefits, but one is harmed)

Nonsymbiotic( free living, do not have nutritional relationships)

  • -synergism (work together, cooperate with eAch other and share nutrients)
  • -Antagonism (members fight for nutrients they are in a competition)
29
Q

2 examples of bacteria synergy!

A

Biofilms(diff. Types of bacteria live together, they don’t have to but benefit)

Quorum sensing ( bacteria produces molecules called auto inducers)

30
Q

What is the specific definition of bacteria growth? How do bacteria divide?

What is generation time( doubling time)?

A

Increase in cell number
Binary fission

Time required to complete one round of the fission cycle and for one cell to become 2

31
Q

Where does normal growth curve happen ( batch culture)?

What 2 things is there to remember when doing a batch culture?

A

Test tube, closed system.

Waste products cannot be removed & there is a limited amount of nutrients

32
Q

Name the 4 steps of the normal growth curve ( batch culture)?

A

LAG( organisms aren’t growing yet, they need to get use to their new environment)
LOG (organisms start to grow and multiply)
Stationary( # new cells are equal to the # of dying cells)
Decline( cells start to die off because they are out of nutrients and space, some remain alive)

33
Q

What is turbidity?

Name 3 tools used to count bacteria?

A
  • cloudiness of the media, more cloudier media is the more bacteria is present
  • direct cell count(measured microscopically)
  • coulter counter( electronically scans fluid with bacteria through a tiny pipette
  • flow cytometer( works similar to coulter, but can measure cell size & tell diff. Between cells that are alive and dead.
34
Q

Def. Metabolism

Anabolic

Canobolism

A

Chemical reactions in the cell.

Small molecules are created into larger ones. (Uses energy)

Larger molecules are broken into smaller molecules. (Releases energy)

35
Q

Enzymes

Enzymes structure (3 different kinds of enzymes)

A

Catalyst that speed up a chemical reaction.

Simple enzymes (made of proteins)

Conjugated enzymes (have protein & nonprofit molecules)

Holoenzyme ( Conjugated enzyme protein and one or more cofactors)

36
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

Bind to a specific substrate by the active site catalyzingredients the rxn, either makes or breaks bonds.

37
Q

Apoenzyme

Cofactors

A

Protein portion of an enzyme

Aka coenzyme they are organic or inorganic (metals)

38
Q

What are coenzymes?

How are enzymes classified?

A

A type of cofactor. Organic compounds that work with an apoenzyme to perform necessary alteration of a substrate

According to what type of rxn they run, site of acation & type of substrate..

39
Q

Name 6 classes of enzymes!

A

1) Oxireductase ( transfer e- from one substrate to another)
- dehydrogenase (transfer hydrogen from one compound to another)
2) transferase ( transfer funds groups from one substation to another)
3) hydrolases (split molecules w/ the addition of water)
4) lyases (add/remove groups by double bonded substrates)
5) isomerase (change substrates into isometric form)
6) ligases (form bond by putting in energy and removing water)

40
Q

Energetic & Energetic Reactions.

A

Releases energy as rxn goes FORWARD.

REQUIRES energy as the rxn goes forward

41
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

Constitutive enzymes

Regulated enzymes

A

Product of one rxn is a substrate for another.

Always present, always in constant amounts.

Production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) depending on changes in con. Of a substrate.

42
Q

Apoenzyme

Cofactors

A

Protein portion of an enzyme

Aka coenzyme they are organic or inorganic (metals)

43
Q

What are coenzymes?

How are enzymes classified?

A

A type of cofactor. Organic compounds that work with an apoenzyme to perform necessary alteration of a substrate

According to what type of rxn they run, site of acation & type of substrate..

44
Q

Name 6 classes of enzymes!

A

1) Oxireductase ( transfer e- from one substrate to another)
- dehydrogenase (transfer hydrogen from one compound to another)
2) transferase ( transfer funds groups from one substation to another)
3) hydrolases (split molecules w/ the addition of water)
4) lyases (add/remove groups by double bonded substrates)
5) isomerase (change substrates into isometric form)
6) ligases (form bond by putting in energy and removing water)

45
Q

Energetic & Energetic Reactions.

A

Releases energy as rxn goes FORWARD.

REQUIRES energy as the rxn goes forward

46
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

Constitutive enzymes

Regulated enzymes

A

Product of one rxn is a substrate for another.

Always present, always in constant amounts.

Production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) depending on changes in con. Of a substrate.

47
Q

2 controlling mechanisms for enzymes. (What helps enzymes get to the active site)

A

Competitive inhibition (2 substrates compete for the active site)

Noncompetitive inhibition ( 2 binding sites active & regulatory. Molecules bind to regulatory site, the active site is then changed so another substrate cannot get it.)

48
Q

What are the 2 controls on enzyme synthesis?

Why doesn’t our bodies make enzymes constantly?

A

Enzyme repression (stop making an enzyme half way through the pathway)

Enzyme induction (enzymes are only made when needed)

Because it will be a waste. Our bodies only make enzymes when needed because itshe expensive to make enzymes)

49
Q

Oxidation reduction

Oxidation reduction REDOX rxn?

A

Oxidation ( loss of e-)

Reduction (gain an e-)

Happens in pairs. Has an e- donor and an e- acceptor.

Microbiology 225 (2 decks)

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