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Microbiology 225 > Module 1: C. 1, 4,3,11 > Flashcards

Module 1: C. 1, 4,3,11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What microorganism has a cell wall and what is it made of?

Chap. 4

A

Fungi

Cell wall function is to give a cell its shape and support

Made of chitin (carb)

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2
Q

Name the 2 groups fungi can be divided into?

Chap. 4

A

Macroscopic (can be seen without a microscope) mushrooms, puffballs

Microscopic ( cannot be seen with the naked eye) yeast & hyphae

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3
Q

Name 5 characteristics of yeast!

C. 4

A
  • asexual
  • budding
  • round to oval shape
  • don’t have chloroplast
  • unicellular
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4
Q

Dimorphic

Pseudohypha

(C.4)

A

Fungal cells can turn to yeast or hyphae depending on temp. Conditions.
Molds live externally at 25 degrees Celsius
Yeast live at body temp. Of 37 degrees Celsius

– chains of yeast

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5
Q

Benefits of fungi!

How is fungi harmful!

(C. 4)

A
  • give food its flavor
  • help decompose dead animals
  • produces medicines, alcohol, vitamins
  • help plant roots absorb water and nutrients
  • cause lung cancer
  • some mushrooms give off toxic chemicals that cause neurological harm or death
  • harm agricultural industry- trigger allergies
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6
Q

Fungi receives nutrients from other organisms they are known as?

$$ FUNGI DIGEST EXTERNALLY AND CAN THRIVE IN POOR ENVIRONMENTS WITH HIGH SALT AND SUGAR$$$

A

Heterotrophs- organism get energy from eating other organic organisms called substrates.

Saprobes- get nutrients from eating dead organism

Parasites- get nutrients from living off plants and animals, some don’t need a hosts!!

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7
Q

Mycoses (def.)

C. 4

A

Fungal infections

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8
Q

How are mycoses classified?

C. 4

A 
Superficial mycoses ( outside the body on the hair or skin)
Ex. Ringworm 
Subcutaneous mycoses ( targets skin cells) caused by saprobes
Occurs in tropical areas such as Africa

Mucucutaneous (targets mucus membranes. Ex. Thrush vulvaginitis

Deep ( targets brain, lungs, heart)

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9
Q

Name 3 disease causing Eukaryotic microorganisms.

Chap. 4

A
  • fungi= unicellular/ multicellular
  • Protozoa= unicellular
  • helminths (worms)= multicellular
    Larvae (worms eggs) unicellular
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10
Q

Mucocutaneous mycoses (Canadiida Albicans)

2 types of mucoutaneous mycoses…

(C. 4)

A

Overgrowth of yeast in the mucus membranes

Thrush ( fungus Canadida Albicans over grows in the mouth due to a weakened immune system. Babies get thrush because they don’t have an immune system yet.

Vulvovaginitis

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11
Q

Name 3 ways Protozoa move?

C.4

A

Flagellates ( flagella)

Ciliates (cilia)

Amoebae (pseudopods “false feet”)

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12
Q

Name the 2 parts Protozoa cytoplasm is divided into?

Do Protozoa have a cell wall?

(C.4)

A

Ectoplasm ( movement,feeding, & reproduction) (outer layer)

Endoplasm ( house mitochondria, nucleus)

NO, ONLY FUNGI HAS A CELL WALL

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13
Q

What is regulated in the cell membrane of the Protozoa?

What is a Protozoa considered since it obtains its nutrients from other sources?

What does Protozoa main limiting factor?

(C.4)

A

Food, water & secretions

Heterotrophic

Moisture

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14
Q

What do some Protozoa eat?

How do Protozoa consume food?

Where do Protozoa live?

A

Dead plants and animals
Graze on bacteria & algae

Absorb across the cell membrane
Others have oral grooves

Moisture, water & soil.

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15
Q

When does a Protozoa turn into a cyst?

Trophozite

Do all Protozoa make cysts?

(C. 4)

A

There is limited food and water, they survive when they are cysts because they can resistant to heat, chemicals , ph.

Active, motile feeding stage of a Protozoa. ( conditions are great)

No, some are just trophozites, some alternate between a trophozites and a cysts depending if the conditions are good or bad.

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16
Q

Name 4 factors about cysts?

How are Protozoa classified?

A
  • resistant to heat, chemicals, survive harmful periods
  • can be scattered be air currents
  • spread diseases
  • dormant resistant stage when conditions aren’t favorable
By how they move...
Amoebods(pseudopods "false feet")
Flagellates ( flagella)
Ciliates (cilia)
Apicomplexans/ sporozoans ( in motile, intracellular)
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17
Q

How do fungi spores arise?

What 3 cells raised from LAST COMMON ANCESTER?

(C.4)

A

Sexual & asexual

Bacteria, archae, & Eukaryotes
Neither prokaryotes or eukaryotes

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18
Q

History of eukaryotes

C.4

A
  • Single cells & independent
  • Started to form colonies
  • Colonies became specialized ( started to perform functions, such as moving, reproduction & feeding)
19
Q

Specialized

C.4

A

Adapt to perform a particular function.

20
Q

Describe eukaryotes flagellum and cilia.

C.4

A

Thick, more complex..
Flagellum: moves with a whipping motion
Cilia: moves back and forth

21
Q

What are the 2 important parts of a nucleus.

C.4

A

Nucleolus ( makes ribosomal RNA)

Chromatin ( genetic material of cell) wraps around histones to make chromosomes.

22
Q

Types of eukaryotic microorganisms…

C.4

A

E.R( transports & storages)
Rough E.R ( transport materials)
Smooth E.R ( process nutrients & makes lipids)

Golgi apparatus ( packages and ships throughout the cell)
Mitochondria ( makes ATP)
23
Q

3 main fines of the cytoskeleton

C.4

A
  • actin filament ( provide cell movement)
  • intermediate filament ( support cell and organelles)
  • microtubules (move cilia & flagella)
24
Q

Eukaryotic cell membrane

C.4

A
  • selectively permeable barriers
  • bilateral is made of phospholipids
  • contain sterol ( stables membranes)
25
Q

Vector borne agent

Etiology

Indirect host damage

(C. 4)

A

Insect that carries a disease

Cause of the disease

Body response to an organism ( inflammation)

26
Q

Name the different types of helminths?

What are 2 major helminths groups? Subgroups?

(C.4)

A

Tapeworms, flukes & roundworms

Flat worms (thin segmented)
Round worms (long, round)(nematodes)(have mouth, digestive tract)

Cestodes(tapeworm)
Trematodes (flukes)

27
Q

Where do helminths spend part of their lives?

How many helminths paradise humans?

Define intermediate and definite hosts?

(C.4)

A

Intestines (GI TRACT)

50 species

IH: egg/larva develop
DH: mating/ adulthood

28
Q

What are nematodes?

Name most common helminths disease?

(C.4)

A

Round worms(have a mouth & digestive tract)

Pinworm

29
Q

Describe a helminths life cycle?

C.4

A

1) microscopic eggs are picked up from a contamintated person/object and swallowed
2) eggs hatch in intestine
3) larvae mature in adults( 1 month)
4) helminths mate
5) females migrates to anus to deposit eggs
6) intense itching of anus
7) scratching spreads eggs

30
Q

Name structures all bacteria posses?

Name 3 structures some but not all bacteria display?

Describe 3 major shapes of prokaryotes?

(C.3)

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm,ribosomes, cytoskeleton, DNA.

Flagella, pills, fimbria, plasmids, outer membrane, inclusions, endospores

Coccus, bacillus, vibrio

31
Q

Describe function & structure of 4 diff. Types of bacterial appendages?

(C. 3)

A

Monotrichous(one flagella)

Lophotrichous ( bundles of flagella at one end)

Amphitrichous ( flagella at both ends of the cell)

Peritrichous( flagella dispersed over the cells body)

32
Q

Explain how flagella works in the presence of an attractant?

A

Move in response to chemotaxis.

Moves tower positive chemotaxis and away from negative chemotaxis

33
Q

What is bacteria cell wall made of?

How do we classify bacteria?

Name the 3 parts of a flagellum?

A

Peptidoglycan

Arrangement

Filament, hook, basal body

34
Q

Which bacteria have an unusual movement?

What is perplasmic flagella?

What is pili? Name 2 types?

A

Spirochetes (cork screw)

Axial filaments

Tubular structure made of the protein pilin.
Fimbriae(attachment, grabs onto things like Velcro)
Conjugation(attachment, exchange genetic info. Gram neg.)

35
Q

What is the s layer? When is it produced?

Glycocalyx? Name the 2 layers!

A

Proteins in the outer layer of the cell envelope, it’s produced when the environment is hostile.

Lots of layers of polysaccharides.

Slime( protects against nutrient and water loss)
Capsule ( dense & thick, produces colonies on agar)

36
Q

Where is the cell envelope located? Name the 3 layers its composed of?

What are the 2 functions of the cell wall?

What 2 sugars make up the cell wall? (Made of peptiglydogan)

A

Outside cytoplasm.
Cell wall, cell membrane, outer membrane ( gram - cells only)

Shape & structure ( keep cell from rupturing)

NAM & NAG

37
Q

Which cell has more/ less peptidoglycan?

Which cell has an outer membrane?

Name a substance in the nucleAr envelope that causes severe symptoms in humans?

A

Gram + has more, gram - has less. Gram - is a more complex cell because it’s made up of more components.

Gram - (lipopolysaccarides)

Endotoxins (fever & shock in gram - infections)

38
Q

What color are gram + & gram - cells after staining?

Name the 2 membranes in gram - cells?

What do some cell walls contain that is resistant to chemicals & dyes?

A

Purple; red/ pink

Cell membrane & outer membrane ( lipopolysaccarides)

Mycolic acid ( found in gram + cells)

39
Q

Lipopolysaccarides are found in what cell? Name the 2 parts!

A 
Gram -, outer membrane.
  Lipid A( keeps lipopolysaccarides & peptiglydogan together)
  Endotoxins (cell wall breaks & becomes toxic to humans resulting in shock & fever)

O polysaccharides ( help identify bacteria)

40
Q

What is the cytoplasmic membrane made of? Function?

A

Lipids w/ proteins.

Reactions ( perform reactions)

Regulation( let’s certain things in & out)

41
Q

Cytoplasm is made mostly of water, name 3 components in it?
$$ SEVRVE AS A BUILDING BLOCK FOR MACROMOLECULES$

Genetic material in the middle of the cytoplasm is known as?

What are ribosomes? What is the s units for bacteria?

A

Sugars, proteins, carbs

Nucleoid

Site for protein synthesis.

SU: 30s LU: 50s WU: 70s

42
Q

What are inclusion bodies used for?

Role of cytoskeleton? Actin?

When does spooutlation occur?

Endospores?

A

Store nutrients

Gives bacteria its shape
Fibers give cell its shape

Unfavorable conditions.
Survive harsh conditions & facilitate survival

43
Q

What type of cell do endospores take place in?

What is the vegetative state in endospores?

What are the small & large subunits of eukaryotes?

A

Gram + bacillus

Metabolically active ( things are good)

SU: 40s LU: 60s WU: 80s

44
Q

Name 4 divisions of bacteria & archaea? (-cutes)

A

Gracilicutes ( gram -, thin cell wall)
Firmicutes ( gram +, thick, strong cell walls)
Tenenicutes( no cell wall, soft)
Mendosicutes ( archaea unusual cell walls & & nutritional habits)

Microbiology 225 (2 decks)

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