Module 1: C. 1, 4,3,11 Flashcards
What microorganism has a cell wall and what is it made of?
Chap. 4
Fungi
Cell wall function is to give a cell its shape and support
Made of chitin (carb)
Name the 2 groups fungi can be divided into?
Chap. 4
Macroscopic (can be seen without a microscope) mushrooms, puffballs
Microscopic ( cannot be seen with the naked eye) yeast & hyphae
Name 5 characteristics of yeast!
C. 4
- asexual
- budding
- round to oval shape
- don’t have chloroplast
- unicellular
Dimorphic
Pseudohypha
(C.4)
Fungal cells can turn to yeast or hyphae depending on temp. Conditions.
Molds live externally at 25 degrees Celsius
Yeast live at body temp. Of 37 degrees Celsius
– chains of yeast
Benefits of fungi!
How is fungi harmful!
(C. 4)
- give food its flavor
- help decompose dead animals
- produces medicines, alcohol, vitamins
- help plant roots absorb water and nutrients
- cause lung cancer
- some mushrooms give off toxic chemicals that cause neurological harm or death
- harm agricultural industry- trigger allergies
Fungi receives nutrients from other organisms they are known as?
$$ FUNGI DIGEST EXTERNALLY AND CAN THRIVE IN POOR ENVIRONMENTS WITH HIGH SALT AND SUGAR$$$
Heterotrophs- organism get energy from eating other organic organisms called substrates.
Saprobes- get nutrients from eating dead organism
Parasites- get nutrients from living off plants and animals, some don’t need a hosts!!
Mycoses (def.)
C. 4
Fungal infections
How are mycoses classified?
C. 4
Superficial mycoses ( outside the body on the hair or skin) Ex. Ringworm
Subcutaneous mycoses ( targets skin cells) caused by saprobes Occurs in tropical areas such as Africa
Mucucutaneous (targets mucus membranes. Ex. Thrush vulvaginitis
Deep ( targets brain, lungs, heart)
Name 3 disease causing Eukaryotic microorganisms.
Chap. 4
- fungi= unicellular/ multicellular
- Protozoa= unicellular
- helminths (worms)= multicellular
Larvae (worms eggs) unicellular
Mucocutaneous mycoses (Canadiida Albicans)
2 types of mucoutaneous mycoses…
(C. 4)
Overgrowth of yeast in the mucus membranes
Thrush ( fungus Canadida Albicans over grows in the mouth due to a weakened immune system. Babies get thrush because they don’t have an immune system yet.
Vulvovaginitis
Name 3 ways Protozoa move?
C.4
Flagellates ( flagella)
Ciliates (cilia)
Amoebae (pseudopods “false feet”)
Name the 2 parts Protozoa cytoplasm is divided into?
Do Protozoa have a cell wall?
(C.4)
Ectoplasm ( movement,feeding, & reproduction) (outer layer)
Endoplasm ( house mitochondria, nucleus)
NO, ONLY FUNGI HAS A CELL WALL
What is regulated in the cell membrane of the Protozoa?
What is a Protozoa considered since it obtains its nutrients from other sources?
What does Protozoa main limiting factor?
(C.4)
Food, water & secretions
Heterotrophic
Moisture
What do some Protozoa eat?
How do Protozoa consume food?
Where do Protozoa live?
Dead plants and animals
Graze on bacteria & algae
Absorb across the cell membrane
Others have oral grooves
Moisture, water & soil.
When does a Protozoa turn into a cyst?
Trophozite
Do all Protozoa make cysts?
(C. 4)
There is limited food and water, they survive when they are cysts because they can resistant to heat, chemicals , ph.
Active, motile feeding stage of a Protozoa. ( conditions are great)
No, some are just trophozites, some alternate between a trophozites and a cysts depending if the conditions are good or bad.
Name 4 factors about cysts?
How are Protozoa classified?
- resistant to heat, chemicals, survive harmful periods
- can be scattered be air currents
- spread diseases
- dormant resistant stage when conditions aren’t favorable
By how they move... Amoebods(pseudopods "false feet") Flagellates ( flagella) Ciliates (cilia) Apicomplexans/ sporozoans ( in motile, intracellular)
How do fungi spores arise?
What 3 cells raised from LAST COMMON ANCESTER?
(C.4)
Sexual & asexual
Bacteria, archae, & Eukaryotes
Neither prokaryotes or eukaryotes
History of eukaryotes
C.4
- Single cells & independent
- Started to form colonies
- Colonies became specialized ( started to perform functions, such as moving, reproduction & feeding)
Specialized
C.4
Adapt to perform a particular function.
Describe eukaryotes flagellum and cilia.
C.4
Thick, more complex..
Flagellum: moves with a whipping motion
Cilia: moves back and forth
What are the 2 important parts of a nucleus.
C.4
Nucleolus ( makes ribosomal RNA)
Chromatin ( genetic material of cell) wraps around histones to make chromosomes.
Types of eukaryotic microorganisms…
C.4
E.R( transports & storages)
Rough E.R ( transport materials)
Smooth E.R ( process nutrients & makes lipids)
Golgi apparatus ( packages and ships throughout the cell) Mitochondria ( makes ATP)
3 main fines of the cytoskeleton
C.4
- actin filament ( provide cell movement)
- intermediate filament ( support cell and organelles)
- microtubules (move cilia & flagella)
Eukaryotic cell membrane
C.4
- selectively permeable barriers
- bilateral is made of phospholipids
- contain sterol ( stables membranes)
Vector borne agent
Etiology
Indirect host damage
(C. 4)
Insect that carries a disease
Cause of the disease
Body response to an organism ( inflammation)
Name the different types of helminths?
What are 2 major helminths groups? Subgroups?
(C.4)
Tapeworms, flukes & roundworms
Flat worms (thin segmented) Round worms (long, round)(nematodes)(have mouth, digestive tract)
Cestodes(tapeworm)
Trematodes (flukes)
Where do helminths spend part of their lives?
How many helminths paradise humans?
Define intermediate and definite hosts?
(C.4)
Intestines (GI TRACT)
50 species
IH: egg/larva develop
DH: mating/ adulthood
What are nematodes?
Name most common helminths disease?
(C.4)
Round worms(have a mouth & digestive tract)
Pinworm
Describe a helminths life cycle?
C.4
1) microscopic eggs are picked up from a contamintated person/object and swallowed
2) eggs hatch in intestine
3) larvae mature in adults( 1 month)
4) helminths mate
5) females migrates to anus to deposit eggs
6) intense itching of anus
7) scratching spreads eggs
Name structures all bacteria posses?
Name 3 structures some but not all bacteria display?
Describe 3 major shapes of prokaryotes?
(C.3)
Cell membrane, cytoplasm,ribosomes, cytoskeleton, DNA.
Flagella, pills, fimbria, plasmids, outer membrane, inclusions, endospores
Coccus, bacillus, vibrio
Describe function & structure of 4 diff. Types of bacterial appendages?
(C. 3)
Monotrichous(one flagella)
Lophotrichous ( bundles of flagella at one end)
Amphitrichous ( flagella at both ends of the cell)
Peritrichous( flagella dispersed over the cells body)
Explain how flagella works in the presence of an attractant?
Move in response to chemotaxis.
Moves tower positive chemotaxis and away from negative chemotaxis
What is bacteria cell wall made of?
How do we classify bacteria?
Name the 3 parts of a flagellum?
Peptidoglycan
Arrangement
Filament, hook, basal body
Which bacteria have an unusual movement?
What is perplasmic flagella?
What is pili? Name 2 types?
Spirochetes (cork screw)
Axial filaments
Tubular structure made of the protein pilin.
Fimbriae(attachment, grabs onto things like Velcro)
Conjugation(attachment, exchange genetic info. Gram neg.)
What is the s layer? When is it produced?
Glycocalyx? Name the 2 layers!
Proteins in the outer layer of the cell envelope, it’s produced when the environment is hostile.
Lots of layers of polysaccharides.
Slime( protects against nutrient and water loss)
Capsule ( dense & thick, produces colonies on agar)
Where is the cell envelope located? Name the 3 layers its composed of?
What are the 2 functions of the cell wall?
What 2 sugars make up the cell wall? (Made of peptiglydogan)
Outside cytoplasm.
Cell wall, cell membrane, outer membrane ( gram - cells only)
Shape & structure ( keep cell from rupturing)
NAM & NAG
Which cell has more/ less peptidoglycan?
Which cell has an outer membrane?
Name a substance in the nucleAr envelope that causes severe symptoms in humans?
Gram + has more, gram - has less. Gram - is a more complex cell because it’s made up of more components.
Gram - (lipopolysaccarides)
Endotoxins (fever & shock in gram - infections)
What color are gram + & gram - cells after staining?
Name the 2 membranes in gram - cells?
What do some cell walls contain that is resistant to chemicals & dyes?
Purple; red/ pink
Cell membrane & outer membrane ( lipopolysaccarides)
Mycolic acid ( found in gram + cells)
Lipopolysaccarides are found in what cell? Name the 2 parts!
Gram -, outer membrane. Lipid A( keeps lipopolysaccarides & peptiglydogan together) Endotoxins (cell wall breaks & becomes toxic to humans resulting in shock & fever)
O polysaccharides ( help identify bacteria)
What is the cytoplasmic membrane made of? Function?
Lipids w/ proteins.
Reactions ( perform reactions)
Regulation( let’s certain things in & out)
Cytoplasm is made mostly of water, name 3 components in it?
$$ SEVRVE AS A BUILDING BLOCK FOR MACROMOLECULES$
Genetic material in the middle of the cytoplasm is known as?
What are ribosomes? What is the s units for bacteria?
Sugars, proteins, carbs
Nucleoid
Site for protein synthesis.
SU: 30s LU: 50s WU: 70s
What are inclusion bodies used for?
Role of cytoskeleton? Actin?
When does spooutlation occur?
Endospores?
Store nutrients
Gives bacteria its shape
Fibers give cell its shape
Unfavorable conditions.
Survive harsh conditions & facilitate survival
What type of cell do endospores take place in?
What is the vegetative state in endospores?
What are the small & large subunits of eukaryotes?
Gram + bacillus
Metabolically active ( things are good)
SU: 40s LU: 60s WU: 80s
Name 4 divisions of bacteria & archaea? (-cutes)
Gracilicutes ( gram -, thin cell wall)
Firmicutes ( gram +, thick, strong cell walls)
Tenenicutes( no cell wall, soft)
Mendosicutes ( archaea unusual cell walls & & nutritional habits)
