Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MICR 270 > Module 2 - Branches of the IS > Flashcards

Module 2 - Branches of the IS Flashcards

1
Q

3 immune barriers of the innate immune system

A

physical, cellular, soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Physical immune barrier

A

made of every structure located at the interface between the inside and outside of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

examples of physical barriers

A

skin, cilia, bodily secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cellular immune barrier

A

made of the cells which play a role in the innate immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

examples of cellular imune barriers

A

neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

soluble immune barrier

A

made of macromolecules that contribute to the mediation of an innate immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

examples of soluble immune barriers

A

complement and cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

primary function of physical barrier

A

prevent or slow down the invasion of pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

physical components of the physical immune barrier

A

skin & mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

mucous membranes

A

-cover the cavities of the body including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary and reproductive tracts
-contain specialized cells like cilia and produce mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

primary function of cellular barrier

A

prevent or slow down the invasion of pathogens that have broken through the physical barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

four major cell types that play a key role in innate immune response processes (imflammation and phagocytosis)

A

neutrophils, macrophages, dentritic cells and natural killer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chemical components of the physical immune barrier

A

tears, saliva (activate antimicrobial substances like lysozyme) and gastric acid (destroys bacteria and toxins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Neutrophils

A

-most common leukocyte found in mammals
-phagocytes that patrol the body to find, engulf and destroy pathogens
-circulate in blood for 12h before entering tissues via diapedesis
-recruited to site of infection by macrophages
-lifespan of 1-3 days after entering tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diapedesis (extravasation

A

process by which blood cells (like neutrophils) move from blood to tissues by passing through intact vessel walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Macrophages

A

-phagocytes that patrol the body to find, engluf and destory pathogens
-can either take up residence in specific tissue or move freely
-contribute to tissue repair & present antigens to other immune cells (T-cells)
-activated after phagocytosing pathpgens or in response to cytokine signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

-phagocytes that are often in contact with the external environment
-engulf foregin antigens that have invaded initial barriers
-present antigens on their cell surface through peptide MHC complexes which can be recognized by helper T cells
-major link between adaptive and innate IS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

-recognize abnormal cells lacking antigen specific receptors
-destroy abnormal cells of the body, which include tumourous and virus infected cells
-bind to cell surface of target cells and release chemicals causing pores to form in the cell membrane, leading to their lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

two major categories of macromolecules in the soluble barrier

A

complement system and cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Importance of soluble barrier components

A

developing inflammatory innate immune response, induced following penetration of infectious agent through physical barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the complement system made of

A

over 30 soluble proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where is the complement system

A

complement proteins circulate in the blood, normally in the inactive form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When is the compliment system activated?

A

directly activated in the presence of extracellular pathogens or indirectly by pathogen-bound antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is the compliment system activated?

A

activation induces reactions between complement proteins, leading to the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) and complements the efficency of other immune functions such as inflammation and phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Membrane Attack Complex

A

Structure made of activated complement proteins, which have the ability to destroy extracellular pathogens by creating holes in their cell membrane (can also damage host cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Complement system inflammation process

A

-attraction of various immune cells to the site of infection through release of chemotactic molecules (histamin and cytokines)
-activated complement proteins bind to receptors on immune cells and induce release of substances which enhance inflammation response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Complement System Functions

A

Inflammation, Phagocytosis and Membrane Attack Complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

which three major pathways can the compliment system be activated by

A

classical, alternaitave and lectin pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Chemotactic molecules

A

inducing the movement of cells towards the site where substance was originally released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Complement system phagocytosis process

A

activated complement proteins opsonize pathogens targetting them for destruction by phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

complement system membrane attack complex

A

destory extracellular foreign invaders through the formation of membrane attack complexes. the MAC structures create holes in the pathogen which leads to lysis and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Opsonize

A

making a foreign particle more susceptible to phagocytosis by binding to the antigen and marking for ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cytokines

A

-small proteins secreted by various immune cells in response to a number of different stimuli
-chemical mediators for cell-cell communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where are cytokine receptors expressed

A

cell surface of various immune cells depending on needs/functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Autocrine cytokines

A

the sending and recieving cell is the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Function of cytokine signalling

A

regulate immune processes, such as immune responses, inflammation and hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Paracrine cytokines

A

the sending and recieving cells are near eachother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

endocrine cytokines

A

the sending and recieving cells are distant from eachother (signal travels through bloodstream)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Specificity and affinity for cytokines

A

-bind to specific receptors on the membrane of their target cells
-cytokines and their receptors exhibit very high affinity for one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Cytokines altering gene expressions

A

cytokines binding its receptor initiates a series of rxns that ultimately alter gene expression, which may affect cell growth and maturation and have roles in the host’s response to infection and disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Pro inflammatory vs anti inflammatory cytokines

A

react opposietly to balance eachother out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Pro inflammatory cytokines

A

made by most immune cells, when secreted they will induce inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Antiinflammatory cytokines

A

made by several immune cells, work to limit the inflammatory response within the body by inhibting pro-inflamatory cytokine production and activiting the immune cells that promote healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

when is inflammatory response initiated

A

when pathogen evades the physical barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is inflammation

A

localized tissue response to injury or invasion and has both local and systemic effects within the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

signs of inflammation

A

redness, heat, pain, swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what happens during inflammation brief

A

-alteration of blood flow to the injured area
-influx of phagocytic and other immune cells
-removal of foreign antigens
-healing of damaged tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

main purpose of inflammation

A

-bodys attempt at self-protection by removing harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, or pathogens.

-localize & eliminate the invading pathogen, in an effort to stop it from spreading and to remove damaged tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

1st major event of inflammation

A

BREACH

-pathogens find a breach to enter body

44
Q

2nd major event of inflammation

A

VASODILATION

-increase in the diamiter of blood vessels and permeabilization of the cappilaries near affected area

-induced by vasoactive and chemotactic factors secreted by damaged tissue and activited immune cells (macrophages and mast cells)

-vasodilation causes redness and heat due to higher blood volume around the area

45
Q

3rd event of inflammation

A

PERMEABILIZATION

-increase capillary permeability facilitating entrance of fluids
-coupled with vasoconstriction of vessels carrying blood away from the area, this allows accumulation of access fluids at the site of infection called exudate

-accumulation of fluids is called edema

46
Q

Exudate fluid

A

-exudate fluid contains proteins that contribute to mediation of inflammatory response
-it includes pro-inflammatory cytokines (chemokines) and complement proteins

47
Q

4th event of inflammation

A

EXTRAVASATION

-chemotactic factors released by cells during the vasodilation and permeabilization steps induce the recruitment of more immune cells
(first type to arrive by chemotaxis are neutrophils)

-when neutrophils arrive they adhere to endothelial cell walls via margination and migrate between the capillary endothelial cells into the infected tissue by extravasation or diapedsis

48
Q

5th event of inflammation

A
  • PHAGOCYTOSIS: at infection site, neutrophils and other phagocytes engluf the pathogens
49
Q

major events of inflammation: put these in order: chemotaxis, extravasation, vasodilation, permebilization, margination

A

vasodilation, permeabilization, chemotaxis, margination, extravasation

50
Q

why is heat and swelling beneficial

A

-heat increases metabolic rates allowing cells to repair faster
-swelling leaks proteins, which help clot blood, form scabs and recruits phagocytes and lymphocytes to help destroy pathogens and clean up dead cells

51
Q

How does innate recognize self from nonself

A

via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize repeated molecular patterns of pathogens (ex. Toll-like receptors)

52
Q

Are PRRs innate or adaptive

A

can be expressed by both innate and adaptive immune cells, however they are an integral signalling component of the innate immune system

53
Q

what are Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

A

molecular structures either expressed on the surface or found inside pathogens. patterns are specific for pathogens and not found in host cells

54
Q

cell surface example of a PAMP

A

Lipopolysaccharides found on the cell surface of gram-negative bacteria

55
Q

inner pathogen PAMP example

A

double stranded RNA found inside dsRNA viruses

56
Q

two major categories of molecular patterns that can be recognized by PRRs

A

-pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
-Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

57
Q

PAMPS associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by immune cells that include:

A

-functional strucutres of a pathogen
-repeated sequences of protein, glycoprotein, lipoprotein, amino acids etc. that are conserved across specific groups of microbes

58
Q

Examples of PAMPs

A

-lipopolysaccharides
-peptidoglycan
-flagellin
-viral nucleic acids

59
Q

what are DAMPs

A

molecules released by stressed cells undergoing necrosis

-are host biomolecules
-indicate damage to the body
-initiate an inflammatory response

60
Q

examples of DAMPs

A

-abnormal location of a cell structures (DNA found outside of mitochondria or nucleus)
-cell-stress indicator molecules (heat-shock proteins)

61
Q

what are Toll-Like Receptors

A

a class of PRRs whose signalling plays an essential role in the innate immune response

62
Q

where are TLRs expressed

A

depending on the type of PAMP or DAMP, they are either expressed on the plasma membrane or endosomal/lysosomal membranes of mammalian cells

63
Q

upon activation of TLRs, these receptors initiate the transcription of genes encoding for:

A

-inflammatory cytokines
-chemokines
-costimulatory molecules

**these contribute to the activation of innate immune cells, which increase ability of phagocytes to engulf pathogens an enhance their ability to present antigens to the adaptive immune system

64
Q

two MAJOR roles of TLRs

A

-recognize PAMPs and/or DAMPs
-induce expression of signalling to activate T-cells

65
Q

step 1 of TLR signalling process

A

-TLRs sense the presence of an infection through recognition of PAMPs and/or DAMPs
-the bacterium will be engulfed through phagocytosis by the phagocytic cell, which in this case is a dendritic cell

66
Q

step 2 of the TLR signalling process

A

-after engulfing the bacterium, the immune cell, also called an antigen presenting cell, will present pieces of the pathogen on its cell surface through the peptide: MHC complex

67
Q

step 3 of the TLR signalling process

A

-the antigen presenting cell will also increase its production of costimulatory molecules, which are involved in the strength and the stability of the antigen presenting process

68
Q

Step 4 of the TLR signalling process

A

-an immunocompetent naive T cell specific for the antigen presented by the DC will bind to the peptide: MHC complex through its TCR
-this interaction will activate the T cell and initiate an adaptive immune response

69
Q

when would Phagocytosis occur

A

once pathogens have penetrated epithelial barriers and enter tissues, an array of cells can trigger an immune response within innate immunity

70
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

type of endocytosis, in which a cell takes up particulate material (bacteria) by invaginating its membrane to form a vacuole

71
Q

major innate immune cells that are involved in maintaining cellular barrier and have phagocytic functions

A

macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells

72
Q

Neutrophil

A

-first cell to arrive from the blood to site of infection
-perform early phagocytosis, eliminating pathogen quickly
-can initiate inflammatory response

73
Q

Macrophages

A

-monocytes migrate from the blood to the tissues to become macrophages
-perform phagocytosis most efficently
-release cytokines that stimulate inflammation and recruit other immune cells

74
Q

dendritic cells

A

-recognize microbes and initiate phagocytosis
-most efficent antigen-presenting cell
-play a major role in the initiation of the adaptive immune response

75
Q

Step 1 of phagocytosis

A

ATTACHMENT: the pathogen becomes attached to the membrane evaginations called pseudopodia

76
Q

step 2 of phagocytosis

A

INGESTION: the pathogen is ingested, forming a vacuole, called a phagosome, within the cell

76
Q

Phagosome

A

a vesicle composed of cell membrane of a phagocyte, containing the phagocytosed material

77
Q

setp 3 of phagocytosis

A

FUSION: the phagosome fuses with a lysosome, releasing lysosomal enzymes that degrade macromolecules and other materials, such as bacteria

78
Q

step 4 of phagocytosis

A

DIGESTION: the pathogen is destroyed and digested by the lysosomal enzymes

79
Q

step 5 of phagocytosis

A

RELEASE: the digestion products are released from the cell via exocytois, the process in which the vacuole membrane fuses with the cell membrane

80
Q

Specificity of the adaptive IS

A

each cell recognizes one specific epitope of a pathogen. For each pathogen that the adaptive immune system encounters, it creates a unique immune reaction to eliminate the infectious agent

81
Q

diversity of the adaptive immune system

A

because each cell is so specific, the adaptive IS is composed of countless numbers of cells to be able to fight any pathogen encountered

82
Q

Humoral immunity components (2)

A
  • B-cells
  • Antibodies
83
Q

Cell mediated immunity component

A

T -cells

83
Q

B -cell characteristics

A

-key component of humoral response
-mature in the bone marrow
-surface receptor : B-Cell receptor (BCR)
-function: antibody factory

84
Q

plasmocyte

A

-effector cell
-produce large quantities of antibodies

84
Q

memory B cell

A

-memory cell
-express BCR on their cell surface

84
Q

T-cell

A

-key component of cell-mediated response
-mature in thymus
-surface receptor: T-cell receptor (TCR)
-function: cytotoxic activity or help the activation of immune response

84
Q

subsets of T-cells

A

CD4 Helper T cell
CD8 Cytotoxic T cell
Memory T cells

85
Q

Subsets of B - cells

A

Plasmocyte and memory B-cell

85
Q

CD4 Helper T cell

A

-effector cell
-help the activation of the adaptive immune response

86
Q

CD8 Cytotoxic t cell

A

-effector cell
-kill infected cells

87
Q

memory T cells

A

-memory cells
-express TCR and CD4 or CD8 on their cell surface

88
Q

what happens when antigen presenting cells engulf pathogens

A

can present the antigens to naive CD4 Helper t cells and depending on the type of antigen it encounters, helper T cells can differentiate into two subsets

89
Q

Two subsets depending on type of antigen helper T cell encounters

A
  1. Cell mediated immunity: activated helper T cells will differentiate into TH1 subset
  2. Humoral immunity, activated helper T cells will differentiate into a TH2 subset
89
Q

1st step of hummoral immuntiy (antibody- mediated)

A

activated and differentiated TH2 cells activate B cells and induce their differentiation into plasmocytes

90
Q

1st step of cell-mediated immunity (cytotoxic-mediated)

A

activated and differentiated Th1 cells activate CD8 cytotoxic T-cells and induce their differentiation into cytotoxic T lymphocyte

90
Q

2nd step of hummoral immunity (antibody-mediated)

A

plasmocytes produce antibodies specific for invading the antigen

91
Q

2nd step of cell-mediated immunity (cytotoxic-mediated)

A

cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognize and eliminate any cells displaying the specific antigen presented at their cell surface by MHC class I complex

92
Q

What are antibodies

A

aka immunoglobulin, is a large Y shaped protein that is highly specific and recognizes one epitope

93
Q

Where do antibodies come from

A

-produced by B cells and exist in 2 forms: surface antibodies and soluble antibodies
-one B-cell will produce one specific antibody for one specific epitope

94
Q

Surface antibodies

A

membrane-bound on B-cells, forming part of the B-cell receptor

95
Q

soluble antibodies

A

secreted by B cells and circulate freely in the blood

96
Q

why are antibodies Y shaped

A

they are two heterodimetric proteins that are held together by disulfide bonds

97
Q

Light Chains (2)

A

the light chain is a protein subunit that, as one of a pair, forms part of the main antigen-binding region of an antibody

98
Q

Heavy chains (2)

A

the heavy chain is a protein subunit that makes up the majority of the structure of the antibody. It forms part of the antigen-binding region and forms the Fc region

99
Q

Parts of the antibody

A

2 light chains
2 heavy chains
2 antigen binding regions
1 Fc region

99
Q

Antigen Binding regions (2)

A

-variable and changes from one antibody to another, but remain the same on one antibody
-responsible for the diversity and specificity of immunoglobulins

100
Q

Fc region (1)

A

fragment crystallizable region is constant for every antibody of the same class. it is the part that interacts with immune cell surface receptors, called Fc receptors

101
Q

5 classes of antibodies within serum of the the human body

A

IgG have y-heavy chains
IgM have u-heavy chains
IgA have a-heavy chains
IgE have e-heavy chains
IgD have s-heavy chains

**only important to know that the unique heavy chain is what differentiates between the classes

102
Q

purpose of varyation in heavy chain polypeptides

A

allows each antibody class to function in a different type of immune response or during a different stage of the bodys defence response

103
Q

IgM roles

A

-forms a pentamer (5 Y chains) from IgM monomers when secreted by B cells
-1st antibody to be formed in an immune response
-activates the complement which then amplifies the inflammatory and adaptive immune response

104
Q

IgG roles

A

-monomer when secreted by B cells
-coats oathogens to promote phagocytosis and immune cell recruitment
-only l=class that can cross the placental barrier

105
Q

IgA roles

A

-generally forms a dimer ( double Y chain) from IgA monomers when secreted by B cells
-first line of defense and predominant antibody class located in the bodys mucosal membranes

106
Q

IgE role

A

-monomer when secreted by B cells
-produced in excess during allergic reactions
-has a role in immunity against certain parasites

107
Q

IgD role

A

-monomer when secreted by B cells
-found in large quanitiy on the surfaces of mature b cells
-function or importance is unclear, thought to have a role during B cell develpment

MICR 270 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions