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MICR 270 > Module 2 - Branches of the IS > Flashcards

Module 2 - Branches of the IS Flashcards

1
Q

3 immune barriers of the innate immune system

A

physical, cellular, soluble

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2
Q

Physical immune barrier

A

made of every structure located at the interface between the inside and outside of the body

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3
Q

examples of physical barriers

A

skin, cilia, bodily secretions

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4
Q

Cellular immune barrier

A

made of the cells which play a role in the innate immune response

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5
Q

examples of cellular imune barriers

A

neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells

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6
Q

soluble immune barrier

A

made of macromolecules that contribute to the mediation of an innate immune response

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7
Q

examples of soluble immune barriers

A

complement and cytokines

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8
Q

primary function of physical barrier

A

prevent or slow down the invasion of pathogens

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9
Q

physical components of the physical immune barrier

A

skin & mucous membranes

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10
Q

mucous membranes

A

-cover the cavities of the body including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary and reproductive tracts
-contain specialized cells like cilia and produce mucous

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11
Q

primary function of cellular barrier

A

prevent or slow down the invasion of pathogens that have broken through the physical barrier

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12
Q

four major cell types that play a key role in innate immune response processes (imflammation and phagocytosis)

A

neutrophils, macrophages, dentritic cells and natural killer cells

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13
Q

Chemical components of the physical immune barrier

A

tears, saliva (activate antimicrobial substances like lysozyme) and gastric acid (destroys bacteria and toxins)

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14
Q

Neutrophils

A

-most common leukocyte found in mammals
-phagocytes that patrol the body to find, engulf and destroy pathogens
-circulate in blood for 12h before entering tissues via diapedesis
-recruited to site of infection by macrophages
-lifespan of 1-3 days after entering tissues

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15
Q

Diapedesis (extravasation

A

process by which blood cells (like neutrophils) move from blood to tissues by passing through intact vessel walls.

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16
Q

Macrophages

A

-phagocytes that patrol the body to find, engluf and destory pathogens
-can either take up residence in specific tissue or move freely
-contribute to tissue repair & present antigens to other immune cells (T-cells)
-activated after phagocytosing pathpgens or in response to cytokine signalling

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17
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

-phagocytes that are often in contact with the external environment
-engulf foregin antigens that have invaded initial barriers
-present antigens on their cell surface through peptide MHC complexes which can be recognized by helper T cells
-major link between adaptive and innate IS

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18
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

-recognize abnormal cells lacking antigen specific receptors
-destroy abnormal cells of the body, which include tumourous and virus infected cells
-bind to cell surface of target cells and release chemicals causing pores to form in the cell membrane, leading to their lysis

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19
Q

two major categories of macromolecules in the soluble barrier

A

complement system and cytokines

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20
Q

Importance of soluble barrier components

A

developing inflammatory innate immune response, induced following penetration of infectious agent through physical barriers

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21
Q

what is the complement system made of

A

over 30 soluble proteins

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22
Q

where is the complement system

A

complement proteins circulate in the blood, normally in the inactive form

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23
Q

When is the compliment system activated?

A

directly activated in the presence of extracellular pathogens or indirectly by pathogen-bound antibody

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24
Q

How is the compliment system activated?

A

activation induces reactions between complement proteins, leading to the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) and complements the efficency of other immune functions such as inflammation and phagocytosis

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25
Q

Membrane Attack Complex

A

Structure made of activated complement proteins, which have the ability to destroy extracellular pathogens by creating holes in their cell membrane (can also damage host cells)

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26
Q

Complement system inflammation process

A

-attraction of various immune cells to the site of infection through release of chemotactic molecules (histamin and cytokines)
-activated complement proteins bind to receptors on immune cells and induce release of substances which enhance inflammation response

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26
Q

Complement System Functions

A

Inflammation, Phagocytosis and Membrane Attack Complex

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26
Q

which three major pathways can the compliment system be activated by

A

classical, alternaitave and lectin pathways

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27
Q

Chemotactic molecules

A

inducing the movement of cells towards the site where substance was originally released

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27
Q

Complement system phagocytosis process

A

activated complement proteins opsonize pathogens targetting them for destruction by phagocytes

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27
Q

complement system membrane attack complex

A

destory extracellular foreign invaders through the formation of membrane attack complexes. the MAC structures create holes in the pathogen which leads to lysis and death

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27
Q

Opsonize

A

making a foreign particle more susceptible to phagocytosis by binding to the antigen and marking for ingestion

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28
Q

Cytokines

A

-small proteins secreted by various immune cells in response to a number of different stimuli
-chemical mediators for cell-cell communication

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29
Q

where are cytokine receptors expressed

A

cell surface of various immune cells depending on needs/functions

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30
Q

Autocrine cytokines

A

the sending and recieving cell is the same

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30
Q

Function of cytokine signalling

A

regulate immune processes, such as immune responses, inflammation and hematopoiesis

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31
Q

Paracrine cytokines

A

the sending and recieving cells are near eachother

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32
Q

endocrine cytokines

A

the sending and recieving cells are distant from eachother (signal travels through bloodstream)

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33
Q

Specificity and affinity for cytokines

A

-bind to specific receptors on the membrane of their target cells
-cytokines and their receptors exhibit very high affinity for one another

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34
Q

Cytokines altering gene expressions

A

cytokines binding its receptor initiates a series of rxns that ultimately alter gene expression, which may affect cell growth and maturation and have roles in the host’s response to infection and disease

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35
Q

Pro inflammatory vs anti inflammatory cytokines

A

react opposietly to balance eachother out

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36
Q

Pro inflammatory cytokines

A

made by most immune cells, when secreted they will induce inflammatory response

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37
Q

Antiinflammatory cytokines

A

made by several immune cells, work to limit the inflammatory response within the body by inhibting pro-inflamatory cytokine production and activiting the immune cells that promote healing

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38
Q

when is inflammatory response initiated

A

when pathogen evades the physical barriers

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39
Q

what is inflammation

A

localized tissue response to injury or invasion and has both local and systemic effects within the body

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40
Q

signs of inflammation

A

redness, heat, pain, swelling

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41
Q

what happens during inflammation brief

A

-alteration of blood flow to the injured area
-influx of phagocytic and other immune cells
-removal of foreign antigens
-healing of damaged tissue

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42
Q

main purpose of inflammation

A

-bodys attempt at self-protection by removing harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, or pathogens.

-localize & eliminate the invading pathogen, in an effort to stop it from spreading and to remove damaged tissue

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43
Q

1st major event of inflammation

A

BREACH

-pathogens find a breach to enter body

44
Q

2nd major event of inflammation

A

VASODILATION

-increase in the diamiter of blood vessels and permeabilization of the cappilaries near affected area

-induced by vasoactive and chemotactic factors secreted by damaged tissue and activited immune cells (macrophages and mast cells)

-vasodilation causes redness and heat due to higher blood volume around the area

45
Q

3rd event of inflammation

A

PERMEABILIZATION

-increase capillary permeability facilitating entrance of fluids
-coupled with vasoconstriction of vessels carrying blood away from the area, this allows accumulation of access fluids at the site of infection called exudate

-accumulation of fluids is called edema

46
Q

Exudate fluid

A

-exudate fluid contains proteins that contribute to mediation of inflammatory response
-it includes pro-inflammatory cytokines (chemokines) and complement proteins

47
Q

4th event of inflammation

A

EXTRAVASATION

-chemotactic factors released by cells during the vasodilation and permeabilization steps induce the recruitment of more immune cells
(first type to arrive by chemotaxis are neutrophils)

-when neutrophils arrive they adhere to endothelial cell walls via margination and migrate between the capillary endothelial cells into the infected tissue by extravasation or diapedsis

48
Q

5th event of inflammation

A
  • PHAGOCYTOSIS: at infection site, neutrophils and other phagocytes engluf the pathogens
49
Q

major events of inflammation: put these in order: chemotaxis, extravasation, vasodilation, permebilization, margination

A

vasodilation, permeabilization, chemotaxis, margination, extravasation

50
Q

why is heat and swelling beneficial

A

-heat increases metabolic rates allowing cells to repair faster
-swelling leaks proteins, which help clot blood, form scabs and recruits phagocytes and lymphocytes to help destroy pathogens and clean up dead cells

51
Q

How does innate recognize self from nonself

A

via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize repeated molecular patterns of pathogens (ex. Toll-like receptors)

52
Q

Are PRRs innate or adaptive

A

can be expressed by both innate and adaptive immune cells, however they are an integral signalling component of the innate immune system

53
Q

what are Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

A

molecular structures either expressed on the surface or found inside pathogens. patterns are specific for pathogens and not found in host cells

54
Q

cell surface example of a PAMP

A

Lipopolysaccharides found on the cell surface of gram-negative bacteria

55
Q

inner pathogen PAMP example

A

double stranded RNA found inside dsRNA viruses

56
Q

two major categories of molecular patterns that can be recognized by PRRs

A

-pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
-Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

57
Q

PAMPS associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by immune cells that include:

A

-functional strucutres of a pathogen
-repeated sequences of protein, glycoprotein, lipoprotein, amino acids etc. that are conserved across specific groups of microbes

58
Q

Examples of PAMPs

A

-lipopolysaccharides
-peptidoglycan
-flagellin
-viral nucleic acids

59
Q

what are DAMPs

A

molecules released by stressed cells undergoing necrosis

-are host biomolecules
-indicate damage to the body
-initiate an inflammatory response

60
Q

examples of DAMPs

A

-abnormal location of a cell structures (DNA found outside of mitochondria or nucleus)
-cell-stress indicator molecules (heat-shock proteins)

61
Q

what are Toll-Like Receptors

A

a class of PRRs whose signalling plays an essential role in the innate immune response

62
Q

where are TLRs expressed

A

depending on the type of PAMP or DAMP, they are either expressed on the plasma membrane or endosomal/lysosomal membranes of mammalian cells

63
Q

upon activation of TLRs, these receptors initiate the transcription of genes encoding for:

A

-inflammatory cytokines
-chemokines
-costimulatory molecules

**these contribute to the activation of innate immune cells, which increase ability of phagocytes to engulf pathogens an enhance their ability to present antigens to the adaptive immune system

64
Q

two MAJOR roles of TLRs

A

-recognize PAMPs and/or DAMPs
-induce expression of signalling to activate T-cells

65
Q

step 1 of TLR signalling process

A

-TLRs sense the presence of an infection through recognition of PAMPs and/or DAMPs
-the bacterium will be engulfed through phagocytosis by the phagocytic cell, which in this case is a dendritic cell

66
Q

step 2 of the TLR signalling process

A

-after engulfing the bacterium, the immune cell, also called an antigen presenting cell, will present pieces of the pathogen on its cell surface through the peptide: MHC complex

67
Q

step 3 of the TLR signalling process

A

-the antigen presenting cell will also increase its production of costimulatory molecules, which are involved in the strength and the stability of the antigen presenting process

68
Q

Step 4 of the TLR signalling process

A

-an immunocompetent naive T cell specific for the antigen presented by the DC will bind to the peptide: MHC complex through its TCR
-this interaction will activate the T cell and initiate an adaptive immune response

69
Q

when would Phagocytosis occur

A

once pathogens have penetrated epithelial barriers and enter tissues, an array of cells can trigger an immune response within innate immunity

70
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

type of endocytosis, in which a cell takes up particulate material (bacteria) by invaginating its membrane to form a vacuole

71
Q

major innate immune cells that are involved in maintaining cellular barrier and have phagocytic functions

A

macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells

72
Q

Neutrophil

A

-first cell to arrive from the blood to site of infection
-perform early phagocytosis, eliminating pathogen quickly
-can initiate inflammatory response

73
Q

Macrophages

A

-monocytes migrate from the blood to the tissues to become macrophages
-perform phagocytosis most efficently
-release cytokines that stimulate inflammation and recruit other immune cells

74
Q

dendritic cells

A

-recognize microbes and initiate phagocytosis
-most efficent antigen-presenting cell
-play a major role in the initiation of the adaptive immune response

75
Q

Step 1 of phagocytosis

A

ATTACHMENT: the pathogen becomes attached to the membrane evaginations called pseudopodia

76
Q

step 2 of phagocytosis

A

INGESTION: the pathogen is ingested, forming a vacuole, called a phagosome, within the cell

76
Q

Phagosome

A

a vesicle composed of cell membrane of a phagocyte, containing the phagocytosed material

77
Q

setp 3 of phagocytosis

A

FUSION: the phagosome fuses with a lysosome, releasing lysosomal enzymes that degrade macromolecules and other materials, such as bacteria

78
Q

step 4 of phagocytosis

A

DIGESTION: the pathogen is destroyed and digested by the lysosomal enzymes

79
Q

step 5 of phagocytosis

A

RELEASE: the digestion products are released from the cell via exocytois, the process in which the vacuole membrane fuses with the cell membrane

80
Q

Specificity of the adaptive IS

A

each cell recognizes one specific epitope of a pathogen. For each pathogen that the adaptive immune system encounters, it creates a unique immune reaction to eliminate the infectious agent

81
Q

diversity of the adaptive immune system

A

because each cell is so specific, the adaptive IS is composed of countless numbers of cells to be able to fight any pathogen encountered

82
Q

Humoral immunity components (2)

A
  • B-cells
  • Antibodies
83
Q

Cell mediated immunity component

A

T -cells

83
Q

B -cell characteristics

A

-key component of humoral response
-mature in the bone marrow
-surface receptor : B-Cell receptor (BCR)
-function: antibody factory

84
Q

plasmocyte

A

-effector cell
-produce large quantities of antibodies

84
Q

memory B cell

A

-memory cell
-express BCR on their cell surface

84
Q

T-cell

A

-key component of cell-mediated response
-mature in thymus
-surface receptor: T-cell receptor (TCR)
-function: cytotoxic activity or help the activation of immune response

84
Q

subsets of T-cells

A

CD4 Helper T cell
CD8 Cytotoxic T cell
Memory T cells

85
Q

Subsets of B - cells

A

Plasmocyte and memory B-cell

85
Q

CD4 Helper T cell

A

-effector cell
-help the activation of the adaptive immune response

86
Q

CD8 Cytotoxic t cell

A

-effector cell
-kill infected cells

87
Q

memory T cells

A

-memory cells
-express TCR and CD4 or CD8 on their cell surface

88
Q

what happens when antigen presenting cells engulf pathogens

A

can present the antigens to naive CD4 Helper t cells and depending on the type of antigen it encounters, helper T cells can differentiate into two subsets

89
Q

Two subsets depending on type of antigen helper T cell encounters

A
  1. Cell mediated immunity: activated helper T cells will differentiate into TH1 subset
  2. Humoral immunity, activated helper T cells will differentiate into a TH2 subset
89
Q

1st step of hummoral immuntiy (antibody- mediated)

A

activated and differentiated TH2 cells activate B cells and induce their differentiation into plasmocytes

90
Q

1st step of cell-mediated immunity (cytotoxic-mediated)

A

activated and differentiated Th1 cells activate CD8 cytotoxic T-cells and induce their differentiation into cytotoxic T lymphocyte

90
Q

2nd step of hummoral immunity (antibody-mediated)

A

plasmocytes produce antibodies specific for invading the antigen

91
Q

2nd step of cell-mediated immunity (cytotoxic-mediated)

A

cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognize and eliminate any cells displaying the specific antigen presented at their cell surface by MHC class I complex

92
Q

What are antibodies

A

aka immunoglobulin, is a large Y shaped protein that is highly specific and recognizes one epitope

93
Q

Where do antibodies come from

A

-produced by B cells and exist in 2 forms: surface antibodies and soluble antibodies
-one B-cell will produce one specific antibody for one specific epitope

94
Q

Surface antibodies

A

membrane-bound on B-cells, forming part of the B-cell receptor

95
Q

soluble antibodies

A

secreted by B cells and circulate freely in the blood

96
Q

why are antibodies Y shaped

A

they are two heterodimetric proteins that are held together by disulfide bonds

97
Q

Light Chains (2)

A

the light chain is a protein subunit that, as one of a pair, forms part of the main antigen-binding region of an antibody

98
Q

Heavy chains (2)

A

the heavy chain is a protein subunit that makes up the majority of the structure of the antibody. It forms part of the antigen-binding region and forms the Fc region

99
Q

Parts of the antibody

A

2 light chains
2 heavy chains
2 antigen binding regions
1 Fc region

99
Q

Antigen Binding regions (2)

A

-variable and changes from one antibody to another, but remain the same on one antibody
-responsible for the diversity and specificity of immunoglobulins

100
Q

Fc region (1)

A

fragment crystallizable region is constant for every antibody of the same class. it is the part that interacts with immune cell surface receptors, called Fc receptors

101
Q

5 classes of antibodies within serum of the the human body

A

IgG have y-heavy chains
IgM have u-heavy chains
IgA have a-heavy chains
IgE have e-heavy chains
IgD have s-heavy chains

**only important to know that the unique heavy chain is what differentiates between the classes

102
Q

purpose of varyation in heavy chain polypeptides

A

allows each antibody class to function in a different type of immune response or during a different stage of the bodys defence response

103
Q

IgM roles

A

-forms a pentamer (5 Y chains) from IgM monomers when secreted by B cells
-1st antibody to be formed in an immune response
-activates the complement which then amplifies the inflammatory and adaptive immune response

104
Q

IgG roles

A

-monomer when secreted by B cells
-coats oathogens to promote phagocytosis and immune cell recruitment
-only l=class that can cross the placental barrier

105
Q

IgA roles

A

-generally forms a dimer ( double Y chain) from IgA monomers when secreted by B cells
-first line of defense and predominant antibody class located in the bodys mucosal membranes

106
Q

IgE role

A

-monomer when secreted by B cells
-produced in excess during allergic reactions
-has a role in immunity against certain parasites

107
Q

IgD role

A

-monomer when secreted by B cells
-found in large quanitiy on the surfaces of mature b cells
-function or importance is unclear, thought to have a role during B cell develpment

MICR 270 (5 decks)

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