Module 2 - Atoms, Ions and Electronic Structure Flashcards
what are isotopes
atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and different masses
how to find number of neutrons
bottom number (mass number) - top number (atomic number)
define relative isotopic mass
the mass of an atom of a single isotope relative to 1/12th of a carbon 12 atom
define atomic mass
the weighted mean mass of an atom of an element relative to 1/12 of a carbon 12 atom, taking into account isotopic abundances
hydroxide ion
OH-
nitrate ion
NO3 -
sulfate ion
SO4 2-
carbonate ion
CO3 2-
what is an ionic equation
a chemical equation for a reaction that lists only those species participating in the reaction
what splits up when writing an ionic equation
ions in an aqueous solution
what is removed in an ionic equation
elements/ions that don’t change
acid + metal
salt + hydrogen
acid + base
salt + water
acid + metal carbonates
salt + water + carbon dioxide
acid + alkali (metal hydroxide)
salt + water
how many electrons are in the first shell
2
how many electrons are in the 2nd shell
8
how many electrons are in the 3rd shell
18
how many electrons are in the 4th shell
32
what does each sub level consist of
electron orbitals (regions of space in which the electron spends most of its time)
what are orbitals
regions of space around the nucleus that can hold 2 electrons with opposite spin
what is the shape of an s orbital
sphere
what is the shape of a p orbital
dumbbell
what is the number of orbitals in sub level s
1
what are the maximum numbers of electrons in sub level s
2
what is the number of orbitals in sub level p
3
what are the maximum numbers of electrons in sub level p
6
what is the number of orbitals in sub level d
5
what are the maximum numbers of electrons in sub level d
10
what is the pauli exclusion principle
each orbital can hold two electrons with opposite spin
what is hunds rule
within a sublevel, place one electron per orbital before pairing them - empty bus seat rule
pattern of electron configuration
1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d10
4p6
5s2
which elements do not follow the rule of ion electron configuration
-transition metals
-gallium
-krypton
what do atoms that don’t follow the typical ion electron configuration rule do
lose the 4s electrons first then 3d electrons
phosphate ion
PO4 3-
ammonium ion
NH4 +