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659 Midterm 1 > Module 2: Aphasia Defined > Flashcards

Module 2: Aphasia Defined Flashcards

1
Q

murray & clark, aphasia definition

A

a disruption in using and understanding language following neurological injury or disease that is not related to general intellectual decline or sensorimotor deficits; any language modality may be affected, including speaking, listening, writing, and reading

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2
Q

aphasia is a ___-modality language impairment

A

multi

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3
Q

true or false: aphasia is an acquired disorder (+)

A

true; it is not congenital nor due to poor development

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4
Q

the most common cause of aphasia is ___

A

stroke

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5
Q

the primary complaint and most noticeable symptom of aphasia is ___

A

anomia, aka naming difficulties

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6
Q

“can you hand me the… er… remote?”

name the speech symptom

A

anomic pause

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7
Q

“can you hand me the TV?”

name the speech symptom

A

semantic paraphasia

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8
Q

“can you hand me the rebote?”

name the speech symptom

A

phonemic paraphasia

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9
Q

“can you hand me the… other there… the clicker… for the TV?”

name the speech symptom

A

anomic circumlocution

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10
Q

“can you hand me the jazzlepam?”

name the speech symptom

A

neoligism

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11
Q

“griss me the jazzlepam”

name the speech symptom

A

jargon

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12
Q

“you… uh… remote?”

name the speech symptom

A

agrammatism

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13
Q

“fast the jazzleman on the choose”

name the speech symptom

A

paragrammatism (misuse grammar and syntax) / empty speech (reduction-misuse of content words)

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14
Q

true or false: if the patient does not have naming problems, they are considered nonaphasic

A

true

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15
Q

patient has poor repetition (3)

A

broca’s, wernicke’s, conduction

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16
Q

patient has good repetition (3)

A

transcortical motor, transcortical sensory, anomic

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17
Q

nonfluent : effortful, pause-filled halting speech : ___

A

agrammatism / telegraphic speech

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18
Q

patient is fluent (4)

A

wernicke’s, transcortical sensory, conduction, anomic

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19
Q

patient is nonfluent (3)

A

global, broca’s, transcortical motor

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20
Q

fluency : articulatory agility-ease / speech rate :: auditory comprehension : ___

A

discriminating speech sounds, recognizing whole words, accessing-activating meaning of words

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21
Q

patient has poor auditory comprehension (3)

A

global, wernicke’s, transcortical sensory

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22
Q

patient has good auditory comprehension (4)

A

broca’s, transcortical motor, conduction, anomic

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23
Q

alexia : acquired dyslexia : ___

A

reading difficulties

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24
Q

agraphia : acquired dysgraphia : ___

A

writing difficulties

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25
Q

true or false: all patients with aphasia will have some reading impairments

A

true

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26
Q

swinging a bat to trigger the word “baseball” is an example of ___ incorporated into naming treatments

A

gesture

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27
Q

drawing of persons with aphasia ___

A

tend to lack detail

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28
Q

what observation in aphasic patients leverage the argument that they have reduced access?

A

persons with aphasia may not be able to to a language task one day but the next day, they can (their performance is variable)

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29
Q

WAB

A

western aphasia battery

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30
Q

BDAE

A

boston diagnostic aphasia examination

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31
Q

symptoms of the connectionist classification system (4, in order)

A

naming, fluency, auditory comprehension, repetition

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32
Q

patient: poor naming, nonfluent, poor auditory comprehension

A

global: most severe form of aphasia; damage to anterior and posterior language zones; will evolve into another aphasia type

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33
Q

patient: poor naming, nonfluent, good auditory comprehension, poor repetition

A

broca’s: speech is often agramamtic / telegraphic; damage to broca’s area

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34
Q

patient: poor naming, fluent, poor auditory comprehension, poor repetition

A

wernicke’s: errors are usually word substitutions / sound substitutions

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35
Q

patient: poor naming, nonfluent, good auditory comprehension, good repetition

A

transcortical motor: damage to periphery of perisylvian language zone of the frontal lobe

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36
Q

patient: poor naming, fluent, poor auditory comprehension, good repetition

A

transcortical sensory: damage to periphery of perisylvian language zone of the temporal lobe

37
Q

patient: poor naming, fluent, good auditory comprehension, poor repetition

A

conduction: damage to arcuate fasciculus (fibers connecting wernicke’s to broca’s)

38
Q

patient: poor naming, fluent, good auditory comprehension, good repetition

A

anomic: mildest, usually small lesions

39
Q

jackson’s definition of aphasia (8)

A

acquired language and communication disorder; loss / impairment of language skills; due to neurological incident; does not affect intelligence; lifelong, cannot be cured; usually due to stroke; multimodal; can occur with other cognitive impairments

40
Q

RHD

A

right hemisphere disorder

41
Q

which one describes communication after right hemisphere damage:

  1. problems with phonology and lexical-semantics but good pragmatics
  2. poor pragmatics and discourse skills but relatively good phonology and lexical-semantics
A

2; other one describes aphasia

42
Q

what is described by the following:
the right hemisphere is adept at activating the less prototypical or distant semantic attributes / meanings of concepts / words; “rotten” to “apple”

A

course coding hypothesis

43
Q

as in the course coding hypothesis, give central meanings of “apple”

A

red, fruit, tree, juice, pie, green, crisp, tart, sweet

44
Q

as in the course coding hypothesis, give distant associations of “apple”

A

rotten, good, bad, eye, fall, a day, big, cart

45
Q

suppression deficit hypothesis

A

to automatically suppress meanings that are not associated with the context; difficult in RHD persons

46
Q

persons with right hemisphere damage have poor ___

A

pragmatics

47
Q

RHD : deficits in the expression-comprehension of pitch, duration, loudness, pause time, and emotion : ___

A

aprosodia

48
Q

although both hemispheres play a role in prosody, the ___ hemisphere is dominant for interpreting the meaning, intent, or significance of emotional prosody

A

right

49
Q

___ prosody : signals intent or creates emphasis :: emotional prosody : conveys emotion

A

linguistic

50
Q

the main communication difficulties of persons with right hemisphere damage is NOT due to primary language problems (word finding, auditory comprehension, etc.), but due to ___

A

interpreting the messages of others and maintaining a conversational topic

51
Q

anosognosia

A

problems with deficit awareness; impaired awareness of deficits and / or reduced insight into how those deficits affect daily functioning

52
Q

___ problems : most common after RHD :: memory problems : next common after RHD

A

attention

53
Q

neglect syndrome : decreased ability to detect, orient toward, or respond to stimuli on the side of space opposite to the lesion : ___ (if RHD)

A

left neglect (if RHD)

54
Q

barriers of anosognosia (3)

A

poor deficit awareness; left neglect (common); poor motivation / adherence to rehabilitation

55
Q

___ problems are likely to be seen in RHD patients where damage is in the right frontal lobe

A

executive function

56
Q

TBI

A

traumatic brain injury

57
Q

in traumatic brain injury, cognitive-lingustic impairments will vary depending on the ___

A

stage of recovery

58
Q

list the TBI stages of recovery (in order)

A

period of impaired consciousness; post-traumatic amnesia / phase of severe confusion-disorientation; rapid recovery phase (3 - 6 months); long-term plateau recovery phase (recovery is gradual)

59
Q

coma : unresponsive to internal-external stimuli :: vegetative state : open eyes but does not demonstrate voluntary behavior :: ___ : alert but with significant cognitive impairments

A

post-traumatic amnesia

60
Q

GCS

A

glaslow coma scale

61
Q

the glaslow coma scale measures ___ (3)

A

eye, verbal, motor (responsiveness)

62
Q

minimum glaslow score : ___ :: maximum glaslow score : 15

A

3

63
Q

what range on the glaslow coma scale indicates a person who is in coma?

A

3 - 8

64
Q

a coma lasting less than one day is associated with ___ recovery; a coma lasting more than three weeks is associated with ___

A

good; severe disability

65
Q

rancho los amigo scale : LCFS : ___

A

level of cognitive functioning scale

66
Q

open head injury : contents (brain) of fractured skull are visible :: closed head injury : ___

A

skull is not penetrated, brain is not exposed

67
Q

primary damage : damage via external-mechanical forces :: secondary damage : ___

A

edema (increased inter cranial pressure) and infections

68
Q

true or false: in post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), attention problems are often severe (+)

A

true; impaired alertness and orienting to stimuli can be observed in PTA patients

69
Q

true or false: severity of attention problems correlates with severity of patients’ TBI (+)

A

true; someone with mild TBI may be able to execute some types of attention, but eventually fatigue

70
Q

retrograde amnesia : loss of longterm memories created before injury :: ___ : ability to form new memories after injury

A

anterograde amnesia

71
Q

which one do patients with TBI have more difficulty: executive-mental operations OR buffer-retention

A

executive-mental operations

72
Q

rehearsal, semantic clustering, and chunking are all examples of ___

A

encoding strategies

73
Q

describe the relationship between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the frontal lobe (2)

A

due to the nature of TBIs, the frontal lobes are often damaged; executive functioning problems are common because the frontal lobe plays a primary role in executive functioning

74
Q

the frontal lobe is damaged. what problems may persist?

A

if executive functioning: disinhibition, anosognosia (poor deficit awareness); concrete-inflexible problem solving / reasoning; poor initiation, poor planning, poor attention, poor memory

75
Q

intellectual awareness : knowing you have a problem :: : ___ awareness : knowing a problem is occurring in real-time :: predictive-anticipatory awareness : knowing you’ll have difficulty with an upcoming task

A

online

76
Q

true or false: severity of awareness issues correlates with severity of patients’ TBI (+)

A

true; if patient is more severe, will likely have issues with all kinds of awareness

77
Q

what can be inferred from a patient with diffuse damage after traumatic brain injury

A

communication difficulties (due to affected left-hem language processing regions) will be secondary to cognitive processes (attention, memory, executive functioning); there is a COMBINATION of linguistic and cognitive-linguistic communication problems

78
Q

true or false: communication difficulties in TBI are at the discourse and pragmatic level and their communication difficulties resemble difficulties seen in patients with RHD

A

true

79
Q

two facts about anomia and traumatic brain injury (2)

A

seen more in persons with TBI than in persons with aphasia; the complaint is slow activation of words rather than inability to think of a word

80
Q

discourse and pragmatic difficulties in persons with traumatic brain injury (6)

A

poor topic management; poor turn-taking; poor referencing; poor discourse informativeness; poor story sequencing; difficulty processing nonliteral / implied content

81
Q

dementia definition

A

cognitive, communication, and behavioral changes occurring in the context of a progressive medical-neurological condition; commonly affecting memory, visual-spatial, language, attention, and executive functioning

82
Q

true or false: the term dementia is given once the persons’ cognitive decline significantly impairs their social and occupational functioning (+)

A

true; if they have cognitive impairment with age but can still function pretty well, they are termed with mild cognitive impairment and will eventually develop dementia

83
Q

cortical dementias : ___ and ___ :: subcortical dementias : ___ and ___

A

alzheimer’s and pick’s disease; parkinson’s and huntington’s

84
Q

symptom categories in persons with dementia (5)

A

perceptual problems; attention problems; mere problems; executive functioning problems; communication problems

85
Q

define the following perceptual problems in persons with dementia: prosopagnosia; achromatopsia; auditory agnosia

A

prosopagnosia (poor facial recognition); achromatopsia (poor color perception); auditory agnosia (poor sound recognition)

86
Q

true or false: attention problems are the first symptoms of the onset of dementia

A

true

87
Q

true or false: in the end stage of dementia, all forms of memory are impaired

A

true

88
Q

what type of dementia has the most pronounced executive functioning problems?

A

frontotemporal demetia

659 Midterm 1 (3 decks)

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