Module 2 - Anatomy + Movement Assessment (- slide 38) Flashcards
Sagittal plane
Directly through midline
Coronal (frontal) plane
Anterior and posterior halves
Horizontal/transverse plane
Horizontal/flat, superior and inferior halves
Neutral position
Like anatomical but w/ pronated forearms
Describing movement
Anatomical positions are described relative to another point, frame of reference needed
Anterior
Nearer to front (toes are anterior to ankle)
Posterior
Neared to back (the heel is posterior to toes)
Medial
- Nearer to median plain (midline)
- The 5th digit is on the medial side of the hand
- Applies to limbs
Lateral
- Further from median plane (midline)
- The 1st digit is on the lateral side of the hand
- Applies to limbs
Inferior
- Nearer to feet
- The stomach is inferior to the heart
- Applies to trunk, head, neck
Superior
- Nearer to head
- The heart is superior to the stomach
- Applies to trunk, head, neck
Proximal
Nearer to trunk/point of origin (the elbow is proximal to the wrist)
Distal
Farther from trunk/point of origin (the wrist is distal to the elbow)
Flexion
- Decreasing the angle b/w bones/segments of the body (e.g. decreasing joint angle)
- Sagittal plane
- Shoulder, hip, elbow, knee
- When stopped during movement –> flexED position
Extension
- Increasing the angle b/w bones/segments of the body (e.g. increasing joint angle)
- Sagittal plane
- Shoulder, hip, elbow, knee
- When moving towards/past anatomical position –> extending
Adduction
- Moving towards midline
- Coronal (frontal) plane
- Shoulder, hip
- Static: -ed ending
Abduction
- Moving away from midline
- Coronal (frontal) plane
- Shoulder, hip
Internal rotation
- Moving anterior surface of a limb closer to midline while rotating around a long axis
- Horizontal/transverse plane
- Shoulder, hip
External rotation
- Moving anterior surface of a limb away from midline while rotating around a long axis
- Horizontal/transverse plane
- Shoulder, hip
Circumduction
- Circular movement incorporating flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in a smooth circular motion
- Sagittal + coronal (frontal) plane
- Shoulder, hip
Plantar flexion
- Sole of foot (plantar surface) points posteriorly (pointing toes)
- Only in ankle joint
- Sagittal plane
Dorsiflexion
- Top of foot (dorsum/dorsal surface) points posteriorly
- Only in ankle joint
- Sagittal plane
Inversion
- Sole of foot points towards midline/inwards, towards other foot
- Only in ankle joint
- INversion “points IN”
- Frontal plane
Eversion
- Sole of foot points away from midline/outwards
- Only in ankle joint
- Frontal plane
Supination
- Palms facing anteriorly, as in anatomical position
- Forearm is supinated when holding a bowl of “soup” in your hands
Pronation
- Palms facing posteriorly with rest of the body in anatomical position
- Forearm is pronated when typing on a keyboard
- Forearms somewhat pronated in neutral position
Opposition
Motion of thumb to touch any other finger
Reposition
Motion of thumb moving back to anatomical position from opposition
Protraction
- Movement of scapula way from midline of the body, as it shifts across the rib cage
- “Slouch”, reach arms forward
Retraction
- Movement of scapula towards midline of the body, as it shifts across the rib cage
- “Straightening posture”, pushing “shoulder blades” together
Morphology
Dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms + specific structures (e.g. bones, muscles, organs)
Anatomy
Study of the morphology of the body
Ball and socket joint
- Rounded head fits into a concavity, permitting movement on several axes
- Multiaxial
- Hip joint
Hinge joint
- Permit flexion + extension only
- Uniaxial
- Elbow joint
Saddle joint
- Saddle-shaped heads permit movement in 2 different planes
- Biaxial
- Carpometacarpal joint (between wrist and hand)
Upper limb bones
Scapula, humerus, radius, ulna
Lower limb bones
Pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula
Upper limb muscles
- Deltoid (anterior, lateral, posterior)
- Pectoralis major
- Biceps brachii (short and long head)
- Triceps brachii
Lower limb muscles
- Gluteus maximus
- Gluteus medius
- Quadriceps: rectus femoris, vastus (lateralis, intermedius, medialis)
- Hamstrings: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris (long + short heads)
- Tibialis anterior
- Gastrocnemius (medial + lateral heads)
- Soleus
Appendicular skeleton
Upper + lower extremities, including shoulder girdle + pelvis
Muscle function
- What joint motion + body segment does a specific muscle influence
- Determine if muscle is likely to be involved in a specific movement/phase of movement
- Describe type of contraction
- If a muscle crosses a joint, it will influence that joint (create movement)
Isometric contraction
- Contraction where overall length of muscle does not change + joint angle does not change
- Requires force
- e.g. wall sit
- Iso –> constant
Isotonic contraction
- Contraction performed at a constant tension/level of force production
- Tonic –> tension
- e.g. lifting dumbells
Isokinetic contraction
- Contraction performed at a constant velocity
- Kinetic –> velocity
- e.g. riding stationary bike
Concentric contraction
- Contraction where muscle produces a force that exceeds the load (demand) + the muscle SHORTENS
- Load –> gravity + mass of limb + object
- “Against gravity”
- Same muscle as eccentric (force changes)
- e.g. calf raise (standing on toes)
Eccentric contraction
- Contraction where muscle produces a force that does not exceed the load + the muscle LENGHTENS
- Controlled
- Opposite of main movement of muscle
- “w/ gravity”
- Same muscle as concentric (force changes)
- e.g. returning to standing from calf raise
Uniarticulate muscle
Muscle that crosses 1 joint
Biarticulate muscle
Muscle that crosses 2 joints
Biceps brachii
- Primary movement: supinate forearm; flex elbow
- Secondary movement: flex shoulder
- Biarticulate
Triceps brachii
- Primary movement: extend elbow
- Secondary movement: extend shoulder
- Biarticulate
Deltoid
- Has anterior, lateral, and posterior fibres
- Primary movement: shoulder abduction, flexion, extension
- Uniarticulate
Pectoralis major
- Primary movements: horizontal flexion of humerus (pulls humerus towards midline in horizontal plane)
- Uniarticulate
Quadriceps muscles
- Vastus lateralis, intermedius, medialis (uniarticulate)
- Rectus femoris (biarticulate)
- Primary movement: knee extension
- Secondary movement: hip flexion (rectus femoris)
Hamstring muscles
- Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris long head –> biarticulate
- Biceps femoris short head –> uniarticulate
- Knee flexion; hip extension
Tibialis anterior (TBA)
- Uniarticulate
- Dorsiflexion (concentric)
Gastrocnemius
- Medial + lateral heads
- Biarticulate
- Primary movement: plantarflexion
- Secondary movement: knee flexion
Soleus
- Uniarticulate
- Plantarflexion (eccentric)
Phylogenetics
Study of evolutionary development + relationships among individuals/groups of organisms (e.g. species)
Phenotype
Characteristics such as morphology, physiology, + behaviour. Can be influenced by both genotype + circumstances/environment in which you have lived your life
Genotype
Complete heritable genetic make-up (specific genes/entire genome)
Genetics
Study of heredity, how characteristics are passed from one generation to the next relying on DNA (substance that comprises genes). Involves study of specific and limited numbers of genes, or part of genes, that have a known function
Phylogenetic determinants of human form
- Bipedalism (foot over foot) –> walking on 2 legs in an energy efficient manner
- Cranium size, larger head to body size ratio
- Thumb opposition
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
- Discovered in 2001
- 6-7 million years old
- Using fossil records
‘Ardi’ (Ardipithecus ramidus)
- Found 1990s
- 4.4 million years old
- Can piece together what species looked like
‘Lucy’ (Australopithecus afarensis)
- Found 1974
- 3.2 million years old
- Not just 1 Lucy, several hundred fossil samples uncovered
- One of most intact pelvis structures discovered
Laetoli footprints
- Found 1978
- 3.8 to 3.6 million years ago
- Though to be footprints of a. afarensis (Lucy) + child footprints
Changes in pelvis that contribute to bipedalism (from Chimpanzee to Homo sapien)
Homo sapien (bipeds):
- Wider, bowl shaped, rounder pelvis
- Iliac crest moved laterally
- Stronger, more robust sacrum (to support weight in bipedalism)
Chimpanzee (quadrapeds):
- Vertical shaped, more narrow pelvis
- Iliac crest in frontal plane
- Smaller, more vertical sacrum
Differences in skulls of bipeds vs quadrapeds
Bipeds: mass of skull is better supported, less ridges in bone, muscles are weaker (don’t need to be as strong to support weight)
Quadrapeds: muscles pull head back against gravity, more ridges in skill, stronger muscles in that area
Gluteus maximus
- Concentric + eccentric contractions in squat
- Hip extensor
Gluteus medius
- Allows energy efficient walking
- Attached to iliac crest (originates from) + femur (greater trochanter)
- Hip abductor
- When walking, keeps pelvis stable + in its plane, relatively constant position
Key skeletal differences/similarities of human form
- Skull: spine connection beneath skull to keep head steady, less ridges where muscles attach, foramen magnum (where spinal chord leaves cranium) moved anteriorly from posterior aspect
- Pelvis: robust + broad-shaped pelvis to support upper body + hold it upright
- Femur: aligned thigh bones that place weight over knees
- Foot/ankle: 1st digit no longer meant for grasping –> now for propulsion (now inline), when walking (bipedal) –> heel strike: 1st digit –> push off: 1st digit (more weight transfer + impact, bones adapted, more robust)
