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KIN 104 > Module 2 - Anatomy + Movement Assessment (- slide 38) > Flashcards

Module 2 - Anatomy + Movement Assessment (- slide 38) Flashcards

1
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Directly through midline

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2
Q

Coronal (frontal) plane

A

Anterior and posterior halves

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3
Q

Horizontal/transverse plane

A

Horizontal/flat, superior and inferior halves

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4
Q

Neutral position

A

Like anatomical but w/ pronated forearms

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5
Q

Describing movement

A

Anatomical positions are described relative to another point, frame of reference needed

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6
Q

Anterior

A

Nearer to front (toes are anterior to ankle)

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7
Q

Posterior

A

Neared to back (the heel is posterior to toes)

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8
Q

Medial

A
  • Nearer to median plain (midline)
  • The 5th digit is on the medial side of the hand
  • Applies to limbs
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9
Q

Lateral

A
  • Further from median plane (midline)
  • The 1st digit is on the lateral side of the hand
  • Applies to limbs
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10
Q

Inferior

A
  • Nearer to feet
  • The stomach is inferior to the heart
  • Applies to trunk, head, neck
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11
Q

Superior

A
  • Nearer to head
  • The heart is superior to the stomach
  • Applies to trunk, head, neck
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12
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to trunk/point of origin (the elbow is proximal to the wrist)

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13
Q

Distal

A

Farther from trunk/point of origin (the wrist is distal to the elbow)

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14
Q

Flexion

A
  • Decreasing the angle b/w bones/segments of the body (e.g. decreasing joint angle)
  • Sagittal plane
  • Shoulder, hip, elbow, knee
  • When stopped during movement –> flexED position
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15
Q

Extension

A
  • Increasing the angle b/w bones/segments of the body (e.g. increasing joint angle)
  • Sagittal plane
  • Shoulder, hip, elbow, knee
  • When moving towards/past anatomical position –> extending
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16
Q

Adduction

A
  • Moving towards midline
  • Coronal (frontal) plane
  • Shoulder, hip
  • Static: -ed ending
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17
Q

Abduction

A
  • Moving away from midline
  • Coronal (frontal) plane
  • Shoulder, hip
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18
Q

Internal rotation

A
  • Moving anterior surface of a limb closer to midline while rotating around a long axis
  • Horizontal/transverse plane
  • Shoulder, hip
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19
Q

External rotation

A
  • Moving anterior surface of a limb away from midline while rotating around a long axis
  • Horizontal/transverse plane
  • Shoulder, hip
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20
Q

Circumduction

A
  • Circular movement incorporating flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in a smooth circular motion
  • Sagittal + coronal (frontal) plane
  • Shoulder, hip
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21
Q

Plantar flexion

A
  • Sole of foot (plantar surface) points posteriorly (pointing toes)
  • Only in ankle joint
  • Sagittal plane
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22
Q

Dorsiflexion

A
  • Top of foot (dorsum/dorsal surface) points posteriorly
  • Only in ankle joint
  • Sagittal plane
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23
Q

Inversion

A
  • Sole of foot points towards midline/inwards, towards other foot
  • Only in ankle joint
  • INversion “points IN”
  • Frontal plane
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24
Q

Eversion

A
  • Sole of foot points away from midline/outwards
  • Only in ankle joint
  • Frontal plane
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25
Q

Supination

A
  • Palms facing anteriorly, as in anatomical position
  • Forearm is supinated when holding a bowl of “soup” in your hands
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26
Q

Pronation

A
  • Palms facing posteriorly with rest of the body in anatomical position
  • Forearm is pronated when typing on a keyboard
  • Forearms somewhat pronated in neutral position
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27
Q

Opposition

A

Motion of thumb to touch any other finger

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28
Q

Reposition

A

Motion of thumb moving back to anatomical position from opposition

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29
Q

Protraction

A
  • Movement of scapula way from midline of the body, as it shifts across the rib cage
  • “Slouch”, reach arms forward
30
Q

Retraction

A
  • Movement of scapula towards midline of the body, as it shifts across the rib cage
  • “Straightening posture”, pushing “shoulder blades” together
31
Q

Morphology

A

Dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms + specific structures (e.g. bones, muscles, organs)

32
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the morphology of the body

33
Q

Ball and socket joint

A
  • Rounded head fits into a concavity, permitting movement on several axes
  • Multiaxial
  • Hip joint
34
Q

Hinge joint

A
  • Permit flexion + extension only
  • Uniaxial
  • Elbow joint
35
Q

Saddle joint

A
  • Saddle-shaped heads permit movement in 2 different planes
  • Biaxial
  • Carpometacarpal joint (between wrist and hand)
36
Q

Upper limb bones

A

Scapula, humerus, radius, ulna

37
Q

Lower limb bones

A

Pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula

38
Q

Upper limb muscles

A
  • Deltoid (anterior, lateral, posterior)
  • Pectoralis major
  • Biceps brachii (short and long head)
  • Triceps brachii
39
Q

Lower limb muscles

A
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Gluteus medius
  • Quadriceps: rectus femoris, vastus (lateralis, intermedius, medialis)
  • Hamstrings: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris (long + short heads)
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Gastrocnemius (medial + lateral heads)
  • Soleus
40
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Upper + lower extremities, including shoulder girdle + pelvis

41
Q

Muscle function

A
  • What joint motion + body segment does a specific muscle influence
  • Determine if muscle is likely to be involved in a specific movement/phase of movement
  • Describe type of contraction
  • If a muscle crosses a joint, it will influence that joint (create movement)
42
Q

Isometric contraction

A
  • Contraction where overall length of muscle does not change + joint angle does not change
  • Requires force
  • e.g. wall sit
  • Iso –> constant
43
Q

Isotonic contraction

A
  • Contraction performed at a constant tension/level of force production
  • Tonic –> tension
  • e.g. lifting dumbells
44
Q

Isokinetic contraction

A
  • Contraction performed at a constant velocity
  • Kinetic –> velocity
  • e.g. riding stationary bike
45
Q

Concentric contraction

A
  • Contraction where muscle produces a force that exceeds the load (demand) + the muscle SHORTENS
  • Load –> gravity + mass of limb + object
  • “Against gravity”
  • Same muscle as eccentric (force changes)
  • e.g. calf raise (standing on toes)
46
Q

Eccentric contraction

A
  • Contraction where muscle produces a force that does not exceed the load + the muscle LENGHTENS
  • Controlled
  • Opposite of main movement of muscle
  • “w/ gravity”
  • Same muscle as concentric (force changes)
  • e.g. returning to standing from calf raise
47
Q

Uniarticulate muscle

A

Muscle that crosses 1 joint

48
Q

Biarticulate muscle

A

Muscle that crosses 2 joints

49
Q

Biceps brachii

A
  • Primary movement: supinate forearm; flex elbow
  • Secondary movement: flex shoulder
  • Biarticulate
50
Q

Triceps brachii

A
  • Primary movement: extend elbow
  • Secondary movement: extend shoulder
  • Biarticulate
51
Q

Deltoid

A
  • Has anterior, lateral, and posterior fibres
  • Primary movement: shoulder abduction, flexion, extension
  • Uniarticulate
52
Q

Pectoralis major

A
  • Primary movements: horizontal flexion of humerus (pulls humerus towards midline in horizontal plane)
  • Uniarticulate
53
Q

Quadriceps muscles

A
  • Vastus lateralis, intermedius, medialis (uniarticulate)
  • Rectus femoris (biarticulate)
  • Primary movement: knee extension
  • Secondary movement: hip flexion (rectus femoris)
54
Q

Hamstring muscles

A
  • Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris long head –> biarticulate
  • Biceps femoris short head –> uniarticulate
  • Knee flexion; hip extension
55
Q

Tibialis anterior (TBA)

A
  • Uniarticulate
  • Dorsiflexion (concentric)
56
Q

Gastrocnemius

A
  • Medial + lateral heads
  • Biarticulate
  • Primary movement: plantarflexion
  • Secondary movement: knee flexion
57
Q

Soleus

A
  • Uniarticulate
  • Plantarflexion (eccentric)
58
Q

Phylogenetics

A

Study of evolutionary development + relationships among individuals/groups of organisms (e.g. species)

59
Q

Phenotype

A

Characteristics such as morphology, physiology, + behaviour. Can be influenced by both genotype + circumstances/environment in which you have lived your life

60
Q

Genotype

A

Complete heritable genetic make-up (specific genes/entire genome)

61
Q

Genetics

A

Study of heredity, how characteristics are passed from one generation to the next relying on DNA (substance that comprises genes). Involves study of specific and limited numbers of genes, or part of genes, that have a known function

62
Q

Phylogenetic determinants of human form

A
  • Bipedalism (foot over foot) –> walking on 2 legs in an energy efficient manner
  • Cranium size, larger head to body size ratio
  • Thumb opposition
63
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

A
  • Discovered in 2001
  • 6-7 million years old
  • Using fossil records
64
Q

‘Ardi’ (Ardipithecus ramidus)

A
  • Found 1990s
  • 4.4 million years old
  • Can piece together what species looked like
65
Q

‘Lucy’ (Australopithecus afarensis)

A
  • Found 1974
  • 3.2 million years old
  • Not just 1 Lucy, several hundred fossil samples uncovered
  • One of most intact pelvis structures discovered
66
Q

Laetoli footprints

A
  • Found 1978
  • 3.8 to 3.6 million years ago
  • Though to be footprints of a. afarensis (Lucy) + child footprints
67
Q

Changes in pelvis that contribute to bipedalism (from Chimpanzee to Homo sapien)

A

Homo sapien (bipeds):
- Wider, bowl shaped, rounder pelvis
- Iliac crest moved laterally
- Stronger, more robust sacrum (to support weight in bipedalism)

Chimpanzee (quadrapeds):
- Vertical shaped, more narrow pelvis
- Iliac crest in frontal plane
- Smaller, more vertical sacrum

68
Q

Differences in skulls of bipeds vs quadrapeds

A

Bipeds: mass of skull is better supported, less ridges in bone, muscles are weaker (don’t need to be as strong to support weight)

Quadrapeds: muscles pull head back against gravity, more ridges in skill, stronger muscles in that area

69
Q

Gluteus maximus

A
  • Concentric + eccentric contractions in squat
  • Hip extensor
70
Q

Gluteus medius

A
  • Allows energy efficient walking
  • Attached to iliac crest (originates from) + femur (greater trochanter)
  • Hip abductor
  • When walking, keeps pelvis stable + in its plane, relatively constant position
71
Q

Key skeletal differences/similarities of human form

A
  • Skull: spine connection beneath skull to keep head steady, less ridges where muscles attach, foramen magnum (where spinal chord leaves cranium) moved anteriorly from posterior aspect
  • Pelvis: robust + broad-shaped pelvis to support upper body + hold it upright
  • Femur: aligned thigh bones that place weight over knees
  • Foot/ankle: 1st digit no longer meant for grasping –> now for propulsion (now inline), when walking (bipedal) –> heel strike: 1st digit –> push off: 1st digit (more weight transfer + impact, bones adapted, more robust)

KIN 104 (4 decks)

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