Module 2 - Anatomy

Question 1

ionic bond

Answer 1

attraction between oppositely charged ions: cation (+) and anion (-)

Question 2

covalent

Answer 2

the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms
1) non-polar: electrons equally shared
2) polar: electrons shared unequally

Question 3

hydrogen bonds

Answer 3

attraction between partially positively charged hydrogen atoms and partially negatively charged electronegative atoms

Question 4

macromolecules

Answer 4

1) carbohydrates
2) proteins
3) lipids
4) nucleic acids

Question 5

Macromolecules

Answer 5

• they are all organic
• mostly CHO atoms
• High carbon content

Question 6

why carbon?

Answer 6

• common
• 4 valence electrons
• bonds to other carbons to form complex backbones
• forms covalent bonds

Question 7

reactions to make and break polymers

Answer 7

1) dehydration synthesis/condensation
2) hydrolysis

Question 8

dehydration synthesis/condensation

Answer 8

1+1=2
product: water + polymer

Question 9

hydrolysis

Answer 9

2=1+1
reactant: water + polymer

Question 10

carbohydrates: function

Answer 10

• carbohydrates are a quickly mobilized source of energy
• all digested carbohydrates converted to glucose
• oxidized to make ATP
• carbohydrates are often conjugated with:
  1) lipids -> glycolipids
  2) proteins -> glycoproteins
• proteoglycans are more carbohydrate than protein
  1) gels that hold cells and tissues together; fill the umbilical cord and eye
  2) joint lubrication: responsible for the rubbery texture of cartilage

Question 11

Phospholipids

Answer 11

Amphipathic
- hydrophilic heads
- hydrophobic tail

Question 12

eicosanoids

Answer 12

• function primarily as chemical signals between cells (cellular communication)
• prostaglandins: inflammation, pain, blood clotting

Question 13

steroids

Answer 13

• lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains 4 fused rings
• cholesterol = 4 ring parent steroid
  1) importance structural component of cellular membranes
  2) starting material for making steroid hormones (communication): cortisol, testosterone, estrogen

Question 14

amino acid

Answer 14

central carbon bonding with
1) an amino group
2) a carboxyl group
3) a hydrogen atom
4) a functional group R
classified as:
- hydrophilic
- hydrophobic

Question 15

dipeptide

Answer 15

proteins are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Question 16

polypeptide

Answer 16

peptides are names for the number of amino acids they contain:
- dipeptides (2 amino acids)
- tripeptides (3 amino acids)
- oligopeptides (btwn 3 and 15 amino acids)
- polypeptides btwn 15 and 50 amino acids)
- proteins (more than 50 amino acids)

Question 17

primary structure

Answer 17

• the unique linear sequence of amino acid that determines all other levels of structure
• results from the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

Question 18

Secondary structure

Answer 18

• the two dimensional shape: the coiling (alpha helix) or folding (beta-pleated sheet) of the polypeptide
• results from the formation of hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

Question 19

Tertiary structure

Answer 19

• the three-dimensional shape
• results from interactions between the R groups of the various amino acids (disulfide bridges)

Question 20

Quaternary structure

Answer 20

• the association of 2 or more polypeptide chains
• results from ionic bonds and hydrophobic interactions

Question 21

enzymes

Answer 21

• proteins
• biological catalysts
• lower activation energy of reactions
• increase the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction (neither reactants nor products)
• highly specific

Question 22

enzyme proteins

Answer 22

serve as metabolic catalysts and regulate chemicals

Question 23

structural proteins

Answer 23

provide associations between body parts

Question 24

contractile proteins

Answer 24

are found within muscles

Question 25

defensive proteins

Answer 25

include antibodies of the immune system

Question 26

signal proteins

Answer 26

best exemplified by hormones and other chemical messengers

Question 27

receptor proteins

Answer 27

transmit signals into cells

Question 28

transport proteins

Answer 28

carry oxygen

Question 29

storage proteins

Answer 29

serve as a source of amino acids for developing embryos

Question 30

nucleotides

Answer 30

1) five-carbon sugar
2) phosphate group
3) nitrogenous base

Question 31

DNA

Answer 31

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

Question 32

RNA

Answer 32

Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Uracil (U)

Question 33

Adenosine Triphosphate

Answer 33

Consists of
- the nitrogenous base adenine
- the five-carbon sugar ribose
- three phosphate groups
Holds energy in covalent bonds
- second and third phosphate groups have high energy bonds
- most energy transfers to and from ATP involve adding or removing the third phosphate group
The body’s most important energy transfer molecule
- stores energy gained from exergonic reactions
- releases it within seconds for physiological work

Question 34

ATP drives cellular work

Answer 34

• by coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions
• in the ATP cycle, energy released in an exergonic reaction, such as the breakdown of glucose, is used in an endergonic reaction to generate ATP

Question 35

ATP powers cellular work

Answer 35

1) chemical
2) mechanical
3) transport