Module 1 - Anatomy Flashcards
Macroscopic/ Gross
- systemic anatomy
- regional anatomy
- surface anatomy
Microscopic
Cytology: study of cells
Histology: study of tissues
palpation
touching
Auscultation
listening
Percussion
tapping, feeling, and listening
Systems of protection, support, and movement
integumentary, skeletal, muscular
Systems of internal communication and control
nervous and endocrine systems
systems of fluid transport
circulatory and lymphatic systems
systems of intake and output
digestive, urinary, and respiratory systems
systems of reproduction
reproductive system
Levels of Human Structure
- atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
major themes of A&P
1) structure/function
2) energy
3) gradients
4) information flow
5) homeostasis
what is the energy currency of the cell?
ATP
ATP
- provides energy for metabolic reactions
- gained from nutrients via cellular respiration (carbohydrates, proteins, fats)
- energy is released from chemical bonds (nutrient bonds are broken to make ATP, ATP bonds are broken to power other reactions)
Gradients
Difference in concentration between two points
Transport
Movement is typically from high to low concentrations
types of gradients
1) pressure gradients
2) electrical gradients
3) concentration gradients
4) thermal/temperature gradients
homeostasis
- maintaining a stable internal environment despite continuous external changes
homeostasis is a DYNAMIC equilibrium
- internal changes within narrow, controlled limits
- fluctuations around a set point
- requires continuous monitoring and regulation by body systems
negative feedback
- a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it
examples: blood pressure, blood glucose levels, hunger, extracellular fluid levels
positive feedback
- a system that, as a response to a stimulus changing a variable from a setpoint, causes a greater deviation from the setpoint
- the response enhances or intensifies the original stimulus (self-amplifying)
- usually leads away from homeostasis
examples:
1) breastfeeding: nursing increases milk production
2) labor and delivery: uterine contractions during childbirth
3) blood coagulation: platelet plug formation in blood clotting
