Module 2

Question 1

Define Gross Motor Skills

Answer 1

Gross motor skills are physical movements that require the use of arms, legs, and torso. They involve activities such as hopping, jumping, and running.

Question 2

Define Fine Motor Skills

Answer 2

Fine motor skills are physical movements that require the use of the arms and fingers to perform actions such as picking up small objects or writing and drawing.

Question 3

Define Egocentrism

Answer 3

Egocentrism is the inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective or point of view.

Question 4

Define Animism

Answer 4

Animism is the belief that inanimate objects have life-like qualities and are capable of action.

Question 5

Define Conservation

Answer 5

Conservation is the awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties.

Question 6

Define Centration

Answer 6

Centration is the centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others. It is the belief that more is more in terms of amount rather than value.

Question 7

Define Zone of proximal development

Answer 7

Zone of proximal development is Vygotsky’s term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but that can be learned with guidance and assistance of adults or more skilled children.

Question 8

How does Vygotzky differ from Piaget in terms of what they believe influences cognitive development?

Answer 8

Vygotsky differs from Piaget in that Vygotsky possessed a social constructivist approach and emphasized the social context of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction.

Question 9

What is private speech?

Answer 9

Private speech is language as a means of self-regulation.

Question 10

Describe Early childhood memory and susceptibility.

Answer 10

Children at this age are suggestible not just about peripheral details but also about the central aspects of an event which can lead to distortions.

Question 11

What is Erikson’s stage in early childhood?

Answer 11

Erikson’s stage in early childhood is initiative versus guilt.

Question 12

How would a 3 to 5 year old describe him or herself?

Answer 12

A 3 to 5 year old would most likely describe him or herself mashed on material characteristics such size, shape, or color.

Question 13

Why do self-conscious emotions appear until after age 2?

Answer 13

Because for a child to experience self-conscious emotions they must first be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others.

Question 14

Describe emotion-coaching parents

Answer 14

Emotion-coaching parents monitor their children’s emotions, and view their children’s negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assisting them in labeling emotions, and coaching them in how to deal effectively with emotions.

Question 15

Describe emotion-dismissing parents

Answer 15

Emotion-dismissing parents view their role as deny, ignore, or change negative emotions.

Question 16

Why is learning to control emotions important for children?

Answer 16

Because it leads to the success of a child’s ability to form peer relationships.

Question 17

Define Moral Development

Answer 17

Moral development is the development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people.

Question 18

Describe Herternomous Morality

Answer 18

Heteronomous morality involves how children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. Children judge the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor.

Question 19

Define Autonomous Morality

Answer 19

Autonomous morality is the awareness that rules and laws are created by people.

Question 20

Define Immanent Justice

Answer 20

Immanent justice is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately.

Question 21

When talking about morality, what does Piaget focus on and what do the behaviorists focus on?

Answer 21

Piaget focuses on moral reasoning and how moral issues are stimulated while behaviorists focus on moral behavior which involve processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation.

Question 22

What are the 4 types of parenting styles?

Answer 22

1. Authoritarian parenting
2. Authoritative parenting
3. Neglectful parenting
4. Indulgent parenting

Question 23

Describe the Authoritarian Parenting Style

Answer 23

Authoritarian parenting involves a restrictive, punitive style which demands obedience and respect.

Question 24

Describe the Authoritative Parenting Style

Answer 24

Authoritative parenting style encourages independence but still places limits and controls

Question 25

Describe the Neglectful Parenting Style

Answer 25

Neglectful parenting involves a parent being very uninvolved in the child’s life.

Question 26

Describe the Indulgent Parenting Style

Answer 26

Indulgent parenting involves a parent being highly involved with the child but places few demands or controls.

Question 27

What does a child get from his peers (function of peers)?

Answer 27

Children receive feedback about their abilities from their peers.

Question 28

What do Freud and Erikson say about play?

Answer 28

They believe that play is a way for children to work out their frustrations and to analyze their conflicts and provides a way to cope with them.

Question 29

What do Piaget and Vygotsky say about play?

Answer 29

They believe that play is a means by which children develop their cognitive skills.

Question 30

What are the overall effects of television on development?

Answer 30

Television is not distinctly neither good nor bad yet it can have negative influences depending on the time spent watching it or its content.

Question 31

What is the main gender difference in learning disabilities?

Answer 31

Three times as many boys than girls are classified with learning disabilities.

Question 32

What is dyslexia?

Answer 32

Dyslexia is a category of individuals who have a severe impairment in their ability to read and spell.

Question 33

What distinguishes a Learning disability and ADHD?

Answer 33

The distinction between learning disabilities and ADHD is that children with ADHD experience hyperactivity.

Question 34

What is autistic disorder?

Answer 34

Autistic disorder is a severe developmental autism disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life. It is characterized by deficiencies in social relationships; abnormalities in communication; and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior.

Question 35

Concrete Operational Stage- ages and characteristics.

Answer 35

The Concrete Operational Stage lasts from approximately 7 to 11 years of age. During this stage, children can perform concrete operations and they can reason logically when it can be applied to specific or concrete examples.

Question 36

Define Classification

Answer 36

Classification is the ability to divide things into different sets or subsets and consider their interrelationships.

Question 37

Define Serration

Answer 37

Seriation is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension such as length.

Question 38

What type of memory develops more in early childhood and what type develops in middle and late childhood?

Answer 38

During early childhood it is short-term memory that develops in children while during late childhood is when long-term memory develops.

Question 39

Define Critical Thinking

Answer 39

Critical thinking involves thinking reflectively and productively, as well as evaluating the evidence.

Question 40

Define Creative Thinking

Answer 40

Creative thinking is the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems.

Question 41

Define Metacognition

Answer 41

Metacognition is cognition about cognition, thinking about thinking, or knowing about knowing.

Question 42

What was Sternberg’s Triachic Theory of intelligence?

Answer 42

Sternberg believed that intelligence comes in three forms

Question 43

Name Sternberg’s Three Types of Intelligence

Answer 43

1. Analytical Intelligence
2. Creative Intelligence
3. Practical Intelligence

Question 44

Describe Analytical Intelligence

Answer 44

Analytical intelligence is the ability to analyze judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast

Question 45

Describe Creative Intelligence

Answer 45

Creative intelligence is the ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine

Question 46

Describe Practical Intelligence

Answer 46

Practical intelligence is the ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas to use.

Question 47

How many types of intelligence does Gardner mention?

Answer 47

8

Question 48

What is organic retardation caused by?

Answer 48

Organic retardation is caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage

Question 49

How are children in middle and late childhood more likely to describe themselves?

Answer 49

Children in middle and late childhood are more likely to describe themselves with psychological characteristics and traits.

Question 50

Describe Self-Esteem

Answer 50

Self-esteem is a global evaluation of the self; it relates to your self-worth or self-image. It reflects perceptions that do not always match reality.

Question 51

Describe Self-Concept

Answer 51

Self-concept is the domain-specific evaluation of the self.

Question 52

What fosters high self-esteem, or a sense of industry in children?

Answer 52

High self-esteem can be fostered through:

1. Identifying the causes of low self-esteem
2. Providing emotional support and social approval
   * 3. Helping children achieve and find their talent
3. Helping children cope

Question 53

What is Erikson’s 4th stage that appears during middle and late childhood?

Answer 53

Erickson’s 4th stage is industry vs. inferiority.

Question 54

Why are older children better able to cope with stress than younger children?

Answer 54

Older children are better able to cope with stress than younger children because they have better use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings.

Question 55

Describe the Levels of Lawerence Kohlberg’s theory of Moral Development.

Answer 55

Level 1 is the preconventional level and deals with no internalization.
Level 2 is the conventional level and it deals with intermediate internalization.
Level 3 is the postconventional level and it deals with full internalization.

Question 56

Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory.

Answer 56

Criticisms regarding Kolberg’s Theory involve the theory’s omission of culture, gender, and the family in moral development.

Question 57

According to Carol Gilligan, what perspectives do males use to make moral judgements, and what do women base their moral judgments on?

Answer 57

According to Carol Gilligan, males use the justice perspective while females use the care perspective when basing their moral judgments.

Question 58

How do parent-child issues and discipline change in middle and late childhood compared to early childhood?

Answer 58

Parents spend considerably less time with their children
Parents continue to be important
Parents support and stimulate academic achievement
*Children receive less physical discipline than they used to
Moss issues are now about chores and homework

Question 59

Why is disciplining easier in middle and late childhood?

Answer 59

Discipline is easier because children at this age like to please their parents

Question 60

What is the “three to six o’clock” problem?

Answer 60

The 3-6 o’clock problem involves the lack of supervision between the time kids get out of school and the time their parents come home from work.