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PSYCH 2314 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Development

A

The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human lifespan

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2
Q

Give the 6 characteristics of development

A
  1. lifelong
  2. multidimensional
  3. multidirectional
  4. plastic
  5. multidisciplinary
  6. contextual
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3
Q

Describe the traditional approach of development

A

emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age

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4
Q

Describe the life-span approach of development

A

emphasizes developmental change throughout adulthood as well as childhood.

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5
Q

Define life expectancy

A

the average number of years that a person born in a particular year can expect to live

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6
Q

Define life span

A

the maximum number of years a human has been recorded to have lived

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7
Q

Life expectancy increases due to ___

A

Improvements in health and sanitation

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8
Q

Describe Normative age-graded influences

A

Similar for individuals in a particular age group

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9
Q

Describe History-graded influences

A

Common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances

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10
Q

Describe Non-normative life events

A

Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an idividual’s life

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11
Q

Name the 3 processes in development

A
  1. Biological Processes
  2. Cognitive Processes
  3. Socioemotional Processes
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12
Q

Describe Biological Processes

A

Changes in an individual’s physical nature

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13
Q

Describe Cognitive Processes

A

Changes in an individual’s thought, intelligence, and language

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14
Q

Describe Socioemotional Processes

A

Changes in an individual’s relationships with other people, emotions, and personality

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15
Q

Name the 8 Periods of Development

A
  1. Prenatal
  2. Infancy
  3. Early Childhood
  4. Middle and Late Childhood
  5. Adolescence
  6. Early Adulthood
  7. Middle Adulthood
  8. Late Adulthood
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16
Q

Name the 4 types of ages

A
  1. Chronological Age
  2. Biological Age
  3. Psychological Age
  4. Social Age
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17
Q

Describe what evalutive is

A

life satisfaction that reaches a low pint in middle adulthood

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18
Q

Describe the Nature vs. Nurture Issue

A

Concerns the extent to which development is influenced by nature and by nurture

Nature - Biological Inheritance
Nurture - Enviornmental Experiences

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19
Q

Describe what a theory is

A

An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and facilitate predictions

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20
Q

Describe what a hypotheses is

A

Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accurracy

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21
Q

(Type of Theory) Describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colord by emotion

Emphasis on:
A developmental framework
Family relationships
Unconscious aspects of the mind

A

Psychoanalytic Theories

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22
Q

Describe the Superego

A

The moralistic and idealistic structure which consists of the conscience which punishes behavior that violates society’s norms. Develops at ages 2-3

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23
Q

Describe the Ego

A

Seeks to resolve conflict between the Id and the Superego. Develops during the first year

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24
Q

Describe the Id

A

Follows the pleasure prinicple. Present at birth

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25
Name Freud's Stages and the ages in which they develop
1. Oral Stage - Birth to 1.5 Years 2. Anal Stage - 1.5 to 3 Years 3. Phallic Stage - 3 to 6 Years 4. Latency Stage - 6 Years to Puberty 5. Genital Stage - Puberty Onward
26
Trust vs ____ and age
mistrust/ first year
27
Autonomy vs ___ and age
Shame and Doubt/ 1 - 3 years
28
Initiative vs ___ and age
Guilt/ 3 - 5 years
29
Industry vs ___ and age
Inferiority/ 6 - puberty
30
Identity vs ___ and age
Identity Confusion/ 10 - 20 years
31
Intimacy vs ___ and age
Isolation/ 20s and 30s
32
Generativity vs ___ and age
Stagnation/ 40s and 50s
33
Integrity vs ____ and age
Despair/ 60s - death
34
Name the Piget's 4 stages and their ages | Rember the acronym: See Piget Creep Foward or Some People Can't Focus
1. Sensorimotor Stage - Birth to 2 2. Preoperational Stage - 2 to 7 3. Concrete Operational Stage - 7 to 11 4. Formal Opertational Stage - 11 through adulthood
35
(Type of Theories) Development canbe described in terms of behaviors learned through interactions with our surroundings. Emphasis on scientic research and environmental determinants of behavior
Behavior and Social Cognitive Theories
36
Who developed the theory of of Classical Conditioning (learning by associations)?
Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson
37
Who Developed the Theory of Operant Conditioning Consequenses?
Skinner
38
Who Developed the Social Conitive Theory of Observation
Bandura
39
Describe Ethology and its theory
Study of the behavior of animals in their natural habitat. | Strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods
40
Describe the Microsystem
Setting which the idividual lives: Family, peers, school, neighborhood
41
Describe the Mesosystem
Relations between microsystems: Relation of family experiences to school experiences and peer experiences
42
Describe the Exosystem
Links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and his immediate context: A child's experience at home may be influenced by a mother's experience at work
43
Describe the Macrosystem
The culture in which the individual lives: Behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products to group of people that are passed from one generation to the nest
44
Describe the Chronosystem
Patterning of enviornmental events and transistions over a life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances: divorce
45
(Part of the Brain) Includes cerebral cortext and several structures
Forebrain
46
(Part of the Brain) Covers forebrain like a wrinkled cap
Cerebral Cortex
47
Name the 4 lobes
1. frontal lobe 2. temporal lobe 3. parietal lobe 4. occipital lobe
48
Describe Lateralization
specialization of function in one hemisphere or the other of the brain
49
Infants whose caregivers expose them to a variety of ____ are most likely to develop their full potential
stimuli
50
What is SIDs
Sudden Infant Death syndrome Occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually at night
51
At what age is the highest risk for SIDs
2-4 months
52
Describe reflexes
Built-in reactions to stimuli
53
Describe a rooting reflex
occurs when the infant's cheeck is stronked or the side of the mouth is touched
54
Describe a sucking reflex
occurs when newborns automatically such on an object placed in their mouth
55
Describe a moro reflex
startes in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement
56
Describe a grasping reflex
occurs when something touches the infant's palms, resongs by grasping tightly
57
(Type of Motor Skills) Involves large muscle activties Includes moving one's arms and walking Develop in the first year
Gross
58
(Type of Motor Skills) Invovle more finely tuned movements Need to be exercised
Fine
59
Occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors
Sensation
60
Interpretration of what is sensed
Perception
61
Describe Habituation
Name given to decreased responsivenesss to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimuls
62
Describe Dishabituation
Recovery of a habituated response after a change of stimulation
63
Involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities
Indermodal perception
64
invovles adjusting to new envionmental demands
adaptation
65
Actions or menatal representations that organize knowledge
Schemes
66
Describe Assimilation
using existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences
67
Describe Accommodation
adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences
68
Disequilibrium
Cognitive Conflict
69
Describe Equilibration
mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next
70
Describe Object Permanance
Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched
71
Describe Operant Conditioning
if an infant's behavior is followed by a rewarding stimulus, the behavior is likey to recur
72
(type of memory) Without conscious recollection
Implicit memory
73
(type of memory) Conscious rembering of facts and experiences
Explicit memory
74
What are concepts
congitive groups of similar objects, events, people, or ideas
75
Describe infinite generativitiy
ability to produce an endless number meaningul sentences
76
Name in order the development of language
1. Crying 2. Cooing 3. Babbling 4. Gestures 5. First Words
77
What are Phonemes
Basic sound units of language
78
Describe Telegraphic speech
use of short and precise words without grammatical markers
79
Describe Child-Directed Speech
Language spoken ina higher pitch than normal, using simple words and sentences
80
Describe Emotions
Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her
81
Govern when, where, and how emotions should be expressed
Display Rules (not universal)
82
``` (Type of Cry) Rhythmic pattern usually consisting of: A cry Briefer silence Shorter inspiratory whistle Brief rest ```
Basic Cry ( The most common reason is hunger)
83
(Type of Cry) Variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords
Anger Cry
84
(Type of Cry) Sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding
Pain Cry
85
(Type of Simile) Does not occur in response to external stimuli
Reflexive Simile
86
(Type of Smile) Is used in response to an external stimulus
Social Smile
87
Describe Temperament
Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding
88
Name the 3 types of children
1. Easy Child 2. Difficult Child 3. Slow-to-warm-up Child (most common)
89
Describe Goodness of fit
Match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with
90
Describe Attachment
Close emotional bond between two people (not love)
91
Harlow's perception of Attachment
Contact comfort preferred over food
92
Name the Attachment Styles in the Strange Room Situation
1. Securely Attached 2. Insecure Avoidant 3. Insecure Resistant 4. Insecure Disorganized

PSYCH 2314 (2 decks)

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