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HUBS191 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle activity in Gait Cycle Early Stance

A 
HIP: Flexion-Extension
Concentric= gluteus + hamstrings 
Eccentrically= Illipsoas 
KNEE: Extension
Isometric= Quads and hamstrings 
ANKLE: Dorisflexion-Plantarflexion 
Concentric= Triceps surae 
Eccentrically= Tibilas Anterior
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2
Q

Muscle activity in Gait Cycle Mid Stance

A 
HIP: Extension
Concentric= gluteus + hamstrings 
Eccentrically= Illipsoas 
KNEE: Extension-Flexion
Concentrically= hamstrings and gastrocnemius 
ANKLE: Plantarflexion
Concentrically= Triceps surae
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3
Q

Muscle activity in Gait Cycle Late Stance

A 
HIP: Extension
Concentric= Gluteus + hamstrings 
Eccentrically= Illiposoas
KNEE: Extension
Concentrically= Hamstrings and gastrocnemius 
ANKLE: Plantarflexion
Concentrically= Triceps surae
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4
Q

Muscle activity in Gait Cycle Early Swing

A 
HIP: Extension-flexion
Concentrically= Illiposoas
Eccentrically= gluteus + hamstrings 
KNEE: Flexion 
Concentrically= gastrocnemius and hamstrings 
ANKLE: Dorsiflexion
Concentrically= Tibilas anterior
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5
Q

Muscle activity in Gait Cycle Mid Swing

A 
HIP: Flexion
Concentrically= Illipsoas 
Eccentrically= gluteus and hamstring 
KNEE: Flexion
Concentrically= gastrocnemius and hamstrings 
ANKLE: Dorsiflexion 
Concentrically= Tibilas anterior
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6
Q

Muscle activity in Gait Cycle Late Swing

A 
HIP: Flexion
Concentrically= Illipsoas 
Eccentrically= gluteus and hamstrings 
KNEE: Flexion- Extension 
Concentrically= Quads femoris 
ANKLE: Dorsiflexion
Concentrically= Tibials anterior 
Isometrically= Triceps Surae
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7
Q

Flow and Circulation of CSF

A

Surrounds CNS and within the subarachnoid space.
Produced by choroid plexus
Lateral ventricles-3rd ventricles- cerebral aqueduct- 4th ventricle-subarachnoid space
Exits through arachnoid granulations into Venus sinus

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8
Q

How does neural info enter and exit the spinal cord?

A

Enter through root ganglion.
Afferent Sensory = goes through dorsal root ganglion
Afferent Motor = goes through ventral root ganglion.
Leave through ventral nerve root.

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9
Q

Stretch Diagram?

A
  1. Stimulation of sensory receptors
  2. Activation of a sensory neuron
  3. Into processing at CNS
  4. Activation of a motor neuron
  5. Response of peripheral effector
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10
Q

5 Types of glial cells?

A 
1. Astrocytes
Ensheath blood capillaries 
2. Ependymal 
Line fluid like spaces
3. Microglia
Immune cells that engulf microorganism's 
4. Schwann 
PNS
5. Oligdendrocytes 
CNS
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11
Q

Organisation of autonomic NS?

A 
Neuron 1:
CB in brain, axon in spinal cord or Brain 
Neuron 2:
CB in brain or spinal cord, axon in PNS
Neuron 3:
CB in PNS, axon in PNS
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12
Q

Autonomic neurons synapse with effector cells?

A 
Neuron 2: 
CB in CNS, axon extends into PNS 
Myelinated
Synapses at autonomic ganglion (ACh) 
Pre-ganglionic neuron 
Neuron 3:
CB in PNS at autonomic ganglion, axon extends into PNS to effector 
Synapse (ACh or NE) 
Post-ganglionic neuron
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13
Q

Neurotransmitter in parasympathetic?

A

ACh

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14
Q

Neurotransmitter in sympathetic?

A

ACh or NE

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15
Q

Special Senses?

A

Vision, Smell, Hearing, Vestibular

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16
Q

Somatic senses?

A

Touch, pain, warm, cold and body position

17
Q

Cerebellum in voluntary movement?

A

Co-ordinates muscles, guided by sensory feedback
Compares intended results with actual movement
Helps learn and automate movement

18
Q

Meninges

A

Dura Mater- Dural Folds and Venus Sinus
Arachnoid Space- Subarachnoid space and arachnoid granulations
Pia Mater

19
Q

Differences between Parasympathetic and Sympathetic?

A 
PARASYMPATHETIC:
Axons of pre-ganglionic neutrons leave at sacral level
Myelinated long pre-ganglionic neuron 
Myelinated short post-ganglionic neuron 
ACh at ganglion and effector
SYMPATHETIC: 
Myelinated short pre-ganglionic neuron 
Unmyelinated long post-ganglionic neuron 
ACh at ganglion
NE at effector
20
Q

External Structure of spinal cord?

A

Starts at foramen magnum and ends at L1 Vertebrae
Sits in a ‘sack’ which fits at the spinal cavity
Filled with CSF to cushion the spine

21
Q

Refractory?

A 
Absolute= Only 1 AP can fire 
Relative= Multiple ApPs can fire
22
Q

Steps of chemical synapse transmission?

A
  1. An AP triggers opening of voltage gated ion channels
  2. Ca2+ diffuse into axon terminal causing the release of ACh by exocytosis
  3. ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft and causes a depolarisation= EPSP’s. Enough EPSP’s trigger an AP on the post-synaptic cell
  4. ACh in broken down by AChE and choline is re-diffused from synaptic cleft to make more ACh.
23
Q

How does an AP work?

A
  1. INITIAL DEPOLARISATION
    Local potentials cause graded depolarisation due to influx of Na2+
  2. RAPID DEPOLARISATION
    Graded depolarisation causes threshold to be reached and Na2+ channels to open causing rapid depolarisation down the axon
  3. REPOLARISATION
    Na2+ reaches max depolarisation and channels close. K+ channels open to repolarise the cell.
  4. HYPERPOLARISATION
    K+ overshoots and membrane is way more negation than it should be
  5. RMP
    RMP is restored by Na2+/K+/ATPase
24
Q

Spatial and Temporal Summation?

A 
Spatial= AP's from multiple different input zones on the body add together to get over the threshold 
Temporal= An AP fires but it doesn't get over the threshold so another AP fires straight after causing the 2 APs to add together pushing it over the threshold.
25
Q

Types of white matter?

A 
Commisural Tracts:
Axons from side to side 
Projection Tracts:
Between cortex and CNS 
Association Tracts: 
On the same side of the hemisphere
26
Q

Divisions and functions of Lobes?

A
  1. Frontal Lobe= mood and behaviour (MOTOR CORTEX)
  2. Parietal Lobe= words, faces and shapes (SOMATOSENSORY)
  3. Occitipital Lobe= Vision
  4. Temporal Lobe= Hearing and memory
27
Q

Dorsal/posterior Column Pathway

A

NEURON 1
CB in dorsal root ganglion
Makes synapse in medulla oblongata
NEURON 2
CB in medulla oblongata
axon crosses to opp. side and ascends to synapse on thalamus
NEURON 3
CB in thalamus, axon ascends to somatosensory cortex
Makes synapse on the CB of a somatosensory neuron
= PERCEPTION OF LIGHT TOUCH ON FOOT

28
Q

Corticospinal Pathway

A

UPPER MOTOR NEURON
CB in precentral gyrus
Axon extends to spinal cord on opp. side
Makes synapse with lower motor neuron
LOWER MOTOR NEURON
CB in ventral grey horn
Axon extends out of ventral root to synapse on the muscle.

29
Q

Sympathetic is what

A 
Fight or flight mode
Heart rate increases
Pupils size increases 
Sweat increases
Salvation decreases
Gastric motility decreases
30
Q

Parasympathetic is what

A 
Rest and Digest 
Heart rate decreases
Pupils size decreases
Sweat decreases
Salvation increases 
Gastric motility increases
31
Q

Dura Mater?

A

Outer most layer of meninges
Dural folds:
less ‘sloshing’
Falx Cerebri (separates cerebral hemispheres)
Falx Cerebelli (seperates cerebrale hemispheres)
Tentorium Cerebelli (Seperates cerebellum from cerebrum)
Venus Sinus:
Located where 2 layers of dura mater seperate
Collects venous blood from brain and old CSF after its cycled through the ventricular system

32
Q

Arachnoid Space?

A 
Layer beneath Dura Mater 
Subarachnoid Space: 
Filled with CSF and blood vessels 
Arachnoid Granulations:
Transports old CSF from subarachnoid space to Venus sinus.

HUBS191 (3 decks)

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