Module 2 Flashcards
Muscle activity in Gait Cycle Early Stance
HIP: Flexion-Extension Concentric= gluteus + hamstrings Eccentrically= Illipsoas KNEE: Extension Isometric= Quads and hamstrings ANKLE: Dorisflexion-Plantarflexion Concentric= Triceps surae Eccentrically= Tibilas Anterior
Muscle activity in Gait Cycle Mid Stance
HIP: Extension Concentric= gluteus + hamstrings Eccentrically= Illipsoas KNEE: Extension-Flexion Concentrically= hamstrings and gastrocnemius ANKLE: Plantarflexion Concentrically= Triceps surae
Muscle activity in Gait Cycle Late Stance
HIP: Extension Concentric= Gluteus + hamstrings Eccentrically= Illiposoas KNEE: Extension Concentrically= Hamstrings and gastrocnemius ANKLE: Plantarflexion Concentrically= Triceps surae
Muscle activity in Gait Cycle Early Swing
HIP: Extension-flexion Concentrically= Illiposoas Eccentrically= gluteus + hamstrings KNEE: Flexion Concentrically= gastrocnemius and hamstrings ANKLE: Dorsiflexion Concentrically= Tibilas anterior
Muscle activity in Gait Cycle Mid Swing
HIP: Flexion Concentrically= Illipsoas Eccentrically= gluteus and hamstring KNEE: Flexion Concentrically= gastrocnemius and hamstrings ANKLE: Dorsiflexion Concentrically= Tibilas anterior
Muscle activity in Gait Cycle Late Swing
HIP: Flexion Concentrically= Illipsoas Eccentrically= gluteus and hamstrings KNEE: Flexion- Extension Concentrically= Quads femoris ANKLE: Dorsiflexion Concentrically= Tibials anterior Isometrically= Triceps Surae
Flow and Circulation of CSF
Surrounds CNS and within the subarachnoid space.
Produced by choroid plexus
Lateral ventricles-3rd ventricles- cerebral aqueduct- 4th ventricle-subarachnoid space
Exits through arachnoid granulations into Venus sinus
How does neural info enter and exit the spinal cord?
Enter through root ganglion.
Afferent Sensory = goes through dorsal root ganglion
Afferent Motor = goes through ventral root ganglion.
Leave through ventral nerve root.
Stretch Diagram?
- Stimulation of sensory receptors
- Activation of a sensory neuron
- Into processing at CNS
- Activation of a motor neuron
- Response of peripheral effector
5 Types of glial cells?
1. Astrocytes Ensheath blood capillaries 2. Ependymal Line fluid like spaces 3. Microglia Immune cells that engulf microorganism's 4. Schwann PNS 5. Oligdendrocytes CNS
Organisation of autonomic NS?
Neuron 1: CB in brain, axon in spinal cord or Brain Neuron 2: CB in brain or spinal cord, axon in PNS Neuron 3: CB in PNS, axon in PNS
Autonomic neurons synapse with effector cells?
Neuron 2: CB in CNS, axon extends into PNS Myelinated Synapses at autonomic ganglion (ACh) Pre-ganglionic neuron Neuron 3: CB in PNS at autonomic ganglion, axon extends into PNS to effector Synapse (ACh or NE) Post-ganglionic neuron
Neurotransmitter in parasympathetic?
ACh
Neurotransmitter in sympathetic?
ACh or NE
Special Senses?
Vision, Smell, Hearing, Vestibular
Somatic senses?
Touch, pain, warm, cold and body position
Cerebellum in voluntary movement?
Co-ordinates muscles, guided by sensory feedback
Compares intended results with actual movement
Helps learn and automate movement
Meninges
Dura Mater- Dural Folds and Venus Sinus
Arachnoid Space- Subarachnoid space and arachnoid granulations
Pia Mater
Differences between Parasympathetic and Sympathetic?
PARASYMPATHETIC: Axons of pre-ganglionic neutrons leave at sacral level Myelinated long pre-ganglionic neuron Myelinated short post-ganglionic neuron ACh at ganglion and effector SYMPATHETIC: Myelinated short pre-ganglionic neuron Unmyelinated long post-ganglionic neuron ACh at ganglion NE at effector
External Structure of spinal cord?
Starts at foramen magnum and ends at L1 Vertebrae
Sits in a ‘sack’ which fits at the spinal cavity
Filled with CSF to cushion the spine
Refractory?
Absolute= Only 1 AP can fire Relative= Multiple ApPs can fire
Steps of chemical synapse transmission?
- An AP triggers opening of voltage gated ion channels
- Ca2+ diffuse into axon terminal causing the release of ACh by exocytosis
- ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft and causes a depolarisation= EPSP’s. Enough EPSP’s trigger an AP on the post-synaptic cell
- ACh in broken down by AChE and choline is re-diffused from synaptic cleft to make more ACh.
How does an AP work?
- INITIAL DEPOLARISATION
Local potentials cause graded depolarisation due to influx of Na2+ - RAPID DEPOLARISATION
Graded depolarisation causes threshold to be reached and Na2+ channels to open causing rapid depolarisation down the axon - REPOLARISATION
Na2+ reaches max depolarisation and channels close. K+ channels open to repolarise the cell. - HYPERPOLARISATION
K+ overshoots and membrane is way more negation than it should be - RMP
RMP is restored by Na2+/K+/ATPase
Spatial and Temporal Summation?
Spatial= AP's from multiple different input zones on the body add together to get over the threshold Temporal= An AP fires but it doesn't get over the threshold so another AP fires straight after causing the 2 APs to add together pushing it over the threshold.
