ENDOCRINE

Question 1

Comparison of neural and endocrine systems

Answer 1

NEURAL= AP's in axons and neurotransmitters release at synapse 
-specific wirings 
-Fastest transmission 
-brief responses 
ENDO= hormones released into blood
-relatively slow
-good widespread + sustained responses 
-targeting by presence of specific receptors on the cell

Question 2

Pancreas hormones?

Answer 2

Insulin and glucagon

Question 3

Issues with the pancreas causes what?

Answer 3

Diabetes as there’s not enough insulin

Hypoglycemia if glucose is too low

Question 4

Fed State?

Answer 4

Insulin regulated, uptake of nutrients and anabolic metabolism
Synthesis of glycogen, protein and fat

Question 5

Fasting State

Answer 5

Glycogen regulated, metabolism of nutrients and catabolic metabolism
Breakdown of protein, glycogen and fat

Question 6

How to bring glucose down?

Answer 6

1. stimulus of an increase in glucose
2. Pancreatic islet beta cells secrete insulin
3. Target cells of muscle and liver
   muscle- glucose uptake increases
   - increase in aa uptake
   liver- net glucose uptake increases and glucose output stops
4. Blood glucose conc decreases

Question 7

Anterior Lobe hormones?

Answer 7

GH, TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Question 8

Thyroid hormones?

Answer 8

TH (thyroid hormone) and Calcitonin

Question 9

Parathyroid hormones?

Answer 9

PTH, Ca2+

Question 10

Adrenal gland hormones?

Answer 10

Cortisol and adrenaline

Question 11

How to increase Blood glucose?

Answer 11

1. Stimulus of decrease in b.g conc.
2. Pancreatic islet alpha cells secrete glucagon
3. Target cells of liver cells
   increases breakdown of glycogen
   increases keytone breakdown
   increase glucose synthesis
4. Overall blood glucose increases aswell as blood ketone increases.

Question 12

Stress Response?

Answer 12

FIRST PATHWAY
1. hypothalamus secretes CRH 
2. Anterior pituitary gland secretes ACTH 
3. Adrenal cortex secrete cortisol 
= Increase of blood pressure 
SECOND PATHWAY 
1. adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline 
= increase of b.p 
= increase of heart rate 
= increase of blood glucose
THIRD PATHWAY 
1. posterior pituitary gland secretes ADH 
= increase of b.p
= decrease water excretion

Question 13

Cortisol secretion?

Answer 13

1. Stimulus of either stress or no stress
2. hypothalamus secretes CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)
3. anterior pituitary gland secretes ACTH
4. Adrenal Cortex secretes Cortisol into blood

Question 14

Problems with the adrenal gland?

Answer 14

Low cortisol= Addisons disease
= lack of thyroid
High cortisol= Cushing’s disease
= fat build up behind neck

Question 15

Increase in blood Ca2+ ?

Answer 15

1. stimulus of decreased ca2+
2. Parathyroid gland secretes PTH
3. Target cells of Kidneys and Bone
   KIDNEYS= Ca2+ adsorption
   a) stimulates decrease in urinary excretion
   b) stimulates an increase in intestine Ca2+ adsorption from food
   c) Calcitriol causes increase in intestine Ca2+ adsorption
   BONE= increase breakdown in bone
   a) increased Ca2+ into blood
4. Overall increased blood Ca2+

Question 16

How to secrete thyroid hormone?

Answer 16

1. External/internal stimulus of Cns input to hypothalamus
2. Hypothalamus secretes TRH into blood
3. Anterior pituitary gland secretes TSH
4. Thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones T3 and T4

Question 17

Decrease in blood Ca2+

Answer 17

1. Stimulus of increase in Ca2+
2. Thyroid gland secretes calcitonin
3. Target cell of bone: decreases bone breakdown
4. decreased release of Ca2+ into blood
5. Overall= decreased blood Ca2+