Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Developmental Neurobiology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic cells of the brain and nervous system?

A

Neurons and Glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which cells of the brain carry messages throughout the nervous system?

A

Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

An ____ ____ is the wave of ____ ____ that shoots down the ____ of the neuron where there is sufficient stimulation.

A

action potential
electrical excitation
axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

An ____ is a long cable like structure of the neuron that ____ waves of ____ ____ .

A

Axon
transmits
chemical excitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The ____ ____ is at the beginning of the axon where small ____ ____ are gathered and trigger an ____ ____ if there is enough of an impulse.

A

axon hillock
excitatory impulses
action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

An ____ ____ is part of the neuron where ____ are released.

A

axon terminal

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A ____ is a branchlike structure of the neuron that ____ signals from other neurons and pass along that ____ ____ .

A

dendrite
receives
electrical excitement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____ cells are brain cells that wrap around the ____ axons providing ____ and increasing efficiency.

A

glial
neuronal
insulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The ____ ____ is ____ (made from glial cells) that wraps around the ____ of a neuron.

A

glial cells
insulation
axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

____ ____ is the process by which neurons that are not used are discared.

A

neural pruning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

____ are the main cells of the brain that carry ____ from one part of the ____ system to another.

A

neurons
messages
nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A ____ is the space between neurons.

A

synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The ____ level is the amount of energy required to trigger an ____ ____ .

A

threshold

action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Neurons are specialized cells to carry ____ through an ____ process called an ____ ____ .

A

messages
electrochemical
action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neurons differ from other cells because they have specialized extensions called ____ .

A

dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What receives information in a neuron?

A

dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What transmits the information from the dendrites?

A

axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dendrites receive signals from other neurons in the from of ____ energy and ____ them.

A

electrical

transmit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Are the signals from other neurons strong or weak? Why?

A

Weak, because there isn’t enough energy by themselves to cross the threshold. They will dissipate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If enough energy is gathered at the ____ ____ to go over the threshold, an ____ ____ is generated.

A

axon hillock

action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

An action potential is a ____ of ____ ____ that shoots down the ____ and it keeps getting ____ as it goes.

A

wave of electrical excitation
axon
regenerated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The action potential is what is needed to ____ the message along until it reaches the end of ____ , the ____ ____ .

A

transmit
axon
axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Neurons have a space between them called a ____ .

A

Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The ____ ____ can not cross the ____ , so this wave of ____ and ____ has to be passed by ____ messengers called ____ .

A 
action potential
synapse
electricity
excitement
chemical
neurotransmitters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Myelin is made of ____ cells.

A

glial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Neurons can not transmit messages efficiently and effectively until they have become ____ .

A

myelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The release of ____ from a neuron translates the ____ “language” of the neuron to a ____ message.

A

neurotransmitters
electrical
chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Neurotransmitters effect ____ , ____ , and ____ .

A

emotion
movement
cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

____ ____ are the precursors for transmitters and can be used to construct neurotransmitters

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The ____ ____ is the part of the axon from which neurotransmitters are released .

A

axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

____ ____ are neurotransmitters that increase the likelihood that the next neuron will have an action potential.

A

excitatory neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

____ ____ are neurotransmitters that decrease the likelihood that the next neuron will have an action potential.

A

inhibitory transmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

____ is a chemical messenger released from the axon terminal of one neuron to cross the synapse and bind with the receptor on the next neuron.

A

neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

____ are the area of the neuron where the neurotransmitter binds and its shape is specific for certain types of neurotransmitters.

A

receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

____ is the space between two neurons.

A

synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Neurotransmitters transmit ____ information across the ____ between neurons.

A

chemical

synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Neurotransmitters are released from one ____ into the ____ , and they bind with ____ on another ____ .

A

neuron
synapse
receptors
neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The second neuron translates this ____ signal back to an ____ one to ____ the next neuron.

A

chemical
electrical
activate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Neurotransmitters ____ the electrical signals of the ____ ____ that passes down the neuron into a ____ language that can ____ with the next neuron.

A

translate
action potential
chemical
communicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Neurotransmitters are either ____ back to where they were generated or they are ____ ____ by enzymes.

A

recycled

broken down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Neurotransmitters play a key role in ____ information, and because they do, they affect everything from how we ____ information coming into us, to our ____ , and ____ .

A

transmitting
interpret
moods
emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The way neurotransmitters affect us has to do with how much a given neurotransmitter is ____ , how ____ it remains in the ____ before it is recycled or broken down, and how it is able to ____ with the ____ on the neuron receiving the ____ .

A 
released
long
synapse
bind
receptor
information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Changes in the amount of neurotransmitter released changes the ____ of the signal that crosses the ____ .

A

strength

synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Changes in the number and sensitivity of the ____ of the neuron receiving the information also changes the strength of ____ across the synapse.

A

receptors

signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the chemicals that are used by neurons to communicate with each other?

A

Neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What has the profound affects on the way we function: differences in the amounts of ____ released, amounts of ____ they stay in the ____ , or the way the are able to ____ to ____ in the next neuron.

A 
chemicals
time
synapse
bind
receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Neurons transmit information by way of an ____ ____ .

A

action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

When you learn something new, communication across the ____ becomes easier.

A

synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Learning is about changes in ____ ____ , and memory is about those changes ____ for the long ____ .

A

synaptic communication
lasting
term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

When learning occurs, the old ____ is changed to become more ____ and ____ , and that learning is the process of ____ the ____ ____ .

A 
synapse
sensitive
efficient
strengthening
synaptic connections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The ____ is the brain region that plays a central role in aggression and fear.

A

amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The ____ is the brain region that also plays a central role in learning and memory.

A

cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

____ is a neurotransmitter with critical roles in learning and memory.

A

glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The ____ is a brain region that plays a central role in learning and memory.

A

hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

____ ____ ____ is the strength of the communication between two neurons that become enhanced under certain conditions and it is easier to activate.

A

Long term potentiation

56
Q

____ is the synapse between neurons becomes hyper-responsive after a dense cluster of rapid action potentials.

A

potentiation

57
Q

Synaptic communication is strengthened through experiences by a process called ____ ____ ____ .

A

Long term potentiation

58
Q

When dendrites are stimulated by a series of rapid fire ____ ____ , the ____ becomes hyper ____ or more easily ____ . This is called ____ which means that the pathway between the neurons will be ____ , and that means a single neuron will more likely be table to cause an ____ ____ .

A 
action potentials
synapse
responsive
stimulated
potentiation 
stronger
action potential
59
Q

In this model of learning, when the neuron experiences a series of rapid fire ____ ____ , the ____ becomes much more ____ and ____ between neurons becomes easier and the neural pathway is ____ on a long term basis.

A 
action potentials
synapse
responsive
communication
strengthened
60
Q

Long term potentiation occurs because ____ is released into ____ , and the ____ is a simple neurotransmitter with a critical role in ____ and ____

A 
glutamate
synapses
glutamate
learning
memory
61
Q

The structure of glutamate is different from that of other neurotransmitters, and it works in concert with ____ to change how readily an ____ ____ is transmitted.

A

calcium

electrical impulse

62
Q

Repeated use of a given neurological pathway makes it easier for that pathway to become ____ and for neurons to ____ .

A

stimulated

communicate

63
Q

Learning occurs because the ____ becomes hyper ____ , or more easily ____ than in the past. This is a ____ change. This synapse will be more ____ in the ____ .

A 
synapse
responsive
stimulated
permanent
responsive
future
64
Q

Learning is a result of these changes in the ____ ____ , and specifically in the ____ .

A

neurological pathways

synapses

65
Q

The main areas of the brain that are involved in the learning process are the ____ and the ____ .

A

cortex

hippocampus

66
Q

Learning occurs across the ____ .

A

lifespan

67
Q

Factors that impact learning vary across the lifespan including ____ , adequate ____ , exposure to ____ and ____ , appropriate ____ and ____.

A

stress
nutrition
drugs and alcohol
experiences and stimulation

68
Q

Long term chronic stress disrupts ____ consolidation and retrieval.

A

memory

69
Q

The presence of ____ facilitates learning.

A

glucose

70
Q

Without adequate amounts of glucose, the raw materials needed for making ____ ____ is not available.

A

synaptic connections

71
Q

What two areas of the brain are related to learning and memory?

A

hippocampus and cortex

72
Q

Where are the areas of the brain where most of glutamates as neurotransmitters are made and have the most glutamate receptors?

A

hippocampus and cortex

73
Q

Appropriate experiences and levels of stimulation cause pathways to form between neurons which makes ____ easier.

A

learning

74
Q

____ and ____ are critical in brain development and maintenance throughout the lifetime.

A

experiences

stimulation

75
Q

What shapes the brain?

A

Experiences

76
Q

What is responsible for fewer pathways being formed?

A

lack of environmental stimulation

77
Q

Experiences that stimulate us and enrich our lives not only make life more worth living, but also exercise our ____ ____ and keep us learning.

A

neural pathways

78
Q

What impacts the functioning of basic cpmponents of the nervous system?

A

Environment

79
Q

Nurturing ____ with a lot of stimulation can facilitate long term ability. Stressful, abusive, or neglectful ____ can interfere with long term learning and ability.

A

environments

environments

80
Q

____ and ____ can interfere with the glutamine receptors in ways not fully understood.

A

drugs

chemicals

81
Q

Do neurons connect with each other in a straight line?

A

No

82
Q

Neurons send projections of their ____ to bunches of other neurons, and those neurons in turn send ____ to other bunches so that they are all ____ in a complicated way called ____ .

A

projections
projections
interconnected
networks

83
Q

____ is the area of the cortex where the information is contained in neural networks consisting of patterns of excitation.

A

associational cortex

84
Q

____ is a concept that neurons became so specialized that single neurons actually were responsible for something as complex as recognizing your grandmother and hence in this theory were called ____ . Current theory doesn’t support this idea.

A

Grandmother nuerons

85
Q

____ is the process of stopping a neuron from firing.

A

inhibition

86
Q

____ ____ is the process of a neuron turning off the neurons to either side by sending collateral projections to the neighbors.

A

lateral inhibition

87
Q

____ ____ is the complex patterns of neurons.

A

neural networks

88
Q

____ ____ ____ are projections that come off the axon of a neuron which go back to the same neuron, allowing the neuron to inhibit itself and sharpen its signals over time.

A

recurrent collateral projections

89
Q

Most of the brain’s cortex, called ____ ____ , information is contained in networks which consist of patterns of ____ .

A

associational cortex

excitation

90
Q

Information isn’t stored in single ____ but instead it is stored and processed by these networks which consist of ____ that send out branches to other neurons and sometimes even back to themselves in the form of a ____ .

A

neuron
neurons
loop

91
Q

These loops that neurons send back to themselves are called ____ ____ ____ , and allow the neuron to inhibit itself and sharpen its signals over time.

A

recurrent collateral projections

92
Q

Neurons also form ____ that go to neighboring neurons and allow them to inhibit their neighbors.

A

projections

93
Q

Neurons form very complicated interrelated ____ .

A

structures

94
Q

The same neurons can also overlap in different ____ and can be used in different ____ in different ____ .

A

networks
ways
settings

95
Q

The ____ ____ which compromises about 90% of the cortex and where the information is stored in these networks of ____ .

A

associational cortex

excitation

96
Q

Layers of neurons overlap and form ____ .

A

networks

97
Q

____ of neurons carry out complex processes.

A

networks

98
Q

How layers of neurons overlap and connect impact ____ , ____ ,and ____ perception.

A

creativity
memory
pain

99
Q

____ ____ is the result of tapping into many networks and integrating the inputs.

A

memory retrieval

100
Q

____ ____ continue to develop throughout our lifespans, and therefore we get increasingly rich connections throughout our lives.

A

neural networks

101
Q

____ is often said to be the result of being able to make connections between a wide array of information and knowledge gained over tie from a variety of sources.

A

wisdom

102
Q

It is the individual differences in ____ ____ ____ that cause people to know different information and to make different connections with their knowledge.

A

personal neural networks

103
Q

____ is about how people make connections, and highly ____ people have broader networks than most and therefore can make unique associations and connections

A

creativity

creative

104
Q

What is the ability to hold several facts or thoughts in memory temporarily while solving a problem or performing a task?

A

Working memory

105
Q

A ____ ____ or ____ ____ in the frontal portion of the brain is responsible for processing information in the working memory.

A

central executive

neural system

106
Q

An ____ ____ is a process of rapid verbal repetition of the to-be-remembered information, which greatly helps maintain it in working memory

A

articulatory loop

107
Q

What is the type of memory needed to hold such information in one’s mind while working on it?

A

working memory

108
Q

What memory holds information in mind for only a few seconds as it is processed?

A

short-term memory

109
Q

What memory is where such processed information is permanently stored?

A

Long-term memory

110
Q

What is an intermediary and active memory system in the information processing area of the brain?

A

working memory

111
Q

What refers to the order of words in sentences that contributes to meaning?

A

Syntax

112
Q

What is involved in all cognitive processes?

A

Working memory

113
Q

Your ____ , ____ ____ , and ____ ____ make up a complex, integrated information-processing and control system known as your central nervous system.

A

brain
spinal cord
peripheral nerves

114
Q

The study of the brain and nervous system is called:

A

neuroscience or neurobiology

115
Q

In the cell, what builds proteins?

A

ribosomes

116
Q

In the cell, what makes energy?

A

mitochondria

117
Q

If the cell body dies, what happens to the neuron?

A

It dies.

118
Q

Where are myelinated neurons typically found?

A

peripheral nerves (sensory and motor neurons)

119
Q

Where are non-myelinated neurons found?

A

brain and spinal cord

120
Q

What controls the reflexes and automatic functions, limb movements, and visceral functions?

A

brain stem

121
Q

What are visceral functions?

A

digestion and urination

122
Q

What are automatic functions?

A

heart rate and blood pressure

123
Q

What integrates information from the vestibular system that indicates position and movement and uses this date to coordinate limb movements?

A

the cerebellum

124
Q

What two things are responsible for visceral functions, body temperature and behavioral responses like feeding, drinking, and more?

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

125
Q

What consists of the cortex, large fiber tracts, and some deeper structure, and integrates info from all of the sense organs, initiates motor functions, control emotions and holds memory and thought processes?

A

The cerebrum

126
Q

What consists of the spinal cord, brain stem, and diencephalon?

A

The lower brain

127
Q

What are groups of ribosomes that are used for protein synthesis?

A

nissl bodies

128
Q

What is the system of tubes for transport of materials within cytoplasm?

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

129
Q

What is ER with ribosomes?

A

rough ER

130
Q

What is ER with no robosomes?

A

smooth ER

131
Q

When there are ribosomes with ER, what is it important for?

A

protein synthesis

132
Q

What is the membrane-bound structure important for packaging peptides and proteins (including neurotransmitters) into vesicles?

A

Golgi Apparatus

133
Q

What is the system of transport for materials within a neuron and may be used for structural support?

A

microfilaments/ neurotubules

134
Q

____ produces energy to fuel cellular activities.

A

mitochondria

135
Q

What produces ribosomes necessary for translation of genetic information into proteins?

A

nucleolus

136
Q

Neurons have what two processes?

A

axons and dendrites

Developmental Neurobiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions