Module 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the basic cells of the brain and nervous system?
A
Neurons and Glial cells
2
Q
Which cells of the brain carry messages throughout the nervous system?
A
Neurons
3
Q
An ____ ____ is the wave of ____ ____ that shoots down the ____ of the neuron where there is sufficient stimulation.
A
action potential
electrical excitation
axon
4
Q
An ____ is a long cable like structure of the neuron that ____ waves of ____ ____ .
A
Axon
transmits
chemical excitation
5
Q
The ____ ____ is at the beginning of the axon where small ____ ____ are gathered and trigger an ____ ____ if there is enough of an impulse.
A
axon hillock
excitatory impulses
action potential
6
Q
An ____ ____ is part of the neuron where ____ are released.
A
axon terminal
neurotransmitters
7
Q
A ____ is a branchlike structure of the neuron that ____ signals from other neurons and pass along that ____ ____ .
A
dendrite
receives
electrical excitement
8
Q
____ cells are brain cells that wrap around the ____ axons providing ____ and increasing efficiency.
A
glial
neuronal
insulation
9
Q
The ____ ____ is ____ (made from glial cells) that wraps around the ____ of a neuron.
A
glial cells
insulation
axon
10
Q
____ ____ is the process by which neurons that are not used are discared.
A
neural pruning
11
Q
____ are the main cells of the brain that carry ____ from one part of the ____ system to another.
A
neurons
messages
nervous
12
Q
A ____ is the space between neurons.
A
synapse
13
Q
The ____ level is the amount of energy required to trigger an ____ ____ .
A
threshold
action potential
14
Q
Neurons are specialized cells to carry ____ through an ____ process called an ____ ____ .
A
messages
electrochemical
action potential
15
Q
Neurons differ from other cells because they have specialized extensions called ____ .
A
dendrites
16
Q
What receives information in a neuron?
A
dendrites
17
Q
What transmits the information from the dendrites?
A
axons
18
Q
Dendrites receive signals from other neurons in the from of ____ energy and ____ them.
A
electrical
transmit
19
Q
Are the signals from other neurons strong or weak? Why?
A
Weak, because there isn’t enough energy by themselves to cross the threshold. They will dissipate
20
Q
If enough energy is gathered at the ____ ____ to go over the threshold, an ____ ____ is generated.
A
axon hillock
action potential
21
Q
An action potential is a ____ of ____ ____ that shoots down the ____ and it keeps getting ____ as it goes.
A
wave of electrical excitation
axon
regenerated
22
Q
The action potential is what is needed to ____ the message along until it reaches the end of ____ , the ____ ____ .
A
transmit
axon
axon terminal
23
Q
Neurons have a space between them called a ____ .
A
Synapse
24
Q
The ____ ____ can not cross the ____ , so this wave of ____ and ____ has to be passed by ____ messengers called ____ .
A
action potential synapse electricity excitement chemical neurotransmitters
25
Myelin is made of ____ cells.
glial
26
Neurons can not transmit messages efficiently and effectively until they have become ____ .
myelinated
27
The release of ____ from a neuron translates the ____ "language" of the neuron to a ____ message.
neurotransmitters
electrical
chemical
28
Neurotransmitters effect ____ , ____ , and ____ .
emotion
movement
cognition
29
____ ____ are the precursors for transmitters and can be used to construct neurotransmitters
amino acids
30
The ____ ____ is the part of the axon from which neurotransmitters are released .
axon terminal
31
____ ____ are neurotransmitters that increase the likelihood that the next neuron will have an action potential.
excitatory neurotransmitters
32
____ ____ are neurotransmitters that decrease the likelihood that the next neuron will have an action potential.
inhibitory transmitters
33
____ is a chemical messenger released from the axon terminal of one neuron to cross the synapse and bind with the receptor on the next neuron.
neurotransmitter
34
____ are the area of the neuron where the neurotransmitter binds and its shape is specific for certain types of neurotransmitters.
receptors
35
____ is the space between two neurons.
synapse
36
Neurotransmitters transmit ____ information across the ____ between neurons.
chemical
| synapse
37
Neurotransmitters are released from one ____ into the ____ , and they bind with ____ on another ____ .
neuron
synapse
receptors
neuron
38
The second neuron translates this ____ signal back to an ____ one to ____ the next neuron.
chemical
electrical
activate
39
Neurotransmitters ____ the electrical signals of the ____ ____ that passes down the neuron into a ____ language that can ____ with the next neuron.
translate
action potential
chemical
communicate
40
Neurotransmitters are either ____ back to where they were generated or they are ____ ____ by enzymes.
recycled
| broken down
41
Neurotransmitters play a key role in ____ information, and because they do, they affect everything from how we ____ information coming into us, to our ____ , and ____ .
transmitting
interpret
moods
emotions
42
The way neurotransmitters affect us has to do with how much a given neurotransmitter is ____ , how ____ it remains in the ____ before it is recycled or broken down, and how it is able to ____ with the ____ on the neuron receiving the ____ .
```
released
long
synapse
bind
receptor
information
```
43
Changes in the amount of neurotransmitter released changes the ____ of the signal that crosses the ____ .
strength
| synapse
44
Changes in the number and sensitivity of the ____ of the neuron receiving the information also changes the strength of ____ across the synapse.
receptors
| signaling
45
What are the chemicals that are used by neurons to communicate with each other?
Neurotransmitters
46
What has the profound affects on the way we function: differences in the amounts of ____ released, amounts of ____ they stay in the ____ , or the way the are able to ____ to ____ in the next neuron.
```
chemicals
time
synapse
bind
receptors
```
47
Neurons transmit information by way of an ____ ____ .
action potential
48
When you learn something new, communication across the ____ becomes easier.
synapses
49
Learning is about changes in ____ ____ , and memory is about those changes ____ for the long ____ .
synaptic communication
lasting
term
50
When learning occurs, the old ____ is changed to become more ____ and ____ , and that learning is the process of ____ the ____ ____ .
```
synapse
sensitive
efficient
strengthening
synaptic connections
```
51
The ____ is the brain region that plays a central role in aggression and fear.
amygdala
52
The ____ is the brain region that also plays a central role in learning and memory.
cortex
53
____ is a neurotransmitter with critical roles in learning and memory.
glutamate
54
The ____ is a brain region that plays a central role in learning and memory.
hippocampus
55
____ ____ ____ is the strength of the communication between two neurons that become enhanced under certain conditions and it is easier to activate.
Long term potentiation
56
____ is the synapse between neurons becomes hyper-responsive after a dense cluster of rapid action potentials.
potentiation
57
Synaptic communication is strengthened through experiences by a process called ____ ____ ____ .
Long term potentiation
58
When dendrites are stimulated by a series of rapid fire ____ ____ , the ____ becomes hyper ____ or more easily ____ . This is called ____ which means that the pathway between the neurons will be ____ , and that means a single neuron will more likely be table to cause an ____ ____ .
```
action potentials
synapse
responsive
stimulated
potentiation
stronger
action potential
```
59
In this model of learning, when the neuron experiences a series of rapid fire ____ ____ , the ____ becomes much more ____ and ____ between neurons becomes easier and the neural pathway is ____ on a long term basis.
```
action potentials
synapse
responsive
communication
strengthened
```
60
Long term potentiation occurs because ____ is released into ____ , and the ____ is a simple neurotransmitter with a critical role in ____ and ____
```
glutamate
synapses
glutamate
learning
memory
```
61
The structure of glutamate is different from that of other neurotransmitters, and it works in concert with ____ to change how readily an ____ ____ is transmitted.
calcium
| electrical impulse
62
Repeated use of a given neurological pathway makes it easier for that pathway to become ____ and for neurons to ____ .
stimulated
| communicate
63
Learning occurs because the ____ becomes hyper ____ , or more easily ____ than in the past. This is a ____ change. This synapse will be more ____ in the ____ .
```
synapse
responsive
stimulated
permanent
responsive
future
```
64
Learning is a result of these changes in the ____ ____ , and specifically in the ____ .
neurological pathways
| synapses
65
The main areas of the brain that are involved in the learning process are the ____ and the ____ .
cortex
| hippocampus
66
Learning occurs across the ____ .
lifespan
67
Factors that impact learning vary across the lifespan including ____ , adequate ____ , exposure to ____ and ____ , appropriate ____ and ____.
stress
nutrition
drugs and alcohol
experiences and stimulation
68
Long term chronic stress disrupts ____ consolidation and retrieval.
memory
69
The presence of ____ facilitates learning.
glucose
70
Without adequate amounts of glucose, the raw materials needed for making ____ ____ is not available.
synaptic connections
71
What two areas of the brain are related to learning and memory?
hippocampus and cortex
72
Where are the areas of the brain where most of glutamates as neurotransmitters are made and have the most glutamate receptors?
hippocampus and cortex
73
Appropriate experiences and levels of stimulation cause pathways to form between neurons which makes ____ easier.
learning
74
____ and ____ are critical in brain development and maintenance throughout the lifetime.
experiences
| stimulation
75
What shapes the brain?
Experiences
76
What is responsible for fewer pathways being formed?
lack of environmental stimulation
77
Experiences that stimulate us and enrich our lives not only make life more worth living, but also exercise our ____ ____ and keep us learning.
neural pathways
78
What impacts the functioning of basic cpmponents of the nervous system?
Environment
79
Nurturing ____ with a lot of stimulation can facilitate long term ability. Stressful, abusive, or neglectful ____ can interfere with long term learning and ability.
environments
| environments
80
____ and ____ can interfere with the glutamine receptors in ways not fully understood.
drugs
| chemicals
81
Do neurons connect with each other in a straight line?
No
82
Neurons send projections of their ____ to bunches of other neurons, and those neurons in turn send ____ to other bunches so that they are all ____ in a complicated way called ____ .
projections
projections
interconnected
networks
83
____ is the area of the cortex where the information is contained in neural networks consisting of patterns of excitation.
associational cortex
84
____ is a concept that neurons became so specialized that single neurons actually were responsible for something as complex as recognizing your grandmother and hence in this theory were called ____ . Current theory doesn't support this idea.
Grandmother nuerons
85
____ is the process of stopping a neuron from firing.
inhibition
86
____ ____ is the process of a neuron turning off the neurons to either side by sending collateral projections to the neighbors.
lateral inhibition
87
____ ____ is the complex patterns of neurons.
neural networks
88
____ ____ ____ are projections that come off the axon of a neuron which go back to the same neuron, allowing the neuron to inhibit itself and sharpen its signals over time.
recurrent collateral projections
89
Most of the brain's cortex, called ____ ____ , information is contained in networks which consist of patterns of ____ .
associational cortex
| excitation
90
Information isn't stored in single ____ but instead it is stored and processed by these networks which consist of ____ that send out branches to other neurons and sometimes even back to themselves in the form of a ____ .
neuron
neurons
loop
91
These loops that neurons send back to themselves are called ____ ____ ____ , and allow the neuron to inhibit itself and sharpen its signals over time.
recurrent collateral projections
92
Neurons also form ____ that go to neighboring neurons and allow them to inhibit their neighbors.
projections
93
Neurons form very complicated interrelated ____ .
structures
94
The same neurons can also overlap in different ____ and can be used in different ____ in different ____ .
networks
ways
settings
95
The ____ ____ which compromises about 90% of the cortex and where the information is stored in these networks of ____ .
associational cortex
| excitation
96
Layers of neurons overlap and form ____ .
networks
97
____ of neurons carry out complex processes.
networks
98
How layers of neurons overlap and connect impact ____ , ____ ,and ____ perception.
creativity
memory
pain
99
____ ____ is the result of tapping into many networks and integrating the inputs.
memory retrieval
100
____ ____ continue to develop throughout our lifespans, and therefore we get increasingly rich connections throughout our lives.
neural networks
101
____ is often said to be the result of being able to make connections between a wide array of information and knowledge gained over tie from a variety of sources.
wisdom
102
It is the individual differences in ____ ____ ____ that cause people to know different information and to make different connections with their knowledge.
personal neural networks
103
____ is about how people make connections, and highly ____ people have broader networks than most and therefore can make unique associations and connections
creativity
| creative
104
What is the ability to hold several facts or thoughts in memory temporarily while solving a problem or performing a task?
Working memory
105
A ____ ____ or ____ ____ in the frontal portion of the brain is responsible for processing information in the working memory.
central executive
| neural system
106
An ____ ____ is a process of rapid verbal repetition of the to-be-remembered information, which greatly helps maintain it in working memory
articulatory loop
107
What is the type of memory needed to hold such information in one's mind while working on it?
working memory
108
What memory holds information in mind for only a few seconds as it is processed?
short-term memory
109
What memory is where such processed information is permanently stored?
Long-term memory
110
What is an intermediary and active memory system in the information processing area of the brain?
working memory
111
What refers to the order of words in sentences that contributes to meaning?
Syntax
112
What is involved in all cognitive processes?
Working memory
113
Your ____ , ____ ____ , and ____ ____ make up a complex, integrated information-processing and control system known as your central nervous system.
brain
spinal cord
peripheral nerves
114
The study of the brain and nervous system is called:
neuroscience or neurobiology
115
In the cell, what builds proteins?
ribosomes
116
In the cell, what makes energy?
mitochondria
117
If the cell body dies, what happens to the neuron?
It dies.
118
Where are myelinated neurons typically found?
peripheral nerves (sensory and motor neurons)
119
Where are non-myelinated neurons found?
brain and spinal cord
120
What controls the reflexes and automatic functions, limb movements, and visceral functions?
brain stem
121
What are visceral functions?
digestion and urination
122
What are automatic functions?
heart rate and blood pressure
123
What integrates information from the vestibular system that indicates position and movement and uses this date to coordinate limb movements?
the cerebellum
124
What two things are responsible for visceral functions, body temperature and behavioral responses like feeding, drinking, and more?
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
125
What consists of the cortex, large fiber tracts, and some deeper structure, and integrates info from all of the sense organs, initiates motor functions, control emotions and holds memory and thought processes?
The cerebrum
126
What consists of the spinal cord, brain stem, and diencephalon?
The lower brain
127
What are groups of ribosomes that are used for protein synthesis?
nissl bodies
128
What is the system of tubes for transport of materials within cytoplasm?
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
129
What is ER with ribosomes?
rough ER
130
What is ER with no robosomes?
smooth ER
131
When there are ribosomes with ER, what is it important for?
protein synthesis
132
What is the membrane-bound structure important for packaging peptides and proteins (including neurotransmitters) into vesicles?
Golgi Apparatus
133
What is the system of transport for materials within a neuron and may be used for structural support?
microfilaments/ neurotubules
134
____ produces energy to fuel cellular activities.
mitochondria
135
What produces ribosomes necessary for translation of genetic information into proteins?
nucleolus
136
Neurons have what two processes?
axons and dendrites
