Module 2 Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
What is public speaking
A
Communication in which a speaker presents a relatively continuous message to a relatively large audience in a unique context
2
Q
Rhetoric
A
One of the earliest systematic studies of public speaking
3
Q
3 types of speaking in the rhetoric.
A
Logos (logical proof), pathos ( emotional appeals), ethos (appeals based on the character of the speaker)
4
Q
Rhetoric was created by
A
Aristotle
5
Q
Roman rhetorician who added to the work of the greeks
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Quintilian tbuilg an entire educational system based on development of the effective and responsible orator.
6
Q
The benefits of public speaking
A
Improve your public speaking abilities, improve personal and social abilities, improve academic and career skills.
7
Q
How to improve public speaking skills
A
Instruction, exposure to different speeches, experience with diverse audiences, feedback on your own speeches, and individual learning experiences.
8
Q
While becoming a better speaker you will also improve your _ skills
A
Listening
9
Q
Communication apprehension
A
Fear or anxiety over communicating
10
Q
Trait apprehension
A
Shows itself in all communication situations.
11
Q
State apprehension
A
Fear that is specific to a given communication situation. Public speaking is feared most
12
Q
Can fear be useful?
A
Yes, it can motivate you to work harder and not procrastinate.
13
Q
Ways to deal with and manage public speaking apprehension
A
Reduce the newness of public speaking by gaining experience, reduce your self focus by visualizing public speaking as conversatuon, reduce your perceived differentness from the audience, reduce your fear of failure by thoroughly preparing and practicing, reduce your anxiety by moving about and breathing deeply, and avoid chemicals as tension relievers.
14
Q
Essential steps for preparing an effective publix speech
A
Select topic, purposes and thesis Analyze your audience Research your topic Collect supporting materials Develop your main points Organize your speech materials Construct introduction, conclusion, and transitions Word your speech Rehearse your speech Present your speech
15
Q
To answer the question what do I speak about?
A
What makes a good topic?
How do I find such a topic?
How do I focus or limit my topic?
16
Q
A good so each topic is
A
Substantive, appropriate, and culturally sensitive
17
Q
Ways to find topics
A
Yourself- What are you interested in? Brainstorming Surveys- polls News items- topics in articles Topic lists
18
Q
Why should a topic be narrowed
A
To fit into time restrictions and permit depth of coverage. Limiting the topic will help you to search for research materials more efficiently.
19
Q
Ways to limit your topic
A
Topoi, tree diagrams, and search directories
20
Q
Topoi
A
System of topics that comes from the rhetoric of Greece and Rome but is used more widely as a stimulus for creative thinking. When using this method you ask yourself a series of topics about your general subject and it helps you to see divisions of your general topic on which you want to focus.
21
Q
Tree diagrams
A
A method for narrowing a topic in which each topic is branched off into subtopics is branched off into additional subtopics
22
Q
Search directory
A
A nested list of topics
23
Q
Purpose of a speech
A
The goal you want to achieve; it identifies the effect that you want your speech to have on the audience
24
Q
General purpose
A
Whether a speech is persuasive or informative
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Special occasion speeches
Are in many ways combinations of informative and persuasive purposes.
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Informative speeches
Seek to clarify, enlighten, correct misunderstandi ngs, demonstrate how something works, define what something means. Examples, illustrations, testimony, visual aids
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In persuasive speeches
You try to influence the attitudes or behaviors you seek go strengthen or change existing attitudes or get the audience to take action. Materials that offer proof
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Specific purpose
The information that you want to communicate (informative) or the attitude or behavior that you want to change (persuasive)
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5 guidelines for specific purposes
1. Use an infinitive phrase
2. Focus on the audience
3. Limit your specific purpose to one idea
4. Limit your specific purpose for what is reasonable
5. Use specific terms
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What is a thesis?
The main assertion of a message for example the theme of a public speech
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Wording the thesis
Limit it to one central idea, State it as a complete declarative sentence, use your thesis to focus audience attention.
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Audience
A group of individuals gathered together to hear a speech
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Audience analysis
The process of analyzing a speaker's intended listeners
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Analyzing the sociology of the audience
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Cultural factors- values and beliefs
Age
Gender
Affections orientation
Religion and religiousness.
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Analyzing the psychology of the audience
How willing is the audience, how favorable is the audience, how knowledgeable is your audience,
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Analyzing and adapting during the speech
Focus on listeners as message senders, address audience responses directly, use answers to your what if answers
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How to research
Research for specifics, research to discover what is known. Research to support a position.
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Research notes
Create folders, key your notes, and take complete notes.
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Primary sources
Firsthand accounts written or spoken
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Secondary sources
Those that interpret, comment o. On, analyze it summarize primary source materials. Magazine article, news
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Tertiary sources
Combination of primary and secondary sources. Articles in encyclopedias, almanac, handbooks, and guidebooks.
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General reference works
Encyclopedias, almanac. Biographic materials, statistical information.
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Open web
Materials able to be accessed with a simple search.
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Deep we.
Contains collection of documents that are not accessible through simple searches. Includes scholarly articles and academic research journals.
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Social web
Blogs Facebook pages, tweets
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Evaluating internet resources
Fairness, accuracy, currency, qualifications, and sufficiency
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Supporting materials for main points
Statistics and presentation aids give my d go the main points , maintain attention, and contribute to the purpose of the speech
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Example
A relatively brief specific instance
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Illustration
A longer and more detailed example
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Narrative
An example told in story like form
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Analogies
Comparisons that are often extremely useful in Making your ideas clear a f vivid to your audience
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Figerative analogies
Compare items from different classes. These are useful for illustrating possible similarities and provide vivid examples that are easily remembered
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Literal analogies
Compare items from the same class.
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Avoid using analogies as
Proof
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Definition
A statement explaining the meaning of a term or concept; it explains what something is.
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Definition by etymology
To define a term by tracing it's historic or linguistic development
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Definition by authority
Clarifying a term by explaining how a particular authority used it. Like historical people
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Definition by negation
Defining a term by noting what the term is not. "A wife" isn't your maid or babysitter
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Definition by specific examples
An example can serve defining functions and can help to clarify terms or phrases.
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Testimony
Form of support that involves using the opinions of others to clarify or support your assertions
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Expert testimony
The speaker cites the opinions, beliefs, predictions , or values of an expert.
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Eyewitness testimony
A testimony of someone to some event or situation
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Raw numbers
Figures unmodified by any mathematical operation.
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Statistics
Summary figures that help you communicate the important characteristic of a complex set of numbers
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Presentation aid
A visual or auditory means for clarifying ideas.
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Uses of presentation adds
Gain attention and maintain interest, adds clarity, reinforce the message, contribute to credibility and confidence, reduce apprehension
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Types of presentation aids
The object itself, models, graphs, word charts, maps, people, photographs and illustrations,
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Using presentation aids
Know your aids intimately, rehearse your speech with the presentation aids, integrate presentation aids into your speech seamlessly, avoid talking to your aid, use your aid only when it's relevant
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Pros of computer assisted presentations
Give a speech a professional up to date look and in the process add to your credibility. They show you're prepared s d care about your topic and audience.
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Suggestions for designing slides
Use the templates provided by your software, use consistent type face, size, and color, be brief, use colors wisely, use only the visuals that you really need, use charts and tables when appropriate, anticipate questions, anticipate technical problems
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Organizing a speech
Organizing will help guide the speech preparation process, organizing will help that audience understand the speech, it will help your audience remember your speech, it will help establish credibility
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Body
Main part of speech
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Temporal pattern
Organizing a speech into two, three, or four parts beginning with the past and working up to the present or the future or beginning with the present and working back to the past. Useful in informative speecbdz.
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Spatial pattern
An organizational pattern for a public speech in which points are discussed in a spatial sequence- high to low, east to west. Good for describing objects
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Topical pattern
An organizational pattern for a public speech in which the topic is organized into its aubtopicx or component parts
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Problem solving pattern
An organizational structure for a public speech divided into problem and the solution. Useful for persuasive speeches.
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Cause and effect pattern
Divides the speech into two major sections: cause and effect. Useful in persuasive speeches where you want to convince your audience of the casual connection existing between two events or elements.
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Motivated sequence
Organizational pattern in which you arrange your information so as to motivate your audience to respond positivy to your purpose. Pattern for organizing the entire speech. 1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action
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Introduction
Gains attention, establish a connection, and orient the audience as to what is to follow
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How to gain attention
Ask a question, refer to audience members, refer go recent happenings, use humor, stress the importance of the topic, use a presentation aid, tell the audience to pay attention, use a quotation , cite a little known fact, or use an illustration or dramatic story.
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How's to establish a speaker audience connection
Refer to others present, refer to the occasion, express your pleasure or interest in speaking, establish your competence in the subject, express similarities with the audience, and compliment the audience.
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Orientation
In public speaking, a preview of what is to follow in the speech.
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How to orient the audience
Give a general idea of the subject, identify the main points you will cover, identify your goal
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Conclusion
Summarizes motivated and provides closure for your speech.
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How to summarize
Restate your thesis or purpose, restate the importance of the topic, restate your main points
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How to motivate
Ask for specific responses, provide directions for future action
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How to close
Use a quotation, refer to subsequent events. Pose a challenge or question, thank the audience, refer back to the introduction.
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Transitions
Words phrases,or sentences that help the listener follow the development of your thoughts and arguments and get an idea of where you are in your speech.
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Transitions function to connect:
Use between the introduction and the body of the speech
Between the body and conclusion
Between the main points in the body of the speech.
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Transitions functions
Connections, previews, reviews, signposts ( individual words that yell listeners where you are in your speech like first, next, thus)
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Look at don'ts in the textbook
Page 332
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Outline
Blueprint for your speech that lays out the elements of the speech and their relationship to one another.
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Constructing the outline
Preface the outline with identifying data, outline the introduction body conclusion as separate units, insert transitions, and include a list of references, use a consistent set of symbols, use visual aspects to reflect the organizational pattern, use one discrete idea per symbol, use complete declarative sentences.
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Template outline
An outline in which the essential parts of the speech are identified with spaced for these essential parts to be filled in, a learning device for developing speeches.
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Presentation outline
An outline that will assist your delivery of the speech.
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Guidelines for presentation outlines
Be brief ( one paper), be clear, be delivery minded, rehearse with the outline.
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Oral cycle
The degree to which communication style resembles that of informal conversation than a formal style of writing.
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A speech must be __ because it is only heard once
Instantly intelligible
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How to use clarity in your speech
Be economical, use specific terms and numbers, use signposts, use short, familiar terms, and carefully assess idioms.
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How to be vivid during a speech
Use action verbs, use strong verbs, and use figures of speech, use imagery
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Figures of speech
Stylistic devices that have been a part of rhetoric since ancient times
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Alliteration
The repetition of the same until sound in two or more verbs
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Antithesis
Presentation of contrary ideas in parallel form, My lovers are many my enemys are few, it was the best of times; it was the worst of times.
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Hyperbole
Use of extreme exaggeration, I could eat an entire horse
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Irony
The use of a word or sentence whose literal meaning is the opposite of the message actually conveyed.
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Metaphor
Compares two unlike things without like or as
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Metonymy
Substitution of a name for a title with which it's closely associated. City hall stands for mayor or council
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Rhetorical questions
Questions used to make a statement or make a statement to produce a desired effect rather than to secure an answer
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Subedoche
The use of a part of an object to stand for the whole object, green thumb standing for expert gardener
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Oxymoron
A term or phrase that com ones two normally opposite qualities. Bittersweet
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Tactile imagery
Describes temperature and texture of object you are describing.
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How to achieve appropriateness
Appropriate level of formality, avoid unfamiliar terms, avoid island, avoid ethnic expressions.
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Personal style
Speakers who speak with the audience rather than at them
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How to use personal style
Use personal pronouns, ask questions, and create immediacy.
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Using personal pronouns
Say I, he she,me instead of one
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Immediacy
A conncectiveness with one's listeners
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How to use immediacy
Use personal examples, use we and our, address the audience directly ( you rather than the students, use specific names of audience members, refer to commonalities between the audience and yourself ( we are all) refer to shared experiences and goals ( we all want)
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How to use forcefulness
Eliminate weaknesses ( hesitation), vary intensity of description as appropriate, avoid bromides and cliches
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Bromide
Trite sayings that are worn out because of constant usage
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How-to phrase sentences
Use short, direct, active, positive, vary types of sentences
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Using positive sentences
Easy yo comprehend and remember ( the committee did not accept the proposal versus the committee rejected the proposal)
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Parallel sentences
Concert ideas in parallek style for ease of comprehension and memory.
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Antithetical sentences
Juxtapose contrasting ideas in parallel fashion. "Ask not what you can do for your country but what you can do for your country"
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Periodic sentences
Reserves the key word until the end of the sentence. The sentence will not make since until the last word.
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How to rehearse your speech
Rehearse the speech as a whole, time the speech, simulate the conditions as close as possible to how the actual speech will go, practice in front of a mirror, incorporate changes and make delivery notes, practice often undertake long term delivery.
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How to undertake long term improvement.
Seek feedback from an expert, learn how to tell the differences between effective and ineffective patterns, seek feedback on the changes, consult a book for voice improvement, if any more problems exist see a professional. Seek help if your uncomfortable with any aspect of yourself.
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An effective presentation
Is comfortable, consistent, interesting, contributes to the content of the speech
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Impromptu speaking
Answering questions in class and interview
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When manuscripted speeches are viable
When it will be recorded, political,
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Cons to memorized speeches
Not easy to respond to feedback and forgetfullnes.
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Extwmporaneous speech
Involves thorough preparation but no commitment to wording. Most recommended type of speech. Lectures, class room speeches.
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How to make a presentation more effective
Be natural, use presentation style to reinforce your message, vary your presentation, dress appropriate, be conversational, be expressive, and use notes appropriately
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How to be conversational
Maintain eye contact, maintain a physical closeness ( don't stand behind something) smile stand with open body posture, talk directly to the audience
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How to be expressive
Personalize what you say, communicate involvement nonverballly, usr gestures appropriately.
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Avoiding common mistakes
Don't start speech immediately, don't display discomfort or displeasure, don't race away from the stand afterwards.
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How to use notes appropriately
Keep notes to a minimum, resist the normal temptation to use entire outline, open subtlety, don't allow noted to prevent directness
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Articulation
Results from movements of the speech organs as they modify and interrupt the air stream from the lungs.
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Pronunciation
Production of syllables or words according to some accepted standard.
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Guidelines for criticizing more effectively
Stress the positive, be specific, be objective, be constructive, focus on behavior, own your critisicim.
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Guidelines for criticizing more effectively
Stress the positive, be specific, be objective, be constructive, focus on behavior, own your critisicim.
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Principles of informative speaking
Focus on the audience ( with goals), stress relevance and usefulness, limit the information, adjust the level of complexity, etc.
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How to make your speech easy to remember
Repeat the phrases that you want your audience to remember, use signposts, use internal summary transitions, pattern your message, and focus audience attention.
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Speeches of description
Speeches in which you describe and object, person, event, or process
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Speeches of definition
Speeches in which you define a term, a system or theory, or similar or dissimilar terms
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Speeches of demonstration
Speeches where you show how to do something or how something works
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Use a ___ or _ pattern when describing objects or people
Special or topical
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Use a ___ pattern when describing events or processes
Temporal
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5Ws
Who, what, where, when, why
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Speech of introduction
Used to introduce a speaker or topic area that a number of speakers will address.
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Eulogy
A speech of tribute to a person who has died, puts a person's life and contributions in a positive light.
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Presentation speech
1 place an award it honor of some kind in context and give the award and extra air of dignity or status.
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Acceptance speecb
Other side of honoring ceremony, the recipient of the award and attempts to place the award in some kind of context.
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Toast
A brief speech designed to celebrate a person or an occasion.
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Use a ___ pattern for a demonstrative speech
Tempora
