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Speech > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is public speaking

A

Communication in which a speaker presents a relatively continuous message to a relatively large audience in a unique context

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2
Q

Rhetoric

A

One of the earliest systematic studies of public speaking

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3
Q

3 types of speaking in the rhetoric.

A

Logos (logical proof), pathos ( emotional appeals), ethos (appeals based on the character of the speaker)

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4
Q

Rhetoric was created by

A

Aristotle

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5
Q

Roman rhetorician who added to the work of the greeks

A

Quintilian tbuilg an entire educational system based on development of the effective and responsible orator.

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6
Q

The benefits of public speaking

A

Improve your public speaking abilities, improve personal and social abilities, improve academic and career skills.

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7
Q

How to improve public speaking skills

A

Instruction, exposure to different speeches, experience with diverse audiences, feedback on your own speeches, and individual learning experiences.

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8
Q

While becoming a better speaker you will also improve your _ skills

A

Listening

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9
Q

Communication apprehension

A

Fear or anxiety over communicating

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10
Q

Trait apprehension

A

Shows itself in all communication situations.

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11
Q

State apprehension

A

Fear that is specific to a given communication situation. Public speaking is feared most

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12
Q

Can fear be useful?

A

Yes, it can motivate you to work harder and not procrastinate.

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13
Q

Ways to deal with and manage public speaking apprehension

A

Reduce the newness of public speaking by gaining experience, reduce your self focus by visualizing public speaking as conversatuon, reduce your perceived differentness from the audience, reduce your fear of failure by thoroughly preparing and practicing, reduce your anxiety by moving about and breathing deeply, and avoid chemicals as tension relievers.

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14
Q

Essential steps for preparing an effective publix speech

A 
Select topic, purposes and thesis
Analyze your audience
Research your topic
Collect supporting materials
Develop your main points
Organize your speech materials
Construct introduction, conclusion, and transitions 
Word your speech
Rehearse your speech
Present your speech
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15
Q

To answer the question what do I speak about?

A

What makes a good topic?
How do I find such a topic?
How do I focus or limit my topic?

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16
Q

A good so each topic is

A

Substantive, appropriate, and culturally sensitive

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17
Q

Ways to find topics

A 
Yourself- What are you interested in?
Brainstorming
Surveys- polls
News items- topics in articles
Topic lists
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18
Q

Why should a topic be narrowed

A

To fit into time restrictions and permit depth of coverage. Limiting the topic will help you to search for research materials more efficiently.

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19
Q

Ways to limit your topic

A

Topoi, tree diagrams, and search directories

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20
Q

Topoi

A

System of topics that comes from the rhetoric of Greece and Rome but is used more widely as a stimulus for creative thinking. When using this method you ask yourself a series of topics about your general subject and it helps you to see divisions of your general topic on which you want to focus.

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21
Q

Tree diagrams

A

A method for narrowing a topic in which each topic is branched off into subtopics is branched off into additional subtopics

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22
Q

Search directory

A

A nested list of topics

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23
Q

Purpose of a speech

A

The goal you want to achieve; it identifies the effect that you want your speech to have on the audience

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24
Q

General purpose

A

Whether a speech is persuasive or informative

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25
Q

Special occasion speeches

A

Are in many ways combinations of informative and persuasive purposes.

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26
Q

Informative speeches

A

Seek to clarify, enlighten, correct misunderstandi ngs, demonstrate how something works, define what something means. Examples, illustrations, testimony, visual aids

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27
Q

In persuasive speeches

A

You try to influence the attitudes or behaviors you seek go strengthen or change existing attitudes or get the audience to take action. Materials that offer proof

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28
Q

Specific purpose

A

The information that you want to communicate (informative) or the attitude or behavior that you want to change (persuasive)

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29
Q

5 guidelines for specific purposes

A
  1. Use an infinitive phrase
  2. Focus on the audience
  3. Limit your specific purpose to one idea
  4. Limit your specific purpose for what is reasonable
  5. Use specific terms
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30
Q

What is a thesis?

A

The main assertion of a message for example the theme of a public speech

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31
Q

Wording the thesis

A

Limit it to one central idea, State it as a complete declarative sentence, use your thesis to focus audience attention.

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32
Q

Audience

A

A group of individuals gathered together to hear a speech

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33
Q

Audience analysis

A

The process of analyzing a speaker’s intended listeners

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34
Q

Analyzing the sociology of the audience

A 
Cultural factors- values and beliefs 
Age
Gender
Affections orientation 
Religion and religiousness.
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35
Q

Analyzing the psychology of the audience

A

How willing is the audience, how favorable is the audience, how knowledgeable is your audience,

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36
Q

Analyzing and adapting during the speech

A

Focus on listeners as message senders, address audience responses directly, use answers to your what if answers

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37
Q

How to research

A

Research for specifics, research to discover what is known. Research to support a position.

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38
Q

Research notes

A

Create folders, key your notes, and take complete notes.

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39
Q

Primary sources

A

Firsthand accounts written or spoken

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40
Q

Secondary sources

A

Those that interpret, comment o. On, analyze it summarize primary source materials. Magazine article, news

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41
Q

Tertiary sources

A

Combination of primary and secondary sources. Articles in encyclopedias, almanac, handbooks, and guidebooks.

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42
Q

General reference works

A

Encyclopedias, almanac. Biographic materials, statistical information.

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43
Q

Open web

A

Materials able to be accessed with a simple search.

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44
Q

Deep we.

A

Contains collection of documents that are not accessible through simple searches. Includes scholarly articles and academic research journals.

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45
Q

Social web

A

Blogs Facebook pages, tweets

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46
Q

Evaluating internet resources

A

Fairness, accuracy, currency, qualifications, and sufficiency

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47
Q

Supporting materials for main points

A

Statistics and presentation aids give my d go the main points , maintain attention, and contribute to the purpose of the speech

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48
Q

Example

A

A relatively brief specific instance

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49
Q

Illustration

A

A longer and more detailed example

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50
Q

Narrative

A

An example told in story like form

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51
Q

Analogies

A

Comparisons that are often extremely useful in Making your ideas clear a f vivid to your audience

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52
Q

Figerative analogies

A

Compare items from different classes. These are useful for illustrating possible similarities and provide vivid examples that are easily remembered

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53
Q

Literal analogies

A

Compare items from the same class.

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54
Q

Avoid using analogies as

A

Proof

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55
Q

Definition

A

A statement explaining the meaning of a term or concept; it explains what something is.

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56
Q

Definition by etymology

A

To define a term by tracing it’s historic or linguistic development

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57
Q

Definition by authority

A

Clarifying a term by explaining how a particular authority used it. Like historical people

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58
Q

Definition by negation

A

Defining a term by noting what the term is not. “A wife” isn’t your maid or babysitter

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59
Q

Definition by specific examples

A

An example can serve defining functions and can help to clarify terms or phrases.

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60
Q

Testimony

A

Form of support that involves using the opinions of others to clarify or support your assertions

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61
Q

Expert testimony

A

The speaker cites the opinions, beliefs, predictions , or values of an expert.

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62
Q

Eyewitness testimony

A

A testimony of someone to some event or situation

63
Q

Raw numbers

A

Figures unmodified by any mathematical operation.

64
Q

Statistics

A

Summary figures that help you communicate the important characteristic of a complex set of numbers

65
Q

Presentation aid

A

A visual or auditory means for clarifying ideas.

66
Q

Uses of presentation adds

A

Gain attention and maintain interest, adds clarity, reinforce the message, contribute to credibility and confidence, reduce apprehension

67
Q

Types of presentation aids

A

The object itself, models, graphs, word charts, maps, people, photographs and illustrations,

68
Q

Using presentation aids

A

Know your aids intimately, rehearse your speech with the presentation aids, integrate presentation aids into your speech seamlessly, avoid talking to your aid, use your aid only when it’s relevant

69
Q

Pros of computer assisted presentations

A

Give a speech a professional up to date look and in the process add to your credibility. They show you’re prepared s d care about your topic and audience.

70
Q

Suggestions for designing slides

A

Use the templates provided by your software, use consistent type face, size, and color, be brief, use colors wisely, use only the visuals that you really need, use charts and tables when appropriate, anticipate questions, anticipate technical problems

71
Q

Organizing a speech

A

Organizing will help guide the speech preparation process, organizing will help that audience understand the speech, it will help your audience remember your speech, it will help establish credibility

72
Q

Body

A

Main part of speech

73
Q

Temporal pattern

A

Organizing a speech into two, three, or four parts beginning with the past and working up to the present or the future or beginning with the present and working back to the past. Useful in informative speecbdz.

74
Q

Spatial pattern

A

An organizational pattern for a public speech in which points are discussed in a spatial sequence- high to low, east to west. Good for describing objects

75
Q

Topical pattern

A

An organizational pattern for a public speech in which the topic is organized into its aubtopicx or component parts

76
Q

Problem solving pattern

A

An organizational structure for a public speech divided into problem and the solution. Useful for persuasive speeches.

77
Q

Cause and effect pattern

A

Divides the speech into two major sections: cause and effect. Useful in persuasive speeches where you want to convince your audience of the casual connection existing between two events or elements.

78
Q

Motivated sequence

A

Organizational pattern in which you arrange your information so as to motivate your audience to respond positivy to your purpose. Pattern for organizing the entire speech. 1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action

79
Q

Introduction

A

Gains attention, establish a connection, and orient the audience as to what is to follow

80
Q

How to gain attention

A

Ask a question, refer to audience members, refer go recent happenings, use humor, stress the importance of the topic, use a presentation aid, tell the audience to pay attention, use a quotation , cite a little known fact, or use an illustration or dramatic story.

81
Q

How’s to establish a speaker audience connection

A

Refer to others present, refer to the occasion, express your pleasure or interest in speaking, establish your competence in the subject, express similarities with the audience, and compliment the audience.

82
Q

Orientation

A

In public speaking, a preview of what is to follow in the speech.

83
Q

How to orient the audience

A

Give a general idea of the subject, identify the main points you will cover, identify your goal

84
Q

Conclusion

A

Summarizes motivated and provides closure for your speech.

85
Q

How to summarize

A

Restate your thesis or purpose, restate the importance of the topic, restate your main points

86
Q

How to motivate

A

Ask for specific responses, provide directions for future action

87
Q

How to close

A

Use a quotation, refer to subsequent events. Pose a challenge or question, thank the audience, refer back to the introduction.

88
Q

Transitions

A

Words phrases,or sentences that help the listener follow the development of your thoughts and arguments and get an idea of where you are in your speech.

89
Q

Transitions function to connect:

A

Use between the introduction and the body of the speech
Between the body and conclusion
Between the main points in the body of the speech.

90
Q

Transitions functions

A

Connections, previews, reviews, signposts ( individual words that yell listeners where you are in your speech like first, next, thus)

91
Q

Look at don’ts in the textbook

A

Page 332

92
Q

Outline

A

Blueprint for your speech that lays out the elements of the speech and their relationship to one another.

93
Q

Constructing the outline

A

Preface the outline with identifying data, outline the introduction body conclusion as separate units, insert transitions, and include a list of references, use a consistent set of symbols, use visual aspects to reflect the organizational pattern, use one discrete idea per symbol, use complete declarative sentences.

94
Q

Template outline

A

An outline in which the essential parts of the speech are identified with spaced for these essential parts to be filled in, a learning device for developing speeches.

95
Q

Presentation outline

A

An outline that will assist your delivery of the speech.

96
Q

Guidelines for presentation outlines

A

Be brief ( one paper), be clear, be delivery minded, rehearse with the outline.

97
Q

Oral cycle

A

The degree to which communication style resembles that of informal conversation than a formal style of writing.

98
Q

A speech must be __ because it is only heard once

A

Instantly intelligible

99
Q

How to use clarity in your speech

A

Be economical, use specific terms and numbers, use signposts, use short, familiar terms, and carefully assess idioms.

100
Q

How to be vivid during a speech

A

Use action verbs, use strong verbs, and use figures of speech, use imagery

101
Q

Figures of speech

A

Stylistic devices that have been a part of rhetoric since ancient times

102
Q

Alliteration

A

The repetition of the same until sound in two or more verbs

103
Q

Antithesis

A

Presentation of contrary ideas in parallel form, My lovers are many my enemys are few, it was the best of times; it was the worst of times.

104
Q

Hyperbole

A

Use of extreme exaggeration, I could eat an entire horse

105
Q

Irony

A

The use of a word or sentence whose literal meaning is the opposite of the message actually conveyed.

106
Q

Metaphor

A

Compares two unlike things without like or as

107
Q

Metonymy

A

Substitution of a name for a title with which it’s closely associated. City hall stands for mayor or council

108
Q

Rhetorical questions

A

Questions used to make a statement or make a statement to produce a desired effect rather than to secure an answer

109
Q

Subedoche

A

The use of a part of an object to stand for the whole object, green thumb standing for expert gardener

110
Q

Oxymoron

A

A term or phrase that com ones two normally opposite qualities. Bittersweet

111
Q

Tactile imagery

A

Describes temperature and texture of object you are describing.

112
Q

How to achieve appropriateness

A

Appropriate level of formality, avoid unfamiliar terms, avoid island, avoid ethnic expressions.

113
Q

Personal style

A

Speakers who speak with the audience rather than at them

114
Q

How to use personal style

A

Use personal pronouns, ask questions, and create immediacy.

115
Q

Using personal pronouns

A

Say I, he she,me instead of one

116
Q

Immediacy

A

A conncectiveness with one’s listeners

117
Q

How to use immediacy

A

Use personal examples, use we and our, address the audience directly ( you rather than the students, use specific names of audience members, refer to commonalities between the audience and yourself ( we are all) refer to shared experiences and goals ( we all want)

118
Q

How to use forcefulness

A

Eliminate weaknesses ( hesitation), vary intensity of description as appropriate, avoid bromides and cliches

119
Q

Bromide

A

Trite sayings that are worn out because of constant usage

120
Q

How-to phrase sentences

A

Use short, direct, active, positive, vary types of sentences

121
Q

Using positive sentences

A

Easy yo comprehend and remember ( the committee did not accept the proposal versus the committee rejected the proposal)

122
Q

Parallel sentences

A

Concert ideas in parallek style for ease of comprehension and memory.

123
Q

Antithetical sentences

A

Juxtapose contrasting ideas in parallel fashion. “Ask not what you can do for your country but what you can do for your country”

124
Q

Periodic sentences

A

Reserves the key word until the end of the sentence. The sentence will not make since until the last word.

125
Q

How to rehearse your speech

A

Rehearse the speech as a whole, time the speech, simulate the conditions as close as possible to how the actual speech will go, practice in front of a mirror, incorporate changes and make delivery notes, practice often undertake long term delivery.

126
Q

How to undertake long term improvement.

A

Seek feedback from an expert, learn how to tell the differences between effective and ineffective patterns, seek feedback on the changes, consult a book for voice improvement, if any more problems exist see a professional. Seek help if your uncomfortable with any aspect of yourself.

127
Q

An effective presentation

A

Is comfortable, consistent, interesting, contributes to the content of the speech

128
Q

Impromptu speaking

A

Answering questions in class and interview

129
Q

When manuscripted speeches are viable

A

When it will be recorded, political,

130
Q

Cons to memorized speeches

A

Not easy to respond to feedback and forgetfullnes.

131
Q

Extwmporaneous speech

A

Involves thorough preparation but no commitment to wording. Most recommended type of speech. Lectures, class room speeches.

132
Q

How to make a presentation more effective

A

Be natural, use presentation style to reinforce your message, vary your presentation, dress appropriate, be conversational, be expressive, and use notes appropriately

133
Q

How to be conversational

A

Maintain eye contact, maintain a physical closeness ( don’t stand behind something) smile stand with open body posture, talk directly to the audience

134
Q

How to be expressive

A

Personalize what you say, communicate involvement nonverballly, usr gestures appropriately.

135
Q

Avoiding common mistakes

A

Don’t start speech immediately, don’t display discomfort or displeasure, don’t race away from the stand afterwards.

136
Q

How to use notes appropriately

A

Keep notes to a minimum, resist the normal temptation to use entire outline, open subtlety, don’t allow noted to prevent directness

137
Q

Articulation

A

Results from movements of the speech organs as they modify and interrupt the air stream from the lungs.

138
Q

Pronunciation

A

Production of syllables or words according to some accepted standard.

139
Q

Guidelines for criticizing more effectively

A

Stress the positive, be specific, be objective, be constructive, focus on behavior, own your critisicim.

140
Q

Guidelines for criticizing more effectively

A

Stress the positive, be specific, be objective, be constructive, focus on behavior, own your critisicim.

141
Q

Principles of informative speaking

A

Focus on the audience ( with goals), stress relevance and usefulness, limit the information, adjust the level of complexity, etc.

142
Q

How to make your speech easy to remember

A

Repeat the phrases that you want your audience to remember, use signposts, use internal summary transitions, pattern your message, and focus audience attention.

143
Q

Speeches of description

A

Speeches in which you describe and object, person, event, or process

144
Q

Speeches of definition

A

Speeches in which you define a term, a system or theory, or similar or dissimilar terms

145
Q

Speeches of demonstration

A

Speeches where you show how to do something or how something works

146
Q

Use a ___ or _ pattern when describing objects or people

A

Special or topical

147
Q

Use a ___ pattern when describing events or processes

A

Temporal

148
Q

5Ws

A

Who, what, where, when, why

149
Q

Speech of introduction

A

Used to introduce a speaker or topic area that a number of speakers will address.

150
Q

Eulogy

A

A speech of tribute to a person who has died, puts a person’s life and contributions in a positive light.

151
Q

Presentation speech

A

1 place an award it honor of some kind in context and give the award and extra air of dignity or status.

152
Q

Acceptance speecb

A

Other side of honoring ceremony, the recipient of the award and attempts to place the award in some kind of context.

153
Q

Toast

A

A brief speech designed to celebrate a person or an occasion.

154
Q

Use a ___ pattern for a demonstrative speech

A

Tempora

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