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AN 1102 - Histology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 main functions of skin

A

protection
body temp
reception
absorption

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2
Q

What are the two layers of skin?

A

dermis and epidermis

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3
Q

4 layers of the epidermis + which ones are “alive”?

A

stratum corneum, lucium, granulosum, spinosum, basale (last 3)

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4
Q

Stratum corneum - what does it contain?

A

dead keratinocytes containing keratin

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5
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

squamous cells with no nucleus or organelles which help resist shear forces

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6
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

active keratinocytes with no nucleus, but contain keratohyalin and glycolipids (act as a water barrier. Application: a good lotion should be based on fat; if it’s water-based, it cannot work on the active living cells and cannot penetrate this granulosum level

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7
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

production of keratinization, many desmosomes connecting the cells (create a spinous appearance in histological cross-section)

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8
Q

Stratum basale

A

germ layer or “stem cells” for keratinocytes - constantly dividing

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9
Q

4 types of cells - arrange them to lowest to greatest abundance

A

melanocytes
langerhans
merkel
keratinocytes

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10
Q

T or F: you can only find kertainocytes at the s. spinosum layer

A

F

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11
Q

Every 20-30 days, cells near the surface of the epidermis get sloughed off. During the time they are moving from deep to superficial, they are differentiating and accumulating keratin filaments.

Which cell type?

A

keratinocytes

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12
Q

Found in the stratum spinosum. Key role = immune system (allergic reactions)

A

Langerhans cells

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13
Q

Found in the stratum basale. Produce melanin in melanosomes

A

melanocytes

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14
Q

Explain what happens under your skin when you come back from a sunny vacation

A

Melanocytes
Where? Stratum basale
Production of melanin in melanosomes- pigmentation in skin/hair. What determines colour is not the number but ACTIVITY of the melanocytes (ie. on vacation your melanocytes are very active producing a lot of melanin, after you trip, tans eventually fade)
Melanosomes which contain more melanin results in darker skin/hair

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15
Q

2 layers of the dermis

A

Papillary

Reticular

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16
Q

Dense irregular collagenous CT, mostly Type I and elastic fiber (support and binds the dermis to hypodermis)
Resting place of sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles

A

reticular

17
Q

Dermal ridges/papillae - digits projecting into the epidermis (consequently epidermal ridges are projections of the epidermis into the dermis). These two types of ridges form the rete apparatus.

A

papillary

18
Q

2 smooth muscles in skin. Which one does botox act on?

A

Arrector pili muscles - erect hair and goosebumps

Striated muscles (face, neck, scalp) - facial expression 
Application: botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX)
Blocks ACh release; therefore no signal for muscle contraction
19
Q

Finer tactile - two point discrimination, texture, shape of objects

Which type of subcutaneous receptor? SA or RA?

A

Merkel

SA

20
Q

Pain, temperature (unmyelinated)

Which type of subcutaneous receptor?

A

free nerve endings

21
Q

Pressure, vibration

Which type of subcutaneous receptor?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

22
Q

Light tactile (sensitive to small movements across skin)

Which type of subcutaneous receptor? SA or RA?

A

Meissner corpuscle

RA

23
Q

Sole of feet, palms, dermis, joint capsules (onion-like)

A

Pacinian

24
Q

Fingers, hand, sole of foot, forearm, eyelids, nipples, lips, tongue (among dermal papillae)

A

Meissner

25
Q

Fingers, lips, external genitalia (among keratinocyte - in the stratum basale)

A

Merkel

26
Q

Epidermis and corneal epithelium

A

Free nerve endings

27
Q

3 types of glands of the integument

A

eccrine
apocrine
sebaceous glands

28
Q

State their secretion + locations

eccrine
apocrine
sebaceous glands

A

sweat - sweat pores

odour - in dermis (hair follicles in axilla, areola, anus)

waxy sebum - hair shaft

29
Q

Wound healing

Inflammatory (2)
Proliferative (3)
Remodelling (2)

A

5 days - hemostasis, inflammation

3 weeks - granulation, contraction, epithelialization

collagen formation
scar tissue

30
Q

There are two portions of the respiratory system. Conduction & Respiratory - what’s the “boundaries” of each?

A

Conduction - nasal cavity –> terminal bronchioles

Respiratory - respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar

31
Q

What 4 layers of tissue would you find in the respiratory tract?

A

mucosa
muscularis
submucosa
adventitia

32
Q

4 cells of the olfactory epithelium

A

BOBS

brush cells (microvilli -
 sensory?)
olfactory cells (bipolar)
basal cells (stem cells)
sustentacular/supporting (metabolic/physical)
33
Q

Larynx

3 types of cartilage in this region? - which one is the Adam’s Apple

True vs. False vocal cords?

A

False vocal cords (CT, glands, fats)
True vocal cords (skeletal muscle)
3 cartilages: thyroid cartilage (hyalin, Adam’s apple), cricoid (ring-shaped), epiglottis

34
Q

Trachea’s 4 layers:

Mucosa

  • epithelium type?
  • 30%, 30%, 30% - these are the proportions of what?
  • which cells secrete hormones and catecholamines?

Submucosa
- what time of glands can we find here? what types of CT is present?

Muscular

Adventitia
- usually filled with ____

A

Mucosa layer – respiratory epithelium:
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells (~30%).
Basal cells (30%) - stem cells
Lamina propria consists of collagen and elastic fibers (30%)
Brush cells with microvilli (sensory?)
Endocrine cells - which secretes hormones and catecholamines

Submucosa layer – seromucous glands surrounds by collagen and elastic fibers

Muscular layer – consists of smooth muscle bridges the gap between free ends of C-shaped cartilage

Adventitia layer - usually filled with fat

35
Q

Bronchi Divisions:

primary → __?__ → terminal bronchioles → __?__ → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs and alveoli → pores of ____

A

primary → secondary bronchi → terminal bronchioles → 1st/2nd/3rd order respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs and alveoli → pores of Kohn

36
Q

**FEATURES OF THE TERMINAL BRONCHIOLE

  • What would you not find here? (3)
  • What would you find here? (1)
A

NO CARTILAGE & MUCOUS GLANDS OR GOBLET CELLS

clara cells!

37
Q

Clara cells

Shape?
Secrete what? (2)
Other functions (2)

A

Dome-like between ciliated cells

Secrete GAG in chemical irritation, inflammation

Detoxes substances

Secretes surfactant
Involved with transporting water and electrolytes (Cl)

38
Q

4 main cells within the alveoli

A

Endothelial cells of blood capillaries (continuous, non-fenestrated)

Squamous epithelial cells (Type I) - connected to endothelial cells via common basal lamina - very thin

Secretory cells (Type II, great alveolar cells) - large rounded cells, secrete surfactant (a phospholipid that reduce surface tension, or else alveoli would collapse)

Alveolar macrophages

AN 1102 - Histology (3 decks)

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