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AN 1102 - Histology > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell theory (3)

A

o All organisms are made up of one or more cells

o Cell = most basic unit of an organism

o All cells come from other cells

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2
Q

Cystic fibrosis

What type of mutation, affect what protein?

Predominantly affects which two systems?

What happens?

A

affected organs/systems, primary dysfunction; deletion/mutation of an AA leading to dysfunctional transmembrane PRO, Cl accumulates in the cell, resulting in build up of mucus in lungs/GI tract – trapping bacteria

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3
Q

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

Components of the membrane (3)

Functions (6)

Differentiate - phagocytosis, pincocytosis, exo- and endo-cytosis

A

phos lipid bilayer + CHOL + integral PROs

 Selective permeability – substances going in/out
 Cell-cell interactions
 Recognition (receptors, antigens, other cells)
 Cytoplasm-external barrier
 Transduction – converting physical/chemical signals into intracellular events
 Between the membrane = integral and peripheral

o Endocytosis (phagocytosis, receptor mediated – hormones, growth factors, toxins, antibodies; pinocytosis – cellular drinking, non specific, small objects; fungi, bacteria, foreign/dead cells via macrophages, leucocytes) & exocytosis (enzymes, hormones, NTs; vesicle fusion to plasma membrane, releasing into environment)

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4
Q

Ribosomes

Shape? Location?

T or F - we can only see them with EM.

Synthesize what?c

A

spherical, only seen with EM, PRO synthesizers, float around or sit on organelles

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5
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

location?

shape? what’s cisternae?

in some areas, ER is continuous with what?

Differentiate RER & SER

A

network of membrane enclosed sacs in the cytoplasm – folded into cisternae (tubules), cisternal space (lumen) has distinct ion and PRO composition compared to external; can be continuous with nuclear envelope membrane

 RER – ribosomes present for polypeptide synthesis – heading to cisternal space or stay in ER membrane; those with no address info are secreted out of the cell; some go to the Golgi apparatus
 SER – ex: in liver cells – synthesis/hydrolysis of glycogen, drug/alcohol detox, CHOL, steroid synthesis

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6
Q

Golgi apparatus (GA)

Function?

Receives material from where?

A

site of production/maturation of PRO and polysaccharides; materials from RER enter GA on cis face then leave at trans face

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7
Q

Lysosomes

pH = ?

Digest food particles via _________

recycle organelles via ___________

Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) - result of what?

How many forms are there?

A

build up of glycogen leading to progressive muscle weakness)
• Glycogen storage disease – type II (alpha-glucosidase)
• Alpha-mannosidosis and beta-mannosidosis
 Primary (inactive), secondary (post-fusion with phagosome), tertiary (residual – in long lived

food - phagocytosis

recycling organelles - autophagy

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8
Q

Mitochondria

ATP production via what process?

Where can they be found?

What type of DNA?

Mito diseases typically affect which systems?

A

ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation
 Concentrated in force production tissues like muscle
 Maternal DNA
 Outer membrane (smooth), inner membrane (folded) to form cisternae (directly related to energy demands)
 Mitochondrial diseases – usually affect heart, brain/nervous, muscles, kidney

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9
Q

Cytoskeleton

3 components

A

 Microtubules + thin filaments (actin) + intermediate filaments

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10
Q

Microtubules

3 examples

composed of?

function (2)?

A

cilia, flagella, mitotic spindles
• Straight, hollow cylinders made up of 13 protofilaments/globular
• Dimers of alpha-tubulin & beta tubulin
• Function: cell polarity/orientation, intracellular transport (vesicles)

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11
Q

Cilia and flagella

function?

arrangement of filaments?

A

• Cilia and flagella – move liquid/mucus, swim (sperm)
o 9 + 2 arrangement of filaments
o Microtubules within allow dynein to “walk

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12
Q

Microfilaments

in muscle - are composed of? (2)?

non muscular tissue - composed of ?

A

composed of actin filaments
• Muscle – arranged with myosin
• Non-muscular tissue – actin filaments only

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13
Q

Intermediate filaments

function? (1)

name 5

A 
stabilize organelles – 5 types:
•	Keratin
•	Vimentim
•	Glial fibrillary acidic PRO
•	Desmin
•	Neurofilament PROs
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14
Q

Centriole vs. centrosomes

A

o Centriole – pairs right angle to one another
 Pinwheel - 9 triplet microtubules
 Critical for mitosis
o Centrosome – main microtubules organizing center (MTOC)

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15
Q

Nucleus

T or F: it is the smallest organelle

3 components of DNA

4 components of the nucleus

A

F - largest

sugar + phos + nitro base (A, T, G, C)

-lipid membrane, chromatin, nucleolus, nucleoplasm

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16
Q

Chromatin

Wound up by?

Nucleosomes = chromatin + ______

hetero- vs. eu-chromatin

A

histones

histones

  • Heterochromatin – dense, non-active cells
  • Euchromatin – loose, metabolically active cells (more accessible for transcription – commonly used areas)
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17
Q

center for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, control cellular survival and proliferation

what, or rather where is this?

A

nucleolus

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18
Q

Telomeres

3 potential functions

how is apoptosis related?

A

 To prevent adjacent chromosomes from attaching to each other
 Chromosome stability – prevent unravelling
 Limits cellular division

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19
Q

What is the central dogma? when can we go backwards?

A

DNA-RNA-PRO (viruses like HIV)

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20
Q

DMD

symptoms?

x-linked _______

problem PRO = ________

A

o Rapidly worsening muscle weakness (legs/pelvis towards whole body including lungs/heart)
o X-linked recessive
o Dystrophin (structural PRO) is impaired

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21
Q

Epithelia

Describe the cells:ECM

2 types

A

cell aggregates, minimal ECM

 Covering/lining epithelia – skin, arteries, lungs, gut
 Glandular epithelia – sweat, mucus, serous glands

22
Q

Connective

Describe the cells:ECM

4 types

A

abundant ECM – “more filling, less cells” – bind, support, and package; protect, insulate, transport

 Bone
 Blood
 CT proper
 Cartilage

23
Q

Muscular tissue

Describe the cells:ECM

shape of the cells

two types

A

 Little ECM – cells packed densely
 Vasculated
 Cells are elongated
 Voluntary (skeletal) vs. involuntary (smooth or cardiac)

24
Q

Nervous tissue

functions (2)

2 types

A

monitor in/out - stimuli transduction

neuron, glia

25
Q

Characterizing EPITHELIA

1) ciliated?
2) Cell shape (3 forms)
3) Cell stacking (4 forms) - specify #s or ranges of layers
4) keratinized?

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

simple - 1
stratified - >10
pseudostratified - 2-3
transitional - <10

26
Q

Basement lamina

  • interface between (2)?
  • composed of (2)?
  • functions (3) + (1 - specific to kidney)

Basal lamina

  • manufactured by what?
  • composed of (2)?
A

epithelium and CTs
basal lamina and lamina reticularis
attach CT and epi cells, compartmentalize CT from other tissues, kidney filtration, polarity, regeneration

lamina lucida and lamina densa

** superficial to deep**: epithelial cells-basal lamina (via junctional complex-CT

27
Q

Junctional complex

3 types?

what kind of forces can they resist? (tight junction - occluding)

where is the adherentes layer found? what motion does it resist?

what are desmosomes - what motion do they resist

A

occluding
anchoring
communicating

staples on a piece of paper - no protection to mech. forces

deep to occludentes - restricts planar motion

desmo - buttons - help resist shear forces

28
Q

6 connexins (transmembrane PROs)

allow ions/GLU to flow; controlled by Ca ions

found in cardiac muscle cells and neurons

what is this?

A

gap junctions

29
Q

Which cell would we not see any of the functional complexes?

A

Red blood cells and other circulating cells

30
Q

microvilli + glycocalyx = ???????

hint: Seen as a dark lining in stained slides

A

brush border

31
Q

Microvilli vs. sterocilia

Microvilli - T or F: separate from internal cytoskeleton (intermediate filaments and actin filaments)

A

stereocilia - long, nonmotile processes (long branched microvilli) - FALSE CILIA

F - anchored

32
Q

Cilia vs. Flagella

Cilia+flagella organization vs. basal bodies/centriole organization

A

cilia - active movement of material; flagella - mobility

9 doublets + 2 vs. 9 triplets

33
Q

Differentiating glands

1) Where does it secrete?
2) How many cells?
3) how are they built?
4) what do they secrete?

A

endo (INTO BLOOD), exo

uni - multi-cellular

tubular, alveloar, acinar, mixed
branching of netowrk - complex, branched, compound

mucus or serous fluid (serous - pale, yellow, transparent)

34
Q

3 types of fluid an exocrine gland can secrete

A

mucus - serous - mixed (of both)

35
Q

watery secretion with enzymes

lacrimal, pancreas, parotid

usually cuboidal or columnar

seen in acini

A

serous cells

36
Q

secretion contains mucin (glycoprotein - viscous)

lubricates/protects

found in unicellular goblets, or grouped

A

mucus cells

37
Q

Holocrine
Merocrine
Apocrine

which one is most abdundant?

A

mero

38
Q

Connective tissue

3 main functions

4 TYPES of CT

A

connect/anchor different matter in the body
protection/defense
medium for exchange (nutrients, waste)

CT proper
blood
cartilage
bone

39
Q

CT PROPER

Composed of…… (2)

Primary function

3 criteria when considering CT proper

differentiate between loose and dense CT proper.

Name 3 specialized CT propers?

A

fibers + ECM

Structural support - maintaining the form of organs

amount &amp; type of ECM
arrangement &amp; type of fibers
# &amp; type of cells

loose - ECM empty, flexible fibers, many types of cells

dense - ECM minimal, a lot of fibers - regular or irregular in organization

adipose, reticular, elastic

40
Q

T or F: ECM is composed of amorphous ground substance which contains glycoPROs, proteoglycans, and no water content

T or F: these proteoglycans are the reason why people take “cartilage supplements”

A

F

T

41
Q

Fibers inside CT

What is the structure of the collagen fiber?

Describe 6 of the collagen types

What is EDS?

A

tensile strength - three a-chain in helix

refer to chart on slide 11

increased laxity in CT - inherited disorder (hypermobility)

42
Q

Elastic fibers

structure - what 3 main AAs would you see in there?

A

composed of elastin

glycine, proline, hydroxyproline

43
Q

Reticular fibers

Abundant where?

A

lymph system, smooth muscle, endoneurium, glandular epithelium

44
Q

Loose CT

also known as?

where can it be found?

A

between muscle fibers

mucous tissue

blood/lymph vessels

pleural/cardiac and peritoneal cavities

lamina propria

45
Q

Dense CT

T or F: has more cells that loose CT

A

F - less cells, mostly collagen fibers

46
Q

Tendons: loose irregular CT or dense regular CT? - what type of cells could you find a lot the fibers?

Ligaments: loose irregular CT or dense regular CT?

Difference between tendons and ligaments?

A

Tendons: dense regular CT; fibrocytes

Ligaments: dense regular CT

yellow due to abundance of elastin

47
Q

Give examples of:

fixed cells

transient / free or wandering cells

A

fibroblasts, adipose cells, pericytes, mast cells, and macrophages

plasma cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and macrophages

48
Q

Fibroblasts:

what is its mature form?

synthesize? (4)

A

fibrocytes

collagen, reticular and elastic fibers and amorphous, extracellular substances

49
Q

Wound healing stages (include general time frame)

Inflammatory phase (2)

Proliferation phase (3)

Remodeling phase

which stages determine scarring?

A

inflammatory - 0-5 days

  • hemostatis
  • inflammation

proliferative phase - 2 days - 3 weeks

  • granulation
  • contraction
  • epithlialization

last two

50
Q

Macrophages

primary function?

what is the mononuclear phagocyte system?

A

phagocyctotic activity - eat until they die

AN 1102 - Histology (3 decks)

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