Module 2 Flashcards
How many colleges does APS have representing specific areas in psychology?
9
What 5 areas will be covered in this module?
Clinical neuropsychology Clinical psychology Community psychology Counselling psychology Educational and developmental psychology
What is a clinical psychologist?
“A specialist in the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders”
What are some of the difficulties clinical neuropsychologists might be involved with assessing and treating?
- Memory
- Learning
- Attention
- Language
- Reading
- Problem-solving
- Decision-making
What are some places a neuropsychologist might be employed?
- Hospitals and acute settings
- Rehabilitation centres
What were the main findings of Carless and Prodan (2003) (impact of practicum training study)?
- Those who had extensive practicum experience had a greater clarity of vocational preference than those with no experience. i.e. working as a probationary psychologist further confirms the initial choice of specialisation the student has already made
- There were no significant differences between those with experience and no experience in terms of career commitment, self-efficacy, and job attainment confidence
Carless and Prodan: According to career development theory, what stage are postgraduate psychology students at?
Career exploration stage
Carless and Prodan: What defines vocational exploratory behaviour?
- Activities undertaken with goal of eliciting information about oneself or the environment
- Reaching a conclusion or hypothesis which will aid in choosing, preparing for, adjusting to, or progressing in, an occupation
Carless and Prodan: What are the 3 constructs that make up career commitment?
Career resilience (ability to adapt to disruptive, changing circumstances) Career insight (the extent to which self and goal perception is realistic) Career identity (the extent to which people identify themselves in terms of their field of work)
Carless and Prodan: Define self-efficacy in terms of vocational choice.
Self-efficacy is belief in the capacity to mobilise the phsyical, intellectual and emotional resources required to succeed in the occupation of choice.
Carless and Prodan: What variable did they control in their study?
Age - this can affect all the other variables under investigation.
Carless and Prodan: How did they explain their non-significant results?
- Career commitment, self-efficacy and job attainment confidence were already high for all students whether they had experience or not
- Students in the experienced group didn’t have that much experience anyway (60 days)
- Experienced students may have had limited actual first-hand experience (eg: being a specialist psychologist)
- quasi experimental design
What are some of the differences between clinical and counselling psychology?
- Counselling psychologists may work with less severe mental health conditions, most of the time, and may not specialise in assessment of these conditions to the same extent as clinical psychologists
- Counselling psychs spend most of their time providing therapy and interventions
- Counselling psychs are trained in a variety of integrative and eclectic approaches
What are some potential places/organisations of employment for counselling psychs?
- Hospitals
- Organisations
- Consultancies
- Private practice (either form home or consulting rooms)
When did discussions first begin about counselling psychology in Australia?
1970
The first training programme commenced in 1975 at La Trobe Univeristy
What were some of the early challenges for counselling psychology in Australia?
- To establish its own identity and sort out its relationship with other applied areas of psychology where clear overlap existed
- Many new members of the division were influenced by a psycho-educational model of growth, as opposed to a medical model
What is the current title of the counselling psychology in Australia?
College of Counselling Psychologists
How do you become a counselling psychologist in Australia?
1) Do undergrad. in psych
2) Masters (2 years), Doctoral (3 years) or PhD (4 years) in counselling psychology
3) 2 years supervised practice
4) Apply for an Area of Endorsement in Counselling Psychology from PsyBA.
Although the number of counselling psychology courses has decreased in recent times, what is the ratio of applicants to places in these remaining programmes?
5:1
What is the name given to the category of services that can be provided by clinical psychologists? What can be provided by all other psychologists?
Clinical psychs - Psychological Therapy items
Other psychs - Focused Psychological Strategies (FPS)
In terms of the employment settings of counselling psychologists, what has been the trend in the last couple of decades?
The last couple of decades have seen a significant shift in places of employment towards private practice (47.4% as primary occupation, 38% as secondary occupation).
A 1989 survey found most were employed in a tertiary setting, with only 11% in private practice.
What are the core features that characterise counselling psychology in Australia?
- Counselling and psychotherapy
- Diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders
- Multiple client modalities
- Therapeutic alliance
What are 3 challenges currently facing CP in Australia?
1) Reduction in training programmes
2) Inequities in Medicare funding
3) Externally imposed definitions of the endorsed area of practice
Why has there been a reduction in the number of CP postgrad. programmes?
- The introduction of the two-tiered Medicare model has lead to increased demand for students wanting to study clinical
- This happened at the same time federal funding for universities has reduced
- Postgrad programmes require small staff-student ratios and intensive teaching and supervision
What is the goal of a community psychologist?
To improve the overall health and wellbeing of communities by overcoming the problems that might have negative effects on the community.
What are some of the issues a community psychologist might deal with?
- Substance abuse
- Communicable disease
- Teen pregnancy
- Homelessness
- Immigration
- Rural and remote communities
- Environmental issues and natural disasters
What are some potential places of employment for community psychologist?
- Community health centres, community based organisations, public policy institutions
- Research centres and academic settings, such as colleges and universities
Who do educational and developmental psychologists work with?
People of all ages
What are some issues that may need to be dealt with in early childhood?
- Child’s cognitive, behavioural or emotional development
- Developmental delay
- Specific disabilities eg: autism
- Feeding, sleeping or behaviour problems
- Infant mental health problems eg: attachment anxiety
- Issues with goodness of fit of parent and child
- Parenting issues
- Sibling rivalry
- School readiness
What are some issues that may need to be dealt with during school years?
- Transitioning from one phase to another
- School avoidance/separation anxiety
- Psycho-educational assessment
- Learning difficulties and disorders eg: dyslexia
- Poor peer relationships
- Behaviour problems eg: ADHD
- Low self-esteem
- Mood disorders
- Giftedness
- Family relationship issues
- Physical or sexual abuse
- Whole school issues
What are some issues that may need to be dealt with during adolescence?
- Conflict between adolescent and parents
- Friendship issues
- Peer pressure
- Behaviour problems
- Sexuality issues
- Disability issues
- Transition into adulthood, identity issues
- Mental health problems
- Drugs and alcohol
- Career guidance
- Whole-school issues
What are some issues that may need to be dealt with in adulthood?
- Relationship problems
- Divorce
- Parenting
- Adoption
- Mid-life concerns
- Career restructuring
- Work stress
- Education and training in workplace
What are some issues that may need to be dealt with in later adulthood?
- Health ageing
- Coping and decline in functioning
- Dependency
- Transition issues
- Loss and grief
What are the required skills of educational and developmental psychologists?
- Assessing developmental, learning and behavioural difficulties throughout the lifespan
- Diagnosing disabilities and disorders, such as Autism
- Differential diagnoses
- Identifying and using evidence-based interventions
- Counselling
- Consulting with individuals and groups
- Designing training programs
- Professional development
- Case management, liaising with other specialists
- Report writing
How do you become an educational/developmental psychologist?
1) Undergrad APAC 4-year psych course
2) 2 year post grad APAC Educational and Developmental Psychology coursework degree
3) Supervised experience
What are some APAC accredited post grad educational/developmental courses in Victoria?
- Monash
- ACU
- University of Melbourne
- QUT and Uni Western Australia
Where are some places an educational/developmental psychologist might work?
- Education authorities
- Health and social services
- Schools
- Private practice
- Consultancy
What are some of the benefits of volunteering?
- Satisfaction on helping others
- Developing new skills
- Meeting new people and networking
- Community engagement
- Increased social consciousness
- Provides valuable experience for your CV
What’s larger? A team or a group?
Group
How do teams and groups differ in terms of selection?
Team selection is crucial
Group selection is immaterial
How do teams and groups differ in terms of leadership?
Teams = shared or rotating leaders Groups = Solo leader
How do teams and groups differ in terms of perception?
Teams = mutual knowledge understanding Groups = focus on leader
How do teams and groups differ in terms of style?
Teams = role-spread coordination Groups = convergence conformisim
How do teams and groups differ in terms of spirit?
Teams = dynamic interaction Groups = togetherness persecution of opponents
What are two common yet opposing forces evident in all groups?
Cooperation and competition
What are some characteristics of effective groups?
- A belief in shared aims and objectives
- A sense of belonging to the group
- Acceptance of group values and norms
- Mutual trust and dependencey
- Full participation and consensus in decisions
- Free flow of information and communication
- Open expression of feelings and disagreements
- Conflict resolution within the group
- Low levels of attrition
What are some of the behaviours characteristic of groupthink?
- Instinctively following a particular course of action, while ignoring minority opinion
- Not reviewing information sufficiently
- the group believing it cannot be wrong
- Collective rationalisation
- Selective information bias
What are some of the antecedents to groupthink?
- Absence of group norms
- Homogeneity of groups members
- Provocative context of stress
What are some of the strengths of groupthink theory?
- It applies group behaviour theories and concepts in a creative way
- It is comprehensive
- Has good face validity
- Applies to well-known decision making groups
What are some of the weaknesses of groupthink theory?
- Over-reliance on retrospective, historical case analyses
- Limited applicability to high-level decision-making groups
What are some strategies Janis (1972) suggests in order to reduce groupthink?
- All members evaluate decisions critically
- Leader should avoid declaring their own preferences and expectations
- Outside experts should be invited to offer opinions and challenge views
- At least one person should be devil’s advocate
- Discuss and evaluate outside warning signals
- Break up into smaller groups if necessary
- Consider and discuss minority views
What are the strengths and allowable weaknesses of the plant?
Strengths - Creative, imaginative, unorthodox, solves difficult problems
Weaknesses - Ignores details, too preoccupied to communicate effectively
Resource investigator
Strengths - Enthusiastic, extrovert, develop contacts, explores opportunities
Weaknesses - Over-optimistic, loses interest once initial enthusiasm has passsed
Coordinator
Strengths - Mature, confident, delegates well, clarifies goals, promotes decision-making
Weaknesses - Can be seen as manipulative, offloads personal work
Shaper
Strengths - Challenging, dynamic, thrives on pressure, has drive and courage to overcome obstacles
Weaknesses - Can provoke others and hurt feelings
Monitor-Evaluator
Strengths - sober, strategic, discerning, sees all options, judges accurately
Weaknesses - lacks drive and ability to inspire others
Teamworker
Strengths - Co-operative, mild, perceptive, diplomatic, listens, builds, averts friction
Weaknesses - indecisive in crunch situations
Implementer
Strengths - disciplined, reliable, conservative and efficient, turns ideas into practical actions
Weaknesses - Somewhat inflexible, slow to respond to new possibilities
Completer
Strengths - Painstaking, conscientiousness, anxious, searches out errors delivers on time
Weaknesses - Incline to worry unduly, reluctant to delegate
Specialist
Strengths - single-minded, self-sharing, dedicated, provides info and skills in rare supply
Weaknesses - contributes only on narrow front, dwells on technicalities
Planning and defining resources corresponds with which personality trait?
Openness
Implementing corresponds with which personality trait?
Extroversion
Scheduling corresponds with which personality trait?
Conscientiousness
Maintaining progress and reporting corresponds with which personality trait?
Neuroticism
Maintaining human relations corresponds with which personality trait?
Agreeableness
(Last reading) What are the 6 stages in a multi-stage process, and what are the accompanying Team Roles that flourish at each stage?
- Identifying needs (shapers and coordinators)
- Finding ideas (plants and resource investigators)
- Formulating plans (monitor evaluators and specialists)
- Making contacts (resource investigators and teamworkers)
- Establishing the organisation (implementers and coordinators)
- Following through (completer finishers, implementers)
