Module 2-6 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What is Trephining?
A
A procedure where Ancient Healers
would remove a piece of your skull
2
Q
Why was Trephining used?
A
Ancient healers thought it would let spirits escape
3
Q
What did 17th century philosopher René Descrates think nerves were?
A
Thought nerves were hollow tubes animal spirits used to act on impulses
4
Q
What did 18th century physician Frenez Josef Gall believe?
A
Trained professionals could tell someone’s intelligence, moral character, and other personality types from the shape of someone’s skull and the amount of bump
5
Q
18th century physician Frenez Josef Gall’s belief on the human skull led to what Psychology field?
A
Phrenology
6
Q
Who is the father of psychology?
A
Wilhelm Wundt
7
Q
Who considered psychology the study of conscious experience?
A
Wilhelm Wundt
8
Q
Wilhelm Wundt founded what
A
Structuralism
9
Q
What is Structuralism?
A
Uncovering mental parts of perception, consciousness, thinking, emotions, and other types of mental states and activities
10
Q
What replaced Structuralism?
A
Functionalism
11
Q
Who led Functionalism?
A
William James
12
Q
What is Functionalism?
A
The focus on what the mind does and how behavior functions
13
Q
What did functionalists examine?
A
How we use behaviors to get needs met.
14
Q
John Dewey used functionalism to develop what psychology?
A
School Psychology
15
Q
What did Structuralism lead to?
A
Gestalt Psychology
16
Q
What psychology was based on the belief that our understanding and perception is more important than what makes it that way?
A
Gestalt Psychology
17
Q
What is the slogan for Gestalt Psychology?
A
The whole is different from the sum of its part
18
Q
Who are Gestalt Psychologists?
A
Herman Ebbinghaus
Max Wertheimer
19
Q
Who was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association?
A
Margaret Floy Washburn
20
Q
Who founded the American Journal of Psychoanalysis
A
Karen Horney
21
Q
What was Karen Horney’s field of study?
A
Social and cultural factors behind personality
22
Q
What was Margaret Floy Washburn’s field of study
A
Memory
23
Q
Who was the first woman to head a psychology department at a state university?
A
June Etta Downey
24
Q
What was June Etta Downey’s field of study?
A
Personality traits
25
Who was Anna Freud?
Sigmund Freud's daughter
26
What was Anna Freud's field of study
Treatment of abnormal behavior
27
Who is Mamie Phipps Clark?
A black **woman** psychologist who did iconic work of how children of color grew to recognize racial differences
28
Who's study on racial identification and self esteem in preschool students aided in desegregation cases and famously the Supreme Court Case **Brown vs Board of Education in 1954**
Mamie Phipps Clark & Kenneth Clark
| Married Couple
29
The 5 major psychology perspectives
Neuroscience, Psychdynamic, Humanistic, Cognitive, and Behavioral
30
What does the neuroscience perspective consider?
| **THERE ARE 5 THINGS**
* How people and animals function biologically
* how nerve cells are joined
* inheritated characteristics
* instinctual behavior
* How biology affects hopes and fear
31
Who is linked to the Psychodynamic Perspective?
Sigmund Freud
32
What does the psychodynamic perspective consider?
| THERE ARE TWO ANSWERS
* Behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicted we don't know exist
* Dreams and moments of misspeaking are signs of what we really feel
33
Who is linked to the behavioral perspective?
John B Watson
34
What does the behavioral perspective consider?
* You can completely understand behavior by studying enviorment
* Focus should be on external behavior that can be observed
35
What is the order of the scientific method?
1. Observe
2. Predict
3. Test
4. Interpret
5. Communicate
36
What is a theory?
A broad explanation
37
What is a hypothesis
A specific prediction
38
What are the 7 types of research?
1. Archival Research
2. Naturalism Observation
3. Survery Research
4. Ethnographic Research (Participant Observation)
5. Case Study
6. Correlational Research
7. Experimental Research
39
Reading through articles to see the effects on corn syrup and behavior is what kind of research?
Archival Research
40
Watching how children interact with each other when sleepy is what type of research?
Naturalism Observation
41
Gathering a group of random people and asking them all the same questions is what type of research?
Survery Research
42
Going to Asia and getting involved in the culture of the community is what type of research?
Enthographic Research
43
Asking a group of 10 people who are all on Prozac what side effects they have is what type of research?
Case Study
44
Thinking poverty and crime is linked is what type of research?
Correlational Research
45
Does correlation imply causation?
No
| While there may be **CORRELATION** that doesn't mean **CAUSE**
46
What is Correlation?
the strength and direction of the relationship between two variable
47
Correlation is between what?
+1.0 to -1.0
48
What is positive correlation?
The value of one variable increases so we assume the other variable will
## Footnote
Higher study time = higher grade
49
What is negative correlation
One value increases and the other decreases
## Footnote
Higher party time = lower grade
50
Giving one group of people a certain medication and not giving the other is what type of research?
Experimental Research
51
What is manipulation by the experimeter?
Treatment
52
What do you call a group that recieved treatment?
An experimental group
53
What is kind of variable is treatment?
Independent Variable
54
Hypothesis predicts what?
That the dependent variable need the manipulation of the independent variable
55
What is the procedure in which participants are assigned to different or conditions on chance
Random assignment to condition
56
True or False:
Psychologists need findings replicated?
True
57
What are the Key Ethical Guidelines?
| There are 4
1. Protection of participants from any harm
2. The right to privacy regarding behavior
3. Inform participants about nature of procedures
4. All experiments must be reviewed by an independent panel **before starting**
58
To be Informed Consent it must include what?
1. Basic outline of study
2. What participation involves
3. What risks are involved
4. Consent to be there and can leave at any time
5. Must be debriefed at end
59
Are there any cases in which Informed Consent can be eliminated?
Yes! If minimal risk is involved and purely observational in a public place
60
What does WEIRD stand for?
Western, Educated, Industralized, Rich and Democratic
61
What are cons of Archival Research?
Data might not be recorded
62
What are cons of Ethnographic Research?
The researcher might be bias due to their own culture and misinterpret
63
What are the cons of Survery Research?
- Sample might not represent target population
- Sample might not be diverse
- Sample might be lying
64
What are the cons of Case Study?
The individual might be unique
65
What are the cons of Correlational Research?
Correlation does not imply caucastion
66
What are the cons of Naturalism Observation
- People act different when they know they're being watched.
- To get pure results you can't interact
67
What are the cons of Experimental Research?
Experimental Bias
68
What are factors that change the way the independent variables affect the dependent variable?
Experimental Bias
69
The "Double Blind Procedure" helps avoid what?
Experimenter Expectation
70
What does our brain send messages through?
Neurons
71
Neurons live in where?
Gial Cells in SOMA
72
What part of the neuron recieves messages from other neurons?
Dendrites
73
What part of the neuron carries messages received by dendrites to other neurons?
Axon
74
What part of the neuron sends messages to other neurons?
Terminal Buttons
75
What are one way messages across adjacent neurons?
Electric Impulse
76
How does messages travel through the neuron?
Dendrites to Cell body to Axon to Terminal Buttons
77
Neurons follow what law?
All or none law
78
What are millivolts?
1/1,000th of a volt
79
How does a message get through the neuron?
When the messages arrives up to 100 million POSITIVE ions a second rush in and pull neuron out of resting state
80
Positive charge is only active in the neuron where?
Wherever the action potential is in the axon.
81
Speed of action potential is determined by what?
Axon size and Myelin Sheath Thickness
82
Long and thick axons can send action potential how fast?
an average of 225mph
83
True or False:
Some neurons can fire 1,000 times per minute
True
84
What determines how much of a firing rate is reached?
Intensity of Stimulus
85
Mirror neurons fire from experiencing stimulus but also ___?
Seeing it
86
What is synapse?
space between two neurons where axon is sending and neighbor dendrites recieve
87
What do neurotransmitters do?
Carry messages from one neuron to another
88
Neurotransmitters send messages inside the neuron what way?
Electric Form
89
Neurotransmitters send messages outside the neuron in what way?
Chemical Transmission
90
Can all neurotransmitters communicate with all neurons?
No
91
Excitatory Messages do what?
Make it likely that the recieving neuron will fire
## Footnote
Excitatory messages have positive ions. Enough positive ions override the neurons natural -70 millivolts
92
Inhibitory Messages do what?
Make it likely that the neuron will not fire
## Footnote
Inhibitory messages have negative ions. Enough positive ions override the neurons natural -70 millivolts. Adding more Inhibitory message can keep the neuron in resting state
93
Before reuptake what happens to neurotransmitters?
They get deactivated by enzymes
94
What is reuptake?
When the terminal buttons eat the unused neurotransmitters in a matter of a few milliseconds.
95
Regarding the study of psychology, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of overt behavior and mental processes.
b. The word psychology is thousands of years old and comes from ancient Greek roots for mind and study.
c. The field of psychology can help us to better understand ourselves and others.
d. Psychology is a static field that is based to a large extent on commonsense theories of behavior.
D: Psychology is a static field that is based to a large extent on commonsense theories of behavior.
96
Overt behavior includes
a. anything a person does.
b. things a person does, which cannot be seen by others.
c. only those things that can be observed.
d. hidden, private, and internal thoughts.
C: only those things that can be observed.
97
Professor Reed asked her introductory psychology students to give an example of a covert behavior. Which of the
following would be an example of a covert behavior?
a. daydreaming about the coming weekend
b. sneezing into a handkerchief
c. gesturing to someone to come over to the group
d. telling the class to be quiet by saying "shhh" softly
A. daydreaming about the coming weekend
98
In her psychology classes, Dr. Murphey uses problem-based learning cases in order to enhance her students' abilities to
actively reflect, analyze, and evaluate information about real-life cases involving troubled marriages and caring for elderly
parents. Dr. Murphey is attempting to increase her students'
a. transductive reasoning skills.
b. commonsense reasoning.
c. correlational skills.
d. critical thinking skills.
C
99
Critical thinking does NOT involve which of the following questions?
a. How good is the evidence?
b. What was the nature and quality of the tests?
c. Has any other independent researcher duplicated the findings?
d. How are the findings related to commonsense beliefs?
D
100
As Wundt studied vision, hearing, taste, touch, memory, and time perception in the first psychological lab, he helped
make psychology a true science because he insisted on the use of measurement and
a. systematic observation.
b. intuitive analysis.
c. commonsense reasoning.
d. comparative phrenology.
A
101
Edward Titchener called Wundt’s ideas structuralism because he tried to analyze the structure of mental life into
a. archetypes.
b. behavioral principles.
c. five stages of “psychosexual” development.
d. basic “elements” or “building blocks.”
D. basic “elements” or “building blocks.”
102
The functionalists were interested in how thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and habits help people and animals
a. form meaningful Gestalts.
b. introspect and experience the phi phenomenon.
c. adapt to their environment.
d. form connections between stimuli and responses
C. adapt to their enviorment
103
Which school of thought in psychology emphasizes the study of overt, observable behavior?
a. Gestalt psychology
b. behaviorism
c. structuralism
d. functionalism
B. Behavioralism
104
The psychological view that combines thinking (and the expectation of the reward) with learning theory is known as
a. psychobehaviorism.
b. cognitive behaviorism.
c. cognitive functionalism.
d. Gestalt psychology.
B. Cognitive Behaviorism
105
As used by Freud, the unconscious refers to
a. those things we choose to forget.
b. the area of the mind that lies outside of personal awareness.
c. the tip, or smallest area, of the iceberg.
d. all of these.
B. The area of the mind that lies outside of personal awareness
106
Which of the following is an approach to psychology that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and
ideals and stresses subjective factors, such as one’s self-image, self-evaluation, and frame of reference?
a. psychodynamic
b. humanism
c. structuralism
d. behaviorism
B: Humanism
107
# UP FOR DEBATE??? CHECK WITH MR. JENKINS
Which of the following perspectives in psychology takes an interactionist view of human nature and emphasizes that
behavior is related to the environment within which a person is born, grows up, and lives from day to day?
a. evolutionary
b. behaviorist
c. humanistic
d. sociocultural
D: sociocultural
108
The study of human strengths, virtues, and optimal behavior is called psychology.
a. positive
b. psychodynamic
c. sociocultural
d. cognitive
A: positive
109
Psychologists who specialize in the treatment of human emotional problems are called psychologists.
a. psychiatric or neuro-
b. personality or developmental
c. clinical or counseling
d. comparative or experimental
C: Clinical or counseling
110
Psychiatrists differ from psychologists because psychiatrists
a. are physicians with a specialization in abnormal behavior and psychotherapy.
b. are extensively trained in the theories and techniques of Sigmund Freud.
c. are generally more eclectic than psychologists.
d. have a Masters or Ph.D. degree with special training in psychological theory and research methods.
A: Are physicians with a specialization in abnormal behavior and psychotherapy
111
A formal trial undertaken to confirm or disconfirm a hypothesis about the cause of behavior is called a(n)
a. naturalistic observation.
b. survey.
c. case study.
d. experiment.
D: Experiment
112
The experimenter usually sets the value of
a. the independent variable.
b. the dependent variable.
c. all the extraneous variables.
d. none of the variables in the experiment
A: The independent variable
113
The dependent variable is the one that is
a. manipulated.
b. prevented from affecting the outcome of the experiment.
c. revealed by measures of performance.
d. the suspected cause in the experiment.
C: Revealed by measures of performance
114
A teacher wants to find out if a new problem-based history program will increase history achievement scores. The students who will NOT be exposed to this problem-based history program but will be taught the specific material in the traditional manner are part of which group?
a. extraneous
b. control
c. independent
d. dependent
B: Control
115
Suppose you want to find out if using a cell phone while driving a car affects the likelihood of having an accident.
The group that would take the driving test while talking on a cell phone would be the group.
a. dependent
b. independent
c. experimental
d. control
C: Experimental
116
A study at the U.S. Air Force Academcy Preparatory School demonstrated that students’ performances can be affected by teachers’ expectations. These results are best explained by the fact that
a. studies in the field are more unpredictable than those in the laboratory.
b. naturalistic observation pointed out differences not controlled by a laboratory experiment.
c. the teachers subtly communicated their expectations to the students, which created a self-fulfilling prophecy.
d. the two groups were really not equal in their ability at the start of the experiment
C: The teachers subtly communicated their expectations to the students, which create a self-fullfilling prophecy
117
Both research participant bias and research bias can be controlled by
a. randomly selecting one’s participants.
b. using a single-blind experiment.
c. using a double-blind experiment.
d. randomly assigning participants to the experimental and control groups.
D: Randomly assigning participants to the experimental and control groups
118
Naturalistic observation, correlational studies, the clinical method, and the survey method are considered methods.
a. experimental
b. nonexperimental
c. nonscientific
d. placebo bias
B: Nonexperimental
119
Psychologists who want to study behavior as it unfolds in natural settings use a technique called
a. the case study method.
b. correlational studies.
c. the survey method.
d. naturalistic observation.
D: Naturalistic Observation
120
When studying mental disorders, such as depression or anxiety, and the therapies used to treat them, psychologists are
more likely to use the ______ method.
a. case study
b. correlational
c. survey
d. naturalistic observation
A: Case Study
121
Questions about the opinions and behavior of large groups of people are often best answered using the __________ method.
a. case study
b. correlational
c. survey
d. naturalistic observation
C: Survey
122
If a correlational relationship is perfect, the coefficient would
a. be zero.
b. be a +1.00 or a -1.00.
c. always be a negative correlation.
d. always be a positive correlation.
B: Be a +1.00 or a -1.00
123
A correlation coefficient of 0.00 means that there is
a. a strong negative relationship between the two variables.
b. a strong positive relationship between the two variables.
c. a perfect positive relationship between the two variables.
d. no relationship between the two variables.
D: no relationship between the two variables
124
Abdul is listening to a radio talk show and hears the announcer talk about "a high correlation between crime and poverty." The announcer concludes that since there was a high correlation, poverty must cause crime. Abdul is taking psychology and is skeptical of what he just heard. He knows that
a. correlation does not indicate causation.
b. to properly evaluate the statement, he needs to know the magnitude of the correlation.
c. poverty and crime rates are difficult to measure.
d. the research indicates that crime causes poverty and not vice versa.
A: Correlation does not indicate causation
