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Pop Health 111 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Determinants

A

An event bringing a change in health

E.G.

  • water
  • shelter
  • sanitation
  • income
  • employment
  • education
  • housing
  • neighbourhood
  • societal characteristics (racism, violence etc)
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2
Q

Socio-Economic Position

A

Sociology and economic factors influencing that influence what position individuals or group hold within the structure of society

  • socio economic background
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3
Q

Measuring income

A

Personal income

Household income

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4
Q

Measure of education

A

Continuous variable
Categorical variable

Captures transition from parents SEP to personal SEP

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5
Q

Measuring occupation

A

Jobs are grouped by potential income or SEP

NZ Socioeconomic Index of Occupational Status

Reflects social standing

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6
Q

NEET

A

Not in Education, Employment, or Training

  • considers the ideal pathways for school leavers at different levels of achievement
  • status of groups
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7
Q

Inequalities

A

Measurable differences/variations in health due to SEP, area, age, gender, disability, ethnic group

Social gradient

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8
Q

Inequities

A

Unfair and stemming from injustice

Health inequities are difference in distribution of resources across populations which do not reflect health needs

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9
Q

Social Mobility

A

Movement of individuals/families/groups within social strata

Intra-generational mobility is movement in an individuals lifetime

Inter-generational mobility is a change in SEP from parent to child

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10
Q

Lorenz Curve

A

Curve showing cumulative share of wealth against cumulative share of population

More concave means more inequality

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11
Q

Gini Coefficient

A

Ratio of area between perfect equality and observed Lorenz Curve
:
To the area between the line of perfect equality and the line of perfect inequality

A/(A+B)

0=unequal
1=equal

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12
Q

Implications of income inequalities

A
  • less social cohesion
  • less trust between groups
  • reduced economic productivity
  • poorer health incomes
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13
Q

Cumulative health event

A

Eg poverty trap - start in poverty and continue

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14
Q

Multiplicative health event

A

Eg Cardio Vascular Disease risk factors - range of factors that can contribute

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15
Q

Programming/Genetic Health event

A

Eg Barker Hypothesis - critical periods in development leading to something in later life

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16
Q

Downstream Intervention

A

Operates at the micro level, including treatment systems/disease management- how to fix what already happened

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17
Q

Upstream Intervention

A

Operates at the macro level, such as government policies and international trade agreements - prevention of what could happen

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18
Q

Dahlgren and Whitehead Model

Level one

A

The person:

Age, sex, constitutional factors and individual lifestyle factors

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19
Q

Dahlgren and Whitehead Model

Level two

A

The community

Social and community networks and living and working conditions

  • Work environment
  • Unemployment
  • Education
  • Agriculture and food production
  • Water and sanitation
  • Health care services
  • Housing

Family and friends play a role in development of normative behaviour

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20
Q

Dahlgren and Whitehead Model

Level three

A

General socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions

  • Physical environment: water quality, clean air
  • Built environment: design of communities, buildings, roads, rail
  • Cultural environment: knowledge, beliefs, values
  • Biological environment: emerging or re-emerging toxins affecting populations
  • Ecosystem: biodiversity, climate change, ecological footprint
  • Political environment: approaches to improving population health
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21
Q

Agency

A

The capacity of an individual to act independently

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22
Q

Structure

A

Social/physical environmental conditions/patterns (social determinants) that influence choices and opportunities available

23
Q

Compositional

A

Individual characteristics of people living in an area dictate health status

“Who lives here?”

24
Q

Contextual

A

The social, economic, and physical characteristics of the area

“What is this place like?”

25
Q

Odds Ratio

A

Ratio of the odds of being exposed amount people who have the disease (A/B)
:
To the odds of being exposed amount people who don’t have the disease (C/D)

Approximately equivalent to relative Risk

26
Q

Ecological Fallacy

A

Error that arises when information about groups is used to make influences on individuals

27
Q

Prioritised output

A

Ethnicity reported at level 2

Priority levels

2: Māori
3: Pacific People’s
4: Asian
5: Other
1: NZ European

28
Q

Total Response output

A

Reported at the full level ethnicity was recorded - up to level 4

Looks at diversity

Can create complication with people recording multiple ethnicities, more than sample population

29
Q

Sole/Combo output

A

9 offered combinations of ethnicities available to select from

Used by Stats NZ

30
Q

Access

A

Is viewed as a set of more specific areas (dimension of access) of fit between the patient and the health care system

31
Q

Availability

A

Existence of service barriers

The relationship of the volume and type of existing services and resources to the clients volume and type of needs

32
Q

Accessibility

A

Geographic Barriers

The relationship between the location of supply and the location of clients taking into account client transportation, resources, travel time, distance, cost.

33
Q

Accommodation

A

Organisational Barriers

The relationship between the manner in which supple resources are organised and the expectation of clients

34
Q

Affordability

A

Financial Barriers

The cost of provider services in relation to the clients ability and willingness to pay for these services

35
Q

Acceptability

A

Psychosocial Barriers

The relationship between clients and providers attitudes to what constitutes appropriate care

36
Q

Habitus

A

The lifestyle values, dispositions and expectations of a particular social group learned through every day activities

37
Q

Woodward and Kawachi Reduction of health Inequalities arguments

A
  1. Inequalities are unfair
  2. Inequalities effect everyone
  3. Inequalities are avoidable
  4. Interventions to reduce health inequalities are cost effective
38
Q

NZ Dep 2013

A
  • Communication
  • Income
  • Income
  • Employment
  • Qualifications
  • Owned home
  • Support
  • Living space
  • Transport
39
Q

Communication

NZ Dep 2013

A

People aged <65 with no access to the Internet at home

40
Q

Income

NZ Dep 2013

A
  • People aged 18-64 receiving a means tested benefit

- People living in equivalised* households with income below an income threshold

41
Q

Employment

NZ Dep 2013

A

People aged 18-64 unemployed

42
Q

Qualifications

NZ Dep 2013

A

People aged 18-64 without any qualifications

43
Q

Owned Home

NZ Dep 2013

A

People not living in own home

44
Q

Support

NZ Dep 2013

A

People aged <65 living in a single parent family

45
Q

Living Space

NZ Dep 2013

A

People living in equivalised* households below a bedroom occupancy threshold

46
Q

Transport

NZ Dep 2013

A

People with no access to a car

47
Q

Equivalisation

A

Methods used to control for household composition
- Equivalisation is a technique in economics in which members of a household receive different weightings. Total household income is then divided by the sum of the weightings to yield a representative income.

48
Q

Street Network and Design

A 
Concept:
- Interconnectivity of roads
Key Features:
- Grid-like pattern
Health Related Benefits:
- Reduces distance between destination encouraging use of active transport
49
Q

Land-Use Mix

A

Concept:
- Mix of residential, commercial and business use
Key Features:
- Different uses of land in a given zone
Health Related Benefits:
- Increases opportunities for active transport

50
Q

Housing Density

A 
Concept:
- Density
Key Features:
- Increasing number of residential/commercial premises
Health Related Benefits:
- Increases active transport
51
Q

Site Design

A 
Concept:
- Food Production 
Key Features:
- Home/community gardens
Health Related Benefits:
- Cheap, fresh produce may also provide educational and mental health benefits
52
Q

Transport Planning

A

Concept:
- Improve/develop public transport system
Key Features:
- Bus stops/cycling lanes, access to public transport
Health Related Benefits:
- Increases active transport

53
Q

Determinants of Ethnic Inequities in Health

A
  1. Differential access to health determinants or exposures leading to differences in disease incidence
  2. Differential access to health care
  3. Differences in quality of care received

Pop Health 111 (4 decks)

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