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Mycology and Parasitology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Protozoa (trophozoite phase)

A
  • actively motile, feeding stage
  • motility is progressive and directional OR slow and random
  • possess a single nucleus (except D. fragilis & G. lamblia)
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2
Q

microscopic features of trophozoite phase

A
  • extension of pseudopodia (for movement)
  • single nucleus with small central karyosome
  • cytoplasm is finely granular
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3
Q

Protozoa (cyst stage)

A
  • inactive stage, dormant stage
  • can serve as stage of reproductive division
  • may contain 1-8 nuclei
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4
Q

microscopic features of cyst phase

A
  • enveloped with smooth outer membrane
  • more than one nucleus
  • reproductive replication as each nucleus forms an individual trophozoite upon excystation
  • glycogen vacuole visible during early encystation
  • can see chromatoidal bars
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5
Q

Classes of Protozoa

A
  • Protozoa
  • Flagellates
  • Cilliates
  • Coccidia
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6
Q

Protozoa class

A
  • trophozoites are motile via extrusion of pseudopodia
  • bacteria, debris or food vacuoles in cytoplasm
  • multinucleated cysts produced during periods of adverse environmental conditions
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7
Q

Flagellates class

A
  • movement via production of one or more flagella
  • flagella energized by a nerve center (kinetoplast)
  • body of trophozoite is rigid
  • one or two nuclei may be present
  • organelles contained in distinct, smooth membrane
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8
Q

Cilliates class

A
  • locomotion via delicate cilia
  • cilia present on entire cell membrane
  • trophozoites and cysts of Baleantidium coli are large
  • cytosome and macronucleus
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9
Q

Coccidia class

A
  • small organisms
  • replicate intracellularly within somatic cells
  • use animals for extra-human sites of reproduction
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10
Q

Stages of protozoa life cycles

A
  • freely motile, feeding trophozoites
  • resting cysts
  • asexual
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11
Q

Entamoeba histolytica (trophozoite phase)

A
  • 15-20 microns
  • single pseudopod = unidirectional motility
  • cytoplasm is finely granular with ingested RBC’s
  • single nucleus with small central karyosome
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12
Q

Entamoeba histolytica (cyst phase)

A
  • 12-15 microns
  • never posses more than four nuclei
  • nuclei contain a small central karyosome
  • bead-like, even distribution of chromatin
  • chromatoidal bars with rounded ends
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13
Q

Entamoeba histolytica (clinical conditions)

A

Non-invasive luminal infection, locally invasive disease, fulminant colitis, extraintestinal amebiasis, and pleuropulmonary spread

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14
Q

Intestinal disease

A
  • lower abdominal pain, mild to full-blown diarrhea, malaise, weight loss
  • endemic to Mexico and Central America
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15
Q

Extra-intestinal disease

A

liver abscess, fever, right upper quadrant paint pain, point tenderness over the liver and pleurisy with pleural effusion

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16
Q

Stains for Entameoba histolytica

A

iron hematoxylin or trichrome stain

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17
Q

Tests for E. histolytica

A

EIA, Serum antibody detection or immunodiffusion

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18
Q

Entamoeba coli (trophozoite phase)

A
  • 20-25 microns
  • vacuolated cytoplasm with bacteria, yeasts and other debris
  • single nucleus with large eccentric karyosome
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19
Q

Entamoeba coli (cyst phase)

A
  • 15-25 microns
  • spherical and commonly contain eight nuclei
  • karyosomes are large, eccentric and the peripheral chromatin is coarse and irregular
  • “junky” cytoplasm
  • chromatoidal bars have pointed ends
20
Q

Entamoeba coli (clinical significance)

A

non-pathogenic

21
Q

Entamoeba hartmanni (trophozoite phase)

A
  • similar to E. histolytica
  • 5-10 microns
  • motility is less directional
  • erythrocytes are not ingested
22
Q

Entamoeba hartmanni (cyst phase)

A
  • 6-8 microns

- chromatoidal bars with round ends

23
Q

Endolimax nana (trophozoite phase)

A
  • 8-10 microns
  • motility is sluggish and non-directional
  • single nucleus with no chromatin ring
  • large karyosome
24
Q

Endolimax nana (cyst phase)

A
  • 6-8 microns
  • spherical, ovoid or elliptical
  • four nuclei surrounded by an open halo without a chromatin ring (“ball in socket”)
25
Q

E. nana (clinical significance)

A

non-pathogenic

26
Q

Iodamoeba butschlii (trophozoite phase)

A
  • 8-20 microns
  • motility is sluggish and non-progressive
  • single nucleus possesses a large karyosome surrounded by clear zone (“ball in socket”)
27
Q

Iodamoeba butschlii (cyst phase)

A
  • 5-20 microns
  • single nucleus with large central karyosome
  • intra-cytoplasmic vacuole that stains brown
28
Q

Naegleria fowleri

A
  • free-living amoeba
  • causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, diffuse meningoencephalitis and purulent leptomeningitis
  • infection via swimming in polluted fresh water
29
Q

Ancanthamoeba

A
  • free-living amoeba
  • associated with granulomatous amoebic encephalitis with hematogenous spread from skin or pulmonary sites
  • commonly associated keratitis
  • may be found in the absence of an inflammatory infiltrate
  • transmission in those with contact lenses or by swimming in polluted water
30
Q

Amoebae

A
  • Acanthamoeba species (free-living species)
  • Blastocystis hominis
  • Endolimax nana
  • Entamoeba coli
  • Entamoeba hartmanni
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Iodamoeba butschlii
  • Naegleria fowleri (free-living species)
31
Q

Amoebae (general features)

A
  • trophozoite is motile via pseudopodia extension
  • cyst is circular and enveloped in smooth membrane
  • trophozoite has one nucleus, cyst has more than one
  • trophozoite cytoplasm contains undigested material, cyst cytoplasm is smooth with a glycogen vacuole and/or chromatoidal bars
  • transmission via fecal-oral route
  • free-living amoeba are transmitted via contact with contaminated water/food
32
Q

Entamoeba histolytica (complete life cycle)

A

Trophozoite in stool –> Immature cyst –> mature cyst –> trophozoite excystation –> trophozoite in bowel –> trophozoites in tissue

33
Q

Blastocystis hominis

A
  • intestinal parasite
  • 5-50 microns
  • blue-green staining body
  • significant if > 5 per low power field
  • associated with recurrent diarrhea
  • irregular distribution of chromatin on outer membrane
34
Q

Coccidia and Microsporidium

A
  • Cryptosporidium parvum
  • Cyclospora cayentaenensis
  • Isospora belli
  • Sarcocystis species
  • Microsporidium: Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Encephalitozoon hellem and Nosema connori
35
Q

Coccidia

A
  • tissue parasite
  • sexual (external intermediate host) and asexual stages
  • sporogenesis and oocyst formation during sexual stage
  • transmission via ingestion of contaminated food/water or ingestion of infected tissues
36
Q

Coccidia external intermediate hosts

A

cat, calf or other animal

37
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum

A
  • small coccidian protozoa
  • causes enterocolitis and diarrhea in animals
  • watery diarrhea, cramping abdominal pain in immunosuppressed hosts (AIDS patients)
  • diagnosis by observing oocysts (acid-fast staining, direct saline mounts and acid-fast stained fecal smears), DFA, IFA or EIA
  • oocysts are very small
  • sporocysts develop in brush border of intestinal epis
38
Q

Cyclospora cayatenensis

A
  • causes diarrheal syndrome (non-bloody), cramping abdominal pain
  • transmission via ingestion of contaminated food/water
  • one type of traveler’s diarrhea
  • diagnosis via observing oocysts (acid-fast smears, saline mounts, safranin staining, autofluoresence)
  • oocysts about 2x larger than Cryptosporidium
39
Q

Isospora belli

A
  • diarrhea, nausea, headache, steatorrhea, etc.
  • sexual and asexual stages in human intestine
  • no external animal host
  • oocysts are spindle-shaped, acid-fast
  • immature cysts contain no or one sporocyst
  • mature cysts contain two sporocysts (infective)
  • increasing number of cases in AIDS population
  • diagnosis by detecting oocysts in stool
40
Q

Sarcocystis species

A
  • found in various animals and in muscle tissue
  • infection via ingestion of undercooked beef or pork contaminated with sarcocysts
  • intermediate host: humans
  • enter circulation and travel to various tissues (especially cardiac and skeletal muscle)
41
Q

Microsporidium

A
  • asexual and sexual stages
  • Enteocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon species, Nosema connori, Pleistophora species, Trachipleistophora species
  • diagnosis via stained tissue sections (Weber stain), stool suspensions, IFA or duodenal aspirates
  • spores have dark central cross band when stained
42
Q

Enterocytozoon bieneusi

A
  • infects enterocytes of small intestinal epis

- intestinal disease in AIDS patients

43
Q

Encephalitozoon species

A
  • infect epis and endothelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages and other cells
  • AIDS patients
  • upper and lower respiratory tract infections, intestinal infections, upper and lower urinary tract infections, hepatic and gall bladder infections, CNS infections
  • cuniculi and hellem: nervous system involvement, keratoconjunctivitis and chronic sinusitis
44
Q

Nosema connori

A

rare isolate

45
Q

Pleistophora species

A

associated myositis

46
Q

Trachipleistophora species

A

multi-organ recovery in AIDS patients

Mycology and Parasitology (4 decks)

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