Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mycology and Parasitology > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Parasite

A

organism that lives upon or within another organism at whose expense it obtains something it needs for life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In the US, what are the parasites that are prevalent to children?

A

pinworms and round worms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the greatest source of infection?

A

Man

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Harmful effects of parasites

A
  • mechanical injury
  • eating or digesting and absorbing host tissue
  • poisoning
  • robbing the host of nutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ectoparasite

A

lives on surface of host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Endoparasite

A

lives inside a host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

obligatory parasite

A

has to spend part of its life as a parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

facultative host

A

not normally parasitic but can become so

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

definitive host

A

host in which the parasite reaches maturity and reproduces; most important host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

intermediate host

A

some development of parasite occurs but doesn’t reach maturity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

vector

A

insect that carries parasitic infection from one host to another; can be host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Main human host defensive mechanisms

A
  • immunoglobulins in the mucous of intestines and respiratory tract, tears, saliva, and sweat
  • phagocytosis
  • reticuloendothelial system
  • inflammation
  • granuloma formation
  • accommodation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Accommodation to parasites in humans

A
  • parasite becomes immunologically inert
  • parasite masks itself with host antigens
  • parasite changes surface antigens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stool types

A
  • liquid: most likely to contain trophozoites
  • soft: may contains pre-cysts
  • formed: contains cysts, ova, and larvae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Times of collection for stool samples

A

10 day period, one every other day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Substances that interfere with the detection of intestinal parasites

A
  • antibiotics
  • bismuth
  • kaolin
  • antimalarials
  • milk of magnesia
  • mineral and castor oil
  • barium enema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Other types of parasitic specimens

A
  • sigmoid material
  • duodenal contents
  • urogenital material
  • sputum
  • aspirates
  • biopsy material
  • blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Purge specimen

A

Fleet’s enema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why should there not be any urine or water in the stool specimen?

A

Water can contain free living organisms and urine destroys motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Specimens required for routine exam

A
  • 2 normally passed

- 1 after Fleet’s enema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ameobiasis protocol

A
  • 3 normal

- 3 after enema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Preservation of specimens

A

-PVA: cysts, trophs, and/or ova; useful for liquid specimens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

PVA

A
  • 3:1 ratio of PVA to stool
  • allows specimens to slide for staining
  • permanent stained slides for months or years in sealed containers
24
Q

Advantages of PVA

A
  • both preservative and fixative so suitable for permanent staining procedures
  • excellent preservative for protozoan cysts and trophozoites
25
Q

Disadvantages of PVA

A
  • Giardia and Trichamonas don’t concentrate well

- isospora is not usually seen

26
Q

Advantages of formalin

A
  • cysts are preserved for a long time

- specimens can be preserved to long periods of time without greatly compromising organism morphology

27
Q

Disadvantages of formalin

A
  • only for wet mounts: no permanent slides

- have to add formalin within an hour of passage

28
Q

Schaudinn’s Fluid

A

used for fixing fresh smears for permanent smears; found in PVA

29
Q

MIF

A

good stain for most kinds and stages of parasites; not for permanent stains

30
Q

Sodium Acetate Formalin

A

used only with iron hematoxylin stain; used for both concentrates and permanent smears

31
Q

Macroscopic appearance of specimens

A
  • consistency
  • blood: with mucous, suggests amoebic infection
  • age of specimen
32
Q

Direct wet mounts

A

detects trophozoites, cysts, ova, and larvae

33
Q

Saline mount

A

used for the examination of all intestinal parasites

34
Q

Material for saline wet prep

A

0.85% NaCl

35
Q

Purpose for saline reagent

A

protozoan cysts are more refractile in saline and are easier to detect

36
Q

Stages of parasites detected by saline wet prep

A

cysts, trophozoites, helminth eggs, and larvae

37
Q

Material for iodine wet prep

A

D’Antoni’s iodine or Lugol’s iodine at 1:5

38
Q

Purpose for iodine reagent

A

improves the detection and identification of protozoan cysts

39
Q

Stages of parasites detected by iodine wet prep

A

protozoan cysts, larvae, and helminth eggs

40
Q

Concentration methods

A
  • routine procedure for the complete examination of parasites
  • allows for detection of small numbers of parasites that may be missed in the direct smear
41
Q

Two main concentration methods

A

flotation and sedimentation

42
Q

Advantages of flotation

A

gives clean prep

43
Q

Disadvantages of flotation

A
  • helminth eggs don’t float due to high density

- must examine within 30 minutes

44
Q

Advantages of sedimentation

A

-greater concentration of diagnostic parasites

45
Q

Disadvantages of sedimentation

A

contains more debris than flotation method

46
Q

Permanent stains

A
  • mandatory for a thorough examination of all diarrheal specimens
  • definitive diagnosis for protozoa
  • greatly enhances the detection of the protozoa
  • permanent record of organism detection and identification
47
Q

Types of permanent stains

A
  • trichrom stain
  • iron hematoxylin
  • modified acid fast
48
Q

Trichrome stain

A
  • good results from fresh or PVA sample
  • rapid method
  • good detail for protozoan cysts, trophozoites, human cells, yeast cells, and artifacts
49
Q

Trichrome stain: green

A

cytoplasm of cysts and trophozoites; yeasts and molds; background material; cytoplasm of white cells

50
Q

Trichrome stain: purple

A

Entamoeba coli; nuclear chromatin, chromatoid bodies, ingested red cells, and bacteria

51
Q

Trichrome stain: red

A

nuclear chromatin, chromatoid bodies, ingested red cells, and bacteria; eggs and larvae; white cell nuclei

52
Q

Trichrome stain: nonstaining cysts

A

incomplete fixation

53
Q

Trichrome stain: over-destaining

A

dip the slide only once in the acid-alcohol solution, drain on paper towel, and rinse in 95% alcohol

54
Q

Trichrome stain: cloudy smears

A

second 95% alcohol, xylene, and carbol-xylene must be kept moisture free

55
Q

Iron Hematoxylin stain

A
  • most exacting method to identify protozoan cysts and trophozoites
  • timing and adequate destaining are critical
  • not for unseasoned technologists
56
Q

Modified acid fast stain

A
  • for Crytosporidum and oocysts

- don’t have to heat

57
Q

Occular micrometer

A

distance on stage micrometer/number of units on occular micrometer=distance between each occular unit in minutes

Mycology and Parasitology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions