Module 2 &3 PRELIM Flashcards
1
Q
How can respiratory system be viewed?
A
upper and lower respiratory tract
conducting airways (nasal cavity to tracheobronchial tree) and respiratory tissues (lungs)
2
Q
elevation of intrathoracic pressure within the thoracic cavity, which may limit the capacity of the lungs to expand that all shall result in inadequate has exchange
A
restrictive disorders
3
Q
what part of the nervous system is affected when there is an event of low level oxygen in the blood? This causes the oxygen level to level up.
A
sympathetic nervous system
4
Q
what would happen to the respiratory rate to augment oxygen acquisition?
A
tachypnea
5
Q
clearing mechanism that is usually triggered when anything foreign reaches the glottis
A
cough
6
Q
a state of low level of oxygen in the blood brought by inadequate supply or ineffective gas exchange
A
hypoxemia
7
Q
cells became deprived of oxygen
A
hypoxia
8
Q
bluish discoloration of the mucus membrane and/or skin
A
cyanosis
9
Q
triggered by the prolonged compensatory physiologic response that is not sufficient to reverse hypoxemia
A
dyspnea
10
Q
as a result of hypoxemia, the muscles surrounding the thoracic cavity shall work doubly to facilitate better lung expansion
A
labored breathing
11
Q
use of accessory muscles for breathing
A
labored breathing
12
Q
it is a response that acts as a protective mechanism in trapping unwanted particles
A
mucus
13
Q
what is the compensatory response when nasal congestion occurs?
A
mouth breathing
14
Q
it is a result from a clogged airway, specifically that of excessive mucus production
A
adventitious breath sounds
15
Q
thickening of the tips of the fingers and the nails that become extremely curved that is related to chronic hypoxemia
A
clubbing of the fingernails
16
Q
is an overall feeling of tiredness that is due to various reasons. In cases of respiratory disordered, this is a result of low oxygen levels, insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the muscles
A
fatigue
17
Q
this change may be related to the inflammation of the larynx that often results to pain; it can also be attributed to the amount of air released during expiration
A
hoarseness of voice
18
Q
changing of voice quality
A
hoarseness of voice
19
Q
inflammation of the larynx may obliterate the opening of the glottis, which results to difficulty in moving gases that presents with an audible, high-pitched sound heard even on ausculation, stridor
A
aphonia
20
Q
total absence of voice
A
aphonia
21
Q
sign of airway obstruction
A
garbled speech
22
Q
inflammation of the pharynx/larynx can be attributed to inflammation as manifested by pain
A
sore throat
23
Q
very painful swallowing
A
adynophagia
24
Q
usual assessment finding among clients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
A
barrel chest
25
it is a non-specific laboratory examination used to detect an infectious or inflammatory process
complete blood count
26
it determines the concentration of partial oxygen, carbon dioxide and bicarbonate in the blood
arterial blood gas
27
this test is useful in determining metabolic disturbances (acidosis or alkalosis)
arterial blood gas
28
who withdraws that blood sample directly from the artery using a heparinized syringe
respiratory therapist
29
what is the significance of the heparin in the heparinized syringe during arterial blood gas test?
prevents blood coagulation
30
what is the usual site for blood collection?
radial pulse
31
invasive procedure that withdraws pleural fluid either for therapeutic purposes or diagnostic for cytologic examination
thoracentesis
32
is an informed consent essential during thoracentesis procedure?
YES
33
this is the confirmatory test for PTB
sputum collection
34
it is a determination of the causative agent for PTB, an acid-fast-bacilli
mycobacterium tubercle
35
other term for mantoux test
purified protein derivative (PPTD)
36
other term for purified protein derivation
mantoux test
37
what is PPTD
purified protein derivative
38
it inoculates a purified protein chemical via intradermal injection on the skin of the client
mantoux test
39
does mantoux test confirm diagnosis?
NO
40
these are interventions upon which the nurse can institute even without the orders coming from the attending physician
independent
41
what are some of the independent interventions of a nurse in respiratory system disorders?
positioning
frequent position change
ambulation
hydration
deep breathing and coughing exercise
42
what is positioning of the patient significant for?
maximum lung expansion
43
common position that will maximize lung expansion?
Fowler's position (high, semi, low)
44
two types of breathing exercises that permits deep full breaths with little effort
abdominal (diaphragmatic) breathing
pursed lip breathing
45
interventions that require orders from an attending physician
dependent
46
what are some dependent interventions of a nurse in respiratory system disorder?
use of incentive spirometer
steam inhalation
oxygen therapy
nasotracheal sunctioning
pharmacological management
47
other term for incentive spirometer
sustained maximal inspiration device
48
other term for sustained maximal inspiration device
incentive spirometer
49
a device that measures the flow of air inhaled through the mouth piece
incentive spirometer
50
what is the function of a incentive spirometer?
improve pulmonary ventilation
loosen respiratory secretions
expand collapsed alveoli
facilitate respiratory gaseous exchange
51
alternative for nebulizer
steam inhalation
52
function of steam inhalation
liquefy mucus secretions
warms and humidifies inspired air
relieves edema of the airways
serves as a route for medication administration
53
administration of pure oxygen via a source using various oxygen delivery devices
oxygen therapy
54
is a procedure that assists the clients with difficulty in expectorating retained secretions independently
nasotracheal sunctioning
55
what kind of lubrication is for nasopharyngeal?
watersoluble
56
what kind of lubrication is for oropharyngeal?
sterile water of NSS
57
watersoluble is a lubrication for what?
nasopharyngeal
58
sterile water or NSS is a lubrication for what?
oropharyngeal
59
suppress the cough reflex by direct action on the medullary cough center of the brain
antitussives
60
used to decrease nasal congestion related to common cold, sinusitis and allergic rhinitis by shrinking the nasal mucous membranes leading to drainage of sinuses and improvement of airflow
decongestants
61
used to relieve respiratory symptoms and allergies by selectively blocking the effects of histamine-1 receptor sites, decreasing the allergic response
anti-histamines
62
used to relieve dry and non-productive cough by liquefying the lower respiratory tract secretions, reducing the viscosity of these secretions and making it easier for the patient to cough out
expectorants
63
used to break down mucus in order to aid the high-risk respiratory patient in coughing thick, tenacious secretions
mucolytics
64
used to inhibit the chemical mediator leukotriene that cause bronchospasm in client with hyperreactive airway disease
leukotriene inhibitors
65
anti-inflammatory agents that reverses the pathologic problem of obstruction that resolves inflammation
corticosteroids
66
are specific combinatory medications in managing clients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis
anti-tubercular drugs
67
SE: red orange discoloration of the urine
rifampicin
68
SE: high hepatotoxic
isoniazid
69
SE: peripheral neuritis
pyrazinamide
70
tingling sensation on the legs
peripheral neuritis
71
SE: optic neuritis
ethambutol
72
blurring of vision
optic neuritis
73
SE: otic neuritis
streptomycin
74
hearing loss
otic neuritis
75
nursing responsibilities related with facilitating requests for laboratory and diagnostics examinations
interdependent
76
inflammation of the nasal mucosa that leads to nasal congestion
rhinitis
77
these are grapelike growth on the mucous membranes and loose connective tissue
nasal polyps
78
inflammation of the paranasal sinuses
sinusitis
79
inflammation of the pharynx
pharyngitis
80
inflammation of the larynx
laryngitis
81
inflammation of the tonsils
tonsilitis
82
causative agent of tonsillitis
beta-hemolytic streptococcus
83
other term for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
obstructive lung disease
84
other term for obstructive lung disease
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
85
denote disorders that affect the movement of air in and out of the lungs that is characterized by chronic airflow limitation
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
86
movement of air into and out of the lungs
ventilation or breathing
87
warms and filters expired air
upper respiratory tract
88
protrudes from face
external portion
89
- anterior nares
- external opening of nasal cavities
nostrils
90
separated by septum by left and right nasal cavities
hollow cavity of internal portion
91
hollow cavity is divided into three by what?
conchae
92
what cells covers the surface of nasal mucosa
goblet cells
93
what is a short, fine hair that move air into nasopharynz
cilia
94
opening to pharynx
choanae
95
anterior portion of the nasal cavity
vestibule
96
separates nasal cavity to oral cavity
hard palate
97
divides nose in left and right portion
nasal septum
98
body ridges
conchae
99
passageway beneath the conchae
meatus
100
how many bone cavities is in the internal portion of paranasal sinuses?
four
101
connected by a series of ducts that drain into nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
102
four bony cavities in the paranasal sinuses
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary
103
serves as a resonating chamber in speech
paranasal sinuses
104
common site of infection
paranasal sinuses
105
aka throat
pharynx
106
aka pharynx
throat
107
- tubelike structure
- connect nasal and oral cavities to the larynx (and esophagus inferiorly)
pharynx
108
passageway for respiratory and digestive tract
pharynx
109
posterior to nose and above the soft palate
nasopharynx
110
region in the pharynx that is only for air
nasopharynx
111
houses the faucial, or palatine, tonsils
oropharynx
112
region in the pharynx that is for air and food
oropharynx
113
extends from hyoid bone to the cricoid cartilage
laryngopharynx
114
region in the pharynx that is for food and drink
laryngopharynx
115
roof of nasopharynx
adenoids
116
other term for adenoids
pharyngeal tonsils
117
other term for pharyngeal tonsils
adenoids
118
line of defense for organisms entering the nose and throat
tonsils
adenoids
lymph nodes
119
posterior to choanae and superior to soft palate
nasopharynx
120
extend from soft palate to epiglottis
oropharynx
121
extends from epiglottis to esophagus
laryngopharynx
122
aka voice box
larynx
123
aka larynx
voice box
124
- cartilaginous epithelium-lined organ
- connects pharynx to trachea
- vocalization
larynx
125
famous quote for the larynx
watchdog of the lungs
126
valve flap of cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing
epiglottis
127
- opening between the vocal chords in the larynx
- mainly for coughing
glottis
128
largest cartilage; Adam's apple
thyroid cartilage
129
only complete cartilaginous ring
cricoid cartilage
130
used in vocal chord movement with the thyroid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
131
produced sounds
vocal chords
132
2 pairs of vocal chord
true vocal chord
false vocal chord
133
where is vocal chord located
lulumen
134
other term for false vocal chords
vestibular folds
135
other term for vestibular chords
false vocal chord
136
- superior mucosal fold
- no sound
false vocal chord
137
other term for true vocal chord
vocal chords
138
other term for vocal chords
true vocal chords
139
- inferior mucosal folds of elastic fibers
- media opening is glottis
- vibrate = sound
true vocal chords
140
vibration of vocal folds as air moves past them
sound
141
amplitude of vibration
loudness
142
force at which the air rushes across the vocal chords
amplitude
143
length and tension of vocal chords
pitch
144
changes frequency of vibration
length and tension of vocal chords
145
it resonates, amplifies and enhances sound quality
pharynx
146
aka windpipe
trachea
147
aka trachea
windpipe
148
dense regular connective tissue and smooth muscle reinforced with 15-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
trachea
149
- give firmness to the wall of trachea
- prevents from collapsing
rings
150
opening in the lungs
hilus
151
where gas exchange occurs
lower respiratory tract
152
- principal organs of respirations
- base rest on diaphragm and apex extends superiorly to ~2.5 cm above the clavicle
- pair of elastic structure in the thoracic cage
lungs
153
airtight chamber with distensible wall
thoracic cage
154
how many lobes does a left lung have
2
155
how many lobes does a right lung have
3
156
a state of low level of oxygen in the blood brought by inadequate supply or ineffective gas exchange
hypoxemia
157
if the client is immunocompromised, what measurement of the induration that will already result for a positive PTB exposure?
5 mm
157
what measurement of the induration that serves as an indicative of PTB exposure?
10 mm
158
the lobes are separated by 2-5 segments by what?
fissures
159
thin, double-layer serous membrane that lines lungs and walls of thoracic cavity
pleura
160
covers the lungs
visceral pleura
161
covers the thoracic wall, diaphragm, lateral wall of mediastinum, inner aspect of ribs
parietal pleura
162
negative pressure space between the parietal and visceral pleura
pleural cavity
163
serves as a lubricant that allows for smooth motion of lung expansion (inspiration and expiration)
pleural fluid
164
middle of thorax, between the two pleural sacs
mediastinum
165
secondary bronchi; bronchial passageways connecting the mainstem bronchi with individual lobes of the lungs
lobar bronchi
166
how many lobe in the right lobar bronchi
3
167
how many lobe in the left lobar bronchi
2
168
common site for inhaled object to become dislodged
right primary bronchi
169
what side of the lobar bronchi is wider, shorter, and more vertical
right primary bronchi
170
what comes after lobar bronchi
segmental bronchi
171
how many lobe in the right of segmental bronchi
10
172
how many lobe in the left of segmental bronchi
8
173
what comes after segmental bronchi?
subsegmental bronchi
174
what connective tissues is found in subsegmental bronchi
lymphatic
arteries
nerves
175
what comes after subsegmental bronchi?
bronchioles
176
- no cartilage in its wall
- patency depends on elastic recoils of surrounding smooth muscle and alveolar pressure
bronchioles
177
it contains submucosal glands
bronchioles
178
produces mucus that cover the inner lining of airway
submucosal glands
179
what is the bronchi and bronchioles lined with
cilia
180
creates a constant whipping motion to propel mucus and foreign substance away from lungs
cilia
181
where gas exchange occurs
alveoli
182
3 types of alveoli
type I
type II
alveolar macrophages
183
make up the alveolar epithelium
type I
type II
184
- 95% alveolar surface
- barrier between air and alveolar surface
type I
185
- 5% alveolar surface area
- produces type I cells and surfactant
type II
186
how much percentage of alveolar surface area is in type I?
95%
187
how much percentage of alveolar surface area is in type II?
5%
188
phagocytic cells
alveolar macrophages
189
- ingests foreign matter
- important defense mechanism
phagocytic cells
190
- gas exchange between air and blood
- very thin to facilitate gas diffusion
respiratory membrane
191
what comes after bronchioles?
terminal bronchioles
192
what comes after terminal bronchioles?
respiratory bronchioles
193
transitional passageway between the conducting airways and gas exchange airways
terminal bronchioles
194
2 circulations at the lungs
pulmonary circulation
bronchial circulation
195
supply deoxygenated systemic blood to be oxygenated
pulmonary arteries
196
feed into pulmonary capillary network surrounding alveoli
pulmonary arteries
197
carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
pulmonary veins
198
provide systemic oxygenated blood to lung tissues
bronchial arteries
199
supply all lung tissue except alveoli
bronchial arteries
200
carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
bronchial veins
201
oxygen transport with O2
blood to cell
202
oxygen transport with CO2
cell to blood
203
movement of air into the lungs
inspiration
204
movement of air out of the lungs
expiration
205
tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in size
lung recoil
206
2 factors from keeping the lungs to collapse
surfactant
pleural pressure
207
- surface acting agent
- mixture of lipoprotein molecules
- acts in reducing surface tension in the alveoli
- reduces the surface tension in alveoli by 10-fold
surfactant
208
determined by radius, or size of the airway through which the air flowing, as well as by lung volume and airflow velocity
airway resistance
209
- reflects mechanism of ventilation
- lung volume and lung capacity
lung function
210
tidals volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expository reserve volume, residual volume
lung volume
211
vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, total lung capacity
lung capacity
212
- elasticity and expandability of the lungs and thoracic structures
- measurement of the ease with which the lungs and thorax expand
- volume increases for each unit of pressure change in alveolar pressure
lung compliance
213
higher than normal lung compliance, less or more resistance to lung and thorax expansion?
less
214
lower than normal lung compliance, less or more resistance to lung and thorax expansion?
more
215
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged from areas from high concentration to low concentration at the air-blood interface
pulmonary diffusion
216
actual blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature
pulmonary perfusion
217
measuring volume of air moving in and out of respiratory systems
spirometry
218
device used to measure these pulmonary volumes
spirometer
219
measure of volume of air inspired or expired with each breath
tidal volume
220
approximate volume for tidal volume at rest
~500 mL
221
measure of volume of air inspired forcefully after inspiration of the TV
inspiratory reserve volume
222
approximate volume for inspiratory reserve volume at rest
~3000 mL
223
measure of volume of air expired forcefully after expiration of the TV
expiratory reserve volume
224
approximate volume for expiratory reserve volume at rest
~1100mL
225
volume of air remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration
residual volume
226
approximate volume of residual volume
~1200 mL
227
sum of two or more pulmonary volumes
pulmonary capacities
228
volume of air inspire maximally after a normal expiration
inspiratory capacity
229
formula for inspiratory capacity
IC = IRV + TV
230
approximate volume for inspiratory capacity at rest
~3500 mL
231
volume of air remaining in lungs after a normal expiration
functional residual capacity
232
formula for functional residual capacity
FRC = ERV + RV
233
approximate volume for functional residual capacity at rest
~2300 mL
234
maximum air that a person can expel from the respiratory tract after maximum inspirations
vital capacity
235
formula for vital capacity
VC = IRV + TV + ERV
236
approximate volume for vital capacity at rest
~4600 mL
237
sum of all lung volumes
total lung capacity
238
formula for vital capacity
VC = IRV + TV + ERV
239
approximate volume for total lung capacity at rest
~5800 mL
240
- rapid maximum inspire and expire
- air expired at the end of the is the person's FEVC
forced respiratory vital capacity
241
- air expired during first second
forced expiratory volume in 1 second
242
only measures movement of air into and out of the lungs, not amount of air available for gas exchange
minute ventilation
243
no gas exchange occurs here
dead space
244
- air available for gas exchange
- slow, deep breathing increases AVR and rapid, shallow breathing decreases AVR
alveolar ventilation
245
pressure exerted by a gas in mixture of gases
partial pressure
246
total pressure from each gas is determined by total volume represented by each of the gas type
dalton's law
247
inverse relationship
- as volume increases in closed container the pressure drops, or vice versa
boyle's law
248
a state of low level of oxygen in the blood brought by inadequate supply or ineffective gas exchange
hypoxemia
249
resistance to airflow is proportional to the diameter of a tube raised to the fourth power
poiseuille's law
250
which pressure is greater during inspiration
atmospheric
251
which pressure is greater during expiration
alveolar pressure
252
what causes the lung to decrease in size during lung recoil?
elastic fibers in connective tissue
surface tension
253
what causes subatmospheric pleural pressure
removal of fluid from pleural cavity
lung recoil
254
factors that affect lung compliance
surface tension of the alveoli
connective tissue and water content of the lungs
compliance of the thoracic cavity
255
factors that alter pulmonary volumes and capacity
sex
age
body size
physical condition
256
localized reaction intended to neutralize, control, or eliminate the offending agent to prepare the site for repair
inflammation
257
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
redness
warmth
swelling
pain
loss of function
258
other term for redness
rubor
259
other term for warmth
calor
260
other term for swelling
edema or tumour
261
other term for pain
dolor
262
occurs when cells or tissue are injured or killed and naturally occurs in healthy tissues surrounding the site of injury
inflammation
263
nonspecific protective response of the body
inflammation
264
chemical mediators of inflammation
histamine
kinins
prostaglandins
265
- present in many tissues, most concentrated on mast cells
- released when an injury occurs
- responsible for early changes in vasodilation and vascular permeability
histamine
266
- cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
- attract neutrophils to the area
kinins
267
increase vascular permeability
prostaglandins
268
one chemical mediators that is suspected of causing pain
bradykinin
269
most common sign of systemic response
fever
270
fever is most likely caused by ___ released from ___ and ___
endogenous pyrogens
neutrophils
macrophages
271
increase in synthesis and release of neutrophils
leukocytosis
272
enhances body's ability to fight infection
neutrophils
273
nonspecific symptoms of inflammation (fever)
malaise
anorexia
aching
weakness
274
inflammation that lasts less than 2 weeks
acute inflammation
275
does acute inflammation have a protective function
YES
276
inflammation that may be present for many months or years
chronic inflammation
277
does chronic inflammation serve beneficial and protective function
NO
278
the origination and development of a disease
pathogenesis
279
- obstruct the opening of the airway
- limit the efficacy of gas movement in and out of the respiratory tract
obstructive disorders
280
what NDx is for hypoxemia
ineffective gas exchange
281
what NDx is for cyanosis
ineffective gas exchange
282
what NDx is for dyspnea
ineffective breathing pattern
283
what NDx is for labored breathing
ineffective breathing pattern
284
ear pain term
otalgia
285
difficulty recognizing scents
anosmia
286
what color is the sputum if there is a sign of pneumonia
rusty colored sputum
287
blood-tinged sputum
hemoptysis
288
what NDx is for mucus
ineffective airway clearance
acute pain
imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirement
289
what NDx is for adventitious breath sounds
ineffective airway clearance
290
what NDx is for clubbing
impaired gas exchange
291
what NDx is for fatigue
fatigue
activity intolerance
292
what NDx is for hoarseness of voice and aphonia
impaired verbal communication
pain
ineffective airway clearance
293
what NDx is for dysphagia
pain
impaired swallowing
imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirement
294
lymph nodes in the neck may be affected as they facilitate the removal of the inflammatory agents and debris
cervical lymphadenopathies
295
what NDx is for cervical lymphadenopathies
acute pain
296
what NDx is for changes in diameter of the thoracic cavity
ineffective gas exchange
body image disturbance
297
associated with the release of pyrogen coming from the inflammatory debris that resets temperature in the level of the hypothalamus
fever
298
other manifestations for fever
chills
generalized body malaise
painful joints
299
what NDx is for fever
hyperthermia
infection
300
what NDx is for anorexia
imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirement
activity intolerance
301
metabolic disturbance that is often associated with retained carbon dioxide that is converted to carbonic acid when suspended in water
respiratory acidosis
302
respiratory acidosis may trigger excessive stimulation that causes
irritability
tachyarrhythmias
heightened sympathetic nervous system response
303
what NDx is for respiratory acidosis
impaired gas exchange
fluid and electrolyte imbalances
risk for injury
304
allows the production of an image in multiple cross-sections (or slices) by sing rotating beams
computed tomography scan
305
computed tomography scan has two variants
non-contrast
with contrast
306
what variant of CT scan is better
with contrast
307
how can dye be administered in CT scan
orally
IV
308
- invasive procedures
- involve the insertion of a scope from the mouth passing through the pharynx to the glottis to visualize either the larynx or bronchial tree
laryngoscopy
bronchoscopy
309
does laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy need informed consent
YES
310
what response will be triggered during laryngoscopy/bronchoscopy
vagal response or gag reflex
311
how long is NPO before laryngoscopy/bronchoscopy
at least 6 hours
312
what position is the intra-procedural nursing responsibilities in laryngoscopy or bronchoscopy
supine position with neck hyperextended
313
what anesthesia is used for laryngoscopy/bronchoscopy
topical anesthetic spray (lidocaine)
314
emergency drug for post-procedural nursing responsibilities for laryngoscopy/bronchscopy
epinephrine
315
frequent swallowing means
bleeding
316
percussion, vibration, postural drainage other term
chest physiotherapy (CPT)
317
other term for chest physiotherapy
percussion
vibration
postural drainage
318
other term for percussion
clapping
319
performed to aid disloadge thick and tenacious secretions
percussion
320
series of vigorous quivering produced by hands that increases turbulence of exhaled air thus loosens thickened secretions
vibration
321
facilitates decretion drainage by gravity from various lung segments
postural drainage
322
facilitates secretions drainage by gravity from various lung segments
postural drainage
323
how much lpm for nasal cannula
2-6 lmp
324
how much lpm for simple face mask
5-8 lmp
325
how much lpm fpr partial rebreather mask
6-10 lpm
326
how much lpm for nonrebreather mask
10-15 lpm
327
how much lpm for venturi mask
4-10 lpm
328
% for blue venturi mask
24%
329
start flow rate for blue venturi mask
2 L/min
330
% for white venturi mask
28%
331
start flow rate for white venturi mask
4 L/min
332
% for orange venturi mask
31%
333
start flow rate for orange venturi mask
6 L/min
334
% for yellow venturi mask
35%
335
start flow rate for yellow venturi mask
8 L/min
336
% for red venturi mask
40%
337
start flow rate for red venturi mask
10 L/min
338
% for green venturi mask
60%
339
start flow rate for green venturi mask
15 L/min
340
sequence for venturi mask color
blue
white
orange
yellow
red
green
341
position for nasotracheal sunctioning
semi-fowler
342
maintain sterile technique in nasotracheal suctioning for all ages
adult fr 12-18
child fr 8-10
infant fr 5-8
343
what should you do before suctioning the client
hyperoxygenate
344
used to dilate the bronchi to open air passages and to trigger a higher rate and depth of respiration
sympathomimetics
345
affect the nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and the lymphoid tissue that surround the throat opeing, tonsils
upper airway disorders
346
inflammation of the nasal mucosa that leads to nasal congestion
rhinitis
347
this coexsists with other respiratory disorders like asthma
rhinitis
348
rhinitis can be
acute or chronic
allergic
nonallergic
349
what causes rhinitis
changes in temp
odors
infection
age
systemic disease
use of OTC and prescribed nasal decongestants
presence of foreign body
350
rhinitis where there is exposure to allergens
allergic rhinitis
351
rhinitis that is a common cold
nonallergic rhinitis
352
what are some drug-induced rhinitis
antihypertensives
antidepressants
antipsychotics
aspirin
antianxiety
353
classic manifestations of rhinitis
rhinorrhea
nasal congestion
nasal discharge
pruritis
sneezing
headache
354
classic manifestations of rhinitis
rhinorrhea
nasal congestion
nasal discharge
sneezing
pruritus
headache
355
classifications of rhinitis
acute rhinitis
allergic rhinitis
vasomotor rhinitis
rhinitis medicamentos
356
- type of rhinitis that can be bacterial (staphylococcus) or viral (rhinovirus) in origin
- self-limiting within 5-7 days
acute rhinitis
357
common manifestations of acute rhinitis
dryness and stuffiness
excessive production of nasal secretions
lacrimation
fever
358
management for acute rhinitis
symptomatic
steam inhalation
decongestants and antibiotics
oral fluid intake
359
aka hay fever, seasonal allergic rhinitis
allergic rhinitis
360
other term for allergic rhinitis
hay fever
seasonal allergic rhinitis
361
seasonal disorder cause
allergens
362
common manifestations for allergic rhinitis
4 major s/sx
common to acute rhinitis
nasal obstruction (mouth breathers)
363
4 major s/sx of allergic rhinitis
copious amount of serous nasal discharge
nasal congestion
sneezing
nose and throat itching
364
management for allergic rhinitis
symptomatic
allergy evaluation
desensitization and avoidance of allergen
decongestants anti-histamines mast-cell stabilizing sprays
365
- a type of rhinitis that has no identifiable cause
- clinical manifestations mimic that of acute rhinitis and allergic rhinitis
- treatment is symptomatic
vasomotor rhintis
366
- over-dosage of the medications used to treat rhinitis
- abrupt discontinuation of steroid medication
rhinitis medicamentosa
367
other term for rhinosinusitis
sinusitis
368
other term for sinusitis
rhinosinusitis
369
inflammation of the paranasal sinuses
sinusitis
370
causes of sinusitis
deviated nasal septum
bony abnormalities
congenital malformation
infections or allergies
371
manifestations of sinusitis
manifestations of the inflammatory process (with fever and chills)
headache
facial pain
pain or numbness on the upper teeth
decreased sense of smell
purulent nasal discharges
post nasal drip
unpleasant breath
372
medical management of sinusitis
use of the appropriate antibiotic
decongestants
nasal corticosteroids
humidification
antral irrigation or sinus lavage
373
surgical management of sinusitis
functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
caldwell-luc procedure
external sphenoethmoidectomy
374
nursing management of the surgical client for sinusitis
profuse bleeding
respiratory status
ice compress
semi to high fowler
removal of nasal pack in the morning after surgery
increase oral fluid intake
use drip pad under the nose
avoid nasal blowing within 7-10 days; sneeze with an open mouth
avoid strenuous activities within 2 weeks
375
grapelike growth on the mucous membrane and loose connective tissue; commonly seen among clients with prolonged sinusitis and severe allergy
nasal polyps
376
manifestations for nasal polyps
anosmia
nasal quality of voice
mouth breathing
377
medical management of nasal polyps
symptomatic
treatment of the underlying factor
378
surgical management for nasal polyps
nasal polyextomy
379
medical management of nasal polyps
symptomatic
treatment of the underlying factor
380
surgical management for nasal polyps
nasal polypectomy
381
nursing management of the surgical client for nasal polyps
nasal pack remain (24-48 hours); obligatory mouth breathers
humidification; mouth care
increase oral fluid intake
semi to high fowler
ice compression (first 24 hours)
assess respiratory status
frequent swallowing
mild analgesic; not aspirin
382
nursing management of the surgical client for nasal polyps
nasal pack will remain for 24-48 hours; obligatory mouth breathers
humidification; mouth care
oral fluid intake
semi to high fowler
ice compression
respiratory status
frequent swallowing
mild analgesics; not aspirin
383
usually caused by nasal fracture
deviated nasal septum
384
manifestations for deviated nasal septum
obstruction to nasal breathing
noisy breathing
nasal drip
dryness of the nasal and oral mucosa
385
surgical management for deviated ansal septum
reduction of a nasal fracture
rhinoplasty
nasal septoplasty
386
inflammation of the tonsils (pharyngeal, palatine and lingual)
tonsillitis
387
etiology of tonsillitis
group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
388
tonsillitis can be associated with other infectious and inflammatory body conditions that may affect the
heart
kidneys
389
what condition of the heart in tonsillits
rheumatic fever leading to rheumatic heart disease
390
what condition of the kidneys in tonsillitis
acute glomerulonephritis
391
tonsillitis can be caused by what causative agent
haemophilus influenzae
392
manifestations of tonsillitis
sore throat
odynophagia
dysphagia
otalgia
fever, chills
mouth breathing
anorexia
general malaise
cervical lymphadenopathy
393
complications of tonsillitis
pneumonia
acute glomerulonephritis
osteomyelitis
rheumatic fever
394
surgical management for tonsillitis
tonsillectomy
adenoidectomy
395
indications for surgery in tonsillitis
recurrent, incapacitating episodes
hypertrophy
resolution of a peritonsillar abscess
repeated ear problems r/t eustachian tube obstruction
sinus complication
396
management for tonsillitis
antibiotics
saline throat gargles
bed rest
oral fluid intake
397
dietary management for tonsillitis
less seasoned
non spicy
unsweetened
398
nursing management of the surgical client for tonsillitis
lateral decubitus or prone position, head oriented towards the side
frequent swallowing
melena
ice chips
monitor for hemorrhage
analgesics
oral fluid intake
399
dietary management for tonsillitis after surgery
cool
soft
less seasoned
400
is hemorrhage common for tonsillectomy
YES only within 24-48 hours
401
what kind of analgesics is administered for tonsillitis after tonsillectomy
acetaminophen
codeine
402
inflammation of the pharynx (soft palate, pharyngeal tonsils, uvula)
pharyngitis
403
etioloy of pharyngitis
bacterial infection (group A beta-hemolytic stretococcus)
chronic smokers
404
manifestations of pharyngitis
*similar to tonsillitis
sore throat
odynophagia
dysphagia
otalgia
fever, chills
mouth breathing
anorexia
cervical lymphadenopathy
405
medical management for pharyngitis
antibiotics
analgesics
anti-pyretics
406
nursing management for pharyngitis
proper handwashing
bed rest
increase fluid intake
warm saline irrigation and gargles
407
what causes chronic pharyngitis
chronic smokers
chronic cough
living in dusty environment
use their voice excessively
408
management for chronic pharyngitis
identification and correcting the underlying factors
management of acute pharyngitis
409
inflammation of the larynx
laryngitis
410
causes of laryngitis
chrnic smokers
vocal abuse
GERD
411
manifestations of laryngitis
hoarseness of voice
aphonia
stridor
dyspnea
sore throat
fever
respiratory distress
412
management of laryngitis
humidification
voice rest
increase fluid intake
antibiotics
systemic corticosteroids
management for GERD
413
affect the tracheobronchial tree (obstructive) and lungs (restrictive)
lower airway disorders
414
affect the tracheobronchial tree (obstructive) and lungs (restrictive)
lower airway disorders
415
other term for obstructive lung disease
chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD)
416
other term for obstructive lung disease
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
417
COPD is on what rank as the leading cause of death around the world
third
418
etiologies of COPD
chronic cigarette smoking
occupational dust
hereditary and genetic predisposition
chronic respiratory infections
common among males
419
independent management for COPD
stay away from triggers
activity restrictions
wear mask in cold environment
orthopneic position
ability to expectorate
sputum appearance
small frequent feeding
420
dependent management for COPD
oxygen therapy at low concentration (2-3 lpm)
421
interdependent management for COPD
limit carbs
more protein
high fat diet
422
other term for reactive airway disease
asthma
423
other term for asthma
reactive airway disease
424
hyperreactive airway
asthma
425
- disorder of the bronchial airways characterized by reversible bronchospasm
- a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway in which many cells and cellular elements play a role
asthma
426
what cells play a role in asthma
mast cells
eosinophils
T lymphocytes
SRS-A
histamine
bradykinin
leukotrienes
427
triggers for asthma
bronchospastic
inflammatory
428
etiologies of asthma
inhalation of allergens
viral respiratory tract infections
exercised-induced asthma
inhaled irritants
nasal polyps and recurrent acute rhinitis
nonselective beta blockers and ophthalmic preparation
GERD
changes in temperature
excitatory status
429
manifestations of asthma
episodic wheezing
chest tightness
prolonged expiration
dyspnea and fatigue
tachypnea, anxiety, and apprehension
continuous coughing
pulsus paradoxus
moist skin
430
chest tightness
prolonged expiration
431
manifestations of asthma
episodic wheezing
chest tightness
prolonged expiration
dyspnea and fatigue
tachypnea, anxiety, and apprehension
continuous coughing
pulsus paradoxus
moist skin
432
notify physician is these developed (under asthma)
inaudible breath sounds
increased level of anxiety
increased respiratory rate and depth
feelings of not being able to catch one's breath
cyanosis
433
complications of asthma
status asthmaticus
pneumothorax
cor pulmonale
respiratory acidosis
respiratory and cardiac arrest
434
state of continuous laryngospasms that causes cyanosis
asthmaticus
435
an enlarged right ventricle in your heart that happens because of a lung condition
cor pulmonale
436
medical management of asthma
prevention of chronic asthma and asthma exacerbations
maintenance of normal activity levels
maintenance of normal or near normal lung function
minimal or no side effects on the drug therapy
437
pharmacologic management of asthma
quick relief medications
long-term medications
438
what are the quick relief medications of asthma
beta adrenergic blockers
anticholinergics
short course corticosteroids therapy
439
beta adrenergic blockers medications for asthma
albuterol
pilbuterol
terbutalline
440
anticholinergics medications for asthma
ipratropium bromide
atropine sulfate
441
long term medications for asthma
anti-inflammatory agents
mast-cell stabilizers
beta adrenergic blockers
leukotriene modifiers
442
anti-inflammatory agents medications for asthma
beclomethasone
traimcinolone
flunisolide
budesonide
443
mast-cell stabilizers medications for asthma
socium cromolyn
nedocromyn
444
leukotriene modifiers medications for asthma
zafirlukast
montelukast sodium
445
- disorders that may lead to the progressive destruction of the alveolar walls
- characterized by the loss of lung elasticity and abnormal aenlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, with progressive destruction of the alveolar walls and capillary beds
emphysema
446
- disorders that may lead to the progressive destruction of the alveolar walls
- characterized by the loss of lung elasticity and abnormal aenlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, with progressive destruction of the alveolar walls and capillary beds
emphysema
447
loss of elastic recoil
dead spaces
448
three types of emphysema
centrilobular (centriacinar)
panlobular
paraseptal (panacinar)
449
implicated cause of emphysema
chronic smoking
inherited deficiency in alpha 1 antitrypsin
450
manifestations of emphysema
dyspnea on exertion initially (dyspnea at rest)
pursed-lip breathing
use of accessory muscles
cyanosis
clubbing
peripheral edema
pink puffers
451
medical management of emphysema
bronchodilators
anticholinergics
theophylline
inhaled corticosteroids
452
bronchodilators medications for emphysema
albuterol
salbutamol
453
anticholinergics medications for emphysema
ipratropium bromide
atropine sulfate
454
- airway obstruction that is caused by inflammation of the major small airways
- chronic mucus production
- characterized by the hyperplasia of the submucosal gland and edema
chronic bronchitis
455
characteristics of chronic bronchitis
increase in size and number of submucous glands in large bronchi
increase goblet cells numbers
impaired ciliary functions
456
diagnosis for chronic bronchitis
productive cough for 3 months duration in 2 consecutive years persistent sputum production
457
manifestations of bronchitis
productive cough
decreased exercise tolerance
wheezing
shortness of breath
prolonged expiration
copious amounts of sputum
chronic hypozemia, hypercapnia
clubbing
blue bloaters
458
management of bronchitis
bronchodilators
anticholinergics
theophylline
inhaled corticosteroids
459
general nursing management of bronchitis
quit smoking
avoid exposure to URTI
small nutritious and frequent feedings
breathing exercises
monitor sputum
460
general nursing management of bronchitis
quit smoking
avoid exposure to URTI
small nutritious and frequent feedings
breathing exercises
monitor sputum
461
dietary management for bronchitis
high protein
high fat
high caloric
low carbohydrate
462
dietary management for bronchitis
high protein
high fat
high caloric
low carbohydrate
463
infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma
pulmonary tuberculosis
464
causative agent for PTB
mycobacterium tubercle
465
infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma
pulmonary tuberculosis
466
causative agent for PTB
mycobacterium tubercle
467
mode of transmission for PTB
airborne
droplet
468
mode of transmission for PTB
airborne
droplet
469
typical signs of PTB
low-grade fever
cough
night sweats
fatigue
weight loss
nonproductive cough/mucopurulent sputum
hemoptysis
470
meaning of DOTS
directly observed treatment short-course
471
- acute viral infection of the URT and LRT
- seasonal disorder
influenza
472
causative agent of influenza
haemophilus parainfluenzae (A, B, C)
473
incubation period
1-4 days or witithin 2 days
474
communicability period
1 day before the appearance of the s/sx and 5 days after onset
475
manifestations of influenza (nonspecific)
fever chills
malaise
muscle aching
headache
profuse water discharges
sore throat
nonproductive cough
476
manifestations of influenza (specific)
rapid onset
runny nose
continuous blowing and cough
477
symptomatic approach of influenza
bed rest
keeping the client warm
drink large amount of liquids
478
pharmacotherapy of influenza
first generation antiviral drug
second genration antiviral drug
479
first generation antiviral drug
amantadine
rimantadine
480
amantadine medications for influenza
symmetrel
481
rimantadine medication for influenza
flumadine
482
second generation anti-viral drug
zanamivir
oseltamavir
483
zanamivir medication for influenza
relenza
484
oseltamavir medication for influenza
tamiflu
485
inflammation of the lung parenchyma usually associated with a marked increase in interstitial and alveolar fluid
pneumonia
486
major risk factor of pneumonia
advanced age
history of smoking
URTI
tracheal intubation
prolonged immobility
immunosuppressive therapy
nonfunctional immune system
malnutrition
dehydration
chronic disease states
487
other etiologies of pneumonia
infectious agents
aspiration
inhalation of toxic
airpollution
altered LOC
488
manifestations of pneumonia
fever
chills
pleuritic chest pain
cough
sputum production
hemoptysis
headache
fatigue
abnormal breath sounds
tactile fremitus is higher on the area of consolidation
dull sounds on the area of consolidation
unequal chest wall expansion
purulent sputum
489
diagnosis of pneumonia
sputum culture
bronchioscopy
chest radiography
skin testing
ABG
490
classification: based on the lobe involved (pneumonia)
segmental pneumonia
lobar pneumonia
bilateral pneumonia
491
classification: based on the location and radiologic appearance
bronchopneumonia (bronchial)
interstitial (reticular) pneumonia
alveolar (acinar)
necrotizing
492
management of pneumonia
antibiotics
o2 therapy
bronchodilators
CPT
tracheal suctioning
493
caused by the different microorganisms that are suspended in the environment
community acquired pneumonia
494
how can it be considered as community acquired pneumonia
infection that begins outside the hospital
diagnosed within 48 hours after hospital admission
495
manifestation of community acquired pneumonia
typical to pneumonia
496
- dysphagia increases the risk for this
- occurs when foreign substances enter the respiratory tract
- may become fatal
aspiration pneumonia
