Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intoduction To Cardiology > Module 2&3 > Flashcards

Module 2&3 Flashcards

1
Q

Interatrial Septum

A

wall shared by left and right atrium- separates them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Inferior Vena Cava

A

Bring deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the organs and lower extremeties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Superior Vena Cava

A

Brings deoxygenated blood from the head and upper extremities into the right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pulmonary Veins

A

Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium

4 of them-> 2 from each lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Coronary Sinus

A

opening in the right atrium that return deoxygenated blood from circulation of the myocardial muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pulmonary Atery

A

Brings deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the lungs.
Bifurcates to left and right sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

AV valve between right atrium and right ventricle
2 cusped valve preventing backflow from ventricle to atria during RV systole.
Movement controlled by chordae tendinae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Right Ventricle

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary artery.
Consists of a inflow tract with irregular muscle bridges and a smooth outflow tract.
low pressure with a thing outer wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mitral Valve

A

2 Cusped AV valve between left atrium and ventricle.
prevents backflow during left ventricle systole.
movement is controlled by chordae tendinae (more numerous and stronger than right ventricle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Parts of the Stethoscope

A

Bell- low frequency sounds

Diaphragm- high frequency sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Left Ventricle

A

Cone shaped- larger than right ventricle
9-11mm muscular walls, high pressure to overcome high resistance of the aorta.
smooth outflow tract
heavy trabeculated inferior region with more and thicker trabeculae than RV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Interventricular Septum

A

Wall dividing left and right ventricles. Stiffens to become a fixed fulcrum during systole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Basic Components of a Cardiovascular exam

A

1) Identify the patient & take history
2) Blood pressure & pulse
3) Assess jugular venous pressure
4) Palpitation
5) Auscultation
6) Check vitals, chest X-ray, ECG, blood test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Aorta

A

3 branches- brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian.
Carries oxygenated blood from LV from body circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is cardiac history important

A

Most important diagnostic tool. More than 50% of patient assessment the correct diagnosis can be made after taking a history.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

Semi lunar valve between RV and Pulmonary artery
prevent backflow into RV during diastole
no chordae tendinae or papillary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Right Atrium

A

recieves deoxygenated blood from the inferior and superior vena cava as well as the coronary sinus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Atrial Kick

A

When the atria contract to fill ventricle.

when specific arrhythmias occur atrial kick is used to assess patients ventricular output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How much does the heart pump?

A

5-30 litres of blood/min

75ml of blood into circulation with each beat

20
Q

Heart Rate

A

average adult 60-90 bpm

85000 beats/day

21
Q

Describe the shape and size of the heart

A

size of a mans fist
weighs less than 500g
conical in shape

22
Q

Pericardium

A

2 layers- Visceral & Parietal with a thin film of pericardial fluid between to minimize friction.
Visceral (epicardium) adheres to the external wall of the heart and reflects back on itself. The second layer lines the outer fibrous layer securing heart to sternum and mediastinal portion of L&R pleurae
Parietal- Second layer between epicardium and fibrous layer

23
Q

Myocardium

A

middle layer of cardiac wall
heart muscle- striated skeletal muscle- involuntary
electrical excitations spread quickly through myocardium
can produce self excitation

24
Q

Subendocardium

A

tissue containing fibroblasts, elastic & collagen fibres, veins, nerves and branches of conduction system.
Continuous with connective tissue of myocardium
below endocardium

25
Q

Circumflex Artery

A

Travels left AV groove

branches to form large obtuse marginal branches to supply lateral and posterior walls of LV

26
Q

Aortic Valve

A

3 cusped Semi lunar valve located between LV and Aorta
Prevents backflow into LV during diastole
secured by fibrous ring surrounding valve

27
Q

Fourth Heart Sound

“atrial gallop”

A

“extra diastolic heart sound”- pitch best heard at apex
caused when left or right atrium vigorously contract against rigid ventricle. (late diastole)
sign of ischemia or hypertrophy (enlargement of the heart)
a-STIFF-wall S4 S1 S2

28
Q

Third heart sound

“ventricular gallop”

A

low frequency, best heard with bell
normal in children and young adults-indicates congestive heart failure in middle aged and elderly or rapid filling of ventricle (tricuspid regurgitation)
heard in early diastole following opening of AV valves
SLOSH’ - ing - in S1 S2 S3

29
Q

Paradoxical Splitting

A

Seperation of A2 + P2 during expiration but not inspiration

Indicated LBBB or Aortic stenosis

30
Q

Fixed splitting

A

A2 + P2 occur with an abnormally large gap in between throughout cardiac cycle

Indicates atrial septal defect (hole in the septum)

31
Q

Widened splitting

A

abnormal heart wound when A2 + P2 are heard as separate sounds even during expiration

Indicates RBBB or pulmonary valve stenosis

32
Q

Cardiac auscultation

“heart sounds”

A

process of listening to the heart with a stethoscope
S1- First heart sound- high freq- represent closing of mitral and tricuspid valves
S2- Second hear sound- high freq- closing of semi lunar aortic and fractionally delayed pulmonary valves.
Inspiration- splits in A2 + P2 Expiration- one sound

33
Q

Assessing palptation

A

detecting evidence of disease by placing hands and fingers on external surface of body (usually done at apex-5th intercostal space in mid clavicle line)
look for scars indicating surgery
2 apex beats: HEAVING- high afterload THRUSTING- high preload

34
Q

How to assess jugular venous pressure (JVP)

A

Patient is reclined at 45 degree angle
JVP= height of waveform in cm above sternal angle
JVP helps identify right heart failure or pulmonary embolism

35
Q

3 types of abnormal pulses

characteristics and causes

A

1) pulsus paradox- exaggerated drop in pulse on inspiration. caused by cardiac tamponade or acute asthma
2) Bounding- Large volume. Caused by anemia, hepatic failure or type 2 respiratory failure.
3) Pulsus alternons- alternate high and low pulses. Caused by bigeminy.

36
Q

Coarction

A

The narrowing of the aorta

assessed by looking at radial-femoral delay (should occur at same time)

37
Q

How to determine pulse rate

A

Count # pulses/sec

sites to measure- carotid, brachial, radial

38
Q

Aortic dissection screening

A

check both radial pulses simultaneously
aortic dissection- when a tear is formed in the artery and blood can flow between the layers of the vessels wall.
results in low blood flow (ischemia) to organs or aortic rupture

39
Q

Describe general inspection of physical appearance

A

Patients with acute cardiac illness show signs of cyanosis(blueish), pallor, or sweatiness

In more stable patients we look for cachexia (weight loss) because it is a prognostic sign of heart failure

40
Q

How to calculate BMI

A

Normal range = 18.5-24.9 (male and female)

BMI = body weight / height in meters squared
BMI = kg/m2
41
Q

Left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD)

A

Courses anterior Interventricular groove toward apex
Supply anterior 2/3 of Interventricular septum via septal branches
Supply anterior surface of left ventricle via diagonal branches

42
Q

Right coronary artery (RCA)

A

courses posteriorly between right atrium and ventricle
branches to from posterior descending artery.
supplies inferior and posterior wall of ventricles and 1/3 interventricular septum.
supply SA node 70% of the time via SA nodal artery
supply posterior descending artery and AV nodal arteries 85% of the time

43
Q

Left main coronary artery

A

between pulmonary trunk and left atrium to reach AV groove

bifurcates into left anterior descending coronary artery and circumflex artery

44
Q

Endocardium

A

innermost layer of cardiac chambers, valves and vessels
smooth single layer
minimizes trauma to red blood cells and accumulation of platelets

45
Q

Coronary veins

A

similar to coronary arteries but the vessels return blood from myocardial capillaries to coronary sinus (RA)
major veins most often lie superficial to the arterial counterpart within epicardial fat

46
Q

Left Atrium

A

Forms base of heart, extending around pulmonary artery
receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins
2mm walls -> thicker than right atrium
low pressure chamber

Intoduction To Cardiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions