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Biology > module 2 - 2.1.3 - nucleotides and nucleic acids > Flashcards

module 2 - 2.1.3 - nucleotides and nucleic acids Flashcards

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1
Q

how do nucleotides join together?

A

The phosphate group from one nucleotide can bond to the OH (hydroxyl group) on carbon 3.
This creates a PHOSPHODIESTER bond, this releases H20.

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2
Q

what’s a condensation reaction?

A

1.Monomers join together to form a polymer
2.This releases h20.
3.When monomers join together H20 is released.

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3
Q

What’s a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Water is added to a polymer to break the bond between the monomers.

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4
Q

What’s the bond between 2 nucleotides?

A

PHOSPHODIESTER BOND

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5
Q

What’s released when a phosphodiester bond is formed?

A

water H20

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6
Q

What are purines?

A

DNa bases with a double ring structure
Bases adenine and guanine

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7
Q

what are pyrimidines?

A

DNA bases with a single ring structure
Bases cytosine and thymine

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8
Q

What bases are in RNA?

A

adenine , guanine , uracil, cytosine

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9
Q

What bases are in DNA?

A

What bases are in DNA?

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10
Q

What bases of DNA have a double ring structure?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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11
Q
A

Thymine and cytosine

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12
Q

How is a deoxyribose sugar different to a ribose sugar?

A

A deoxyribose sugar has one less OXYGEN atom on the THIRD carbon.
Ribose has an extra OH on the THIRD carbon.

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13
Q

Whats a pentose sugar?

A

a sugar on a nucelotide with 5 carbon atoms

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14
Q

What element is in a base?

A

nitrogen

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15
Q

What elements are in a nucleotide?

A

hydrogen
carbon
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus

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16
Q

examples of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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17
Q

Whats the sugar in a DNA nucleotide?

A

deoxyribose

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18
Q

Whats the sugar in a RNA nucleotide?

A

ribose

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19
Q

What’s the main structure of DNA?

A
  1. It has 2 polynucleotide strands ( sugar backbone on the outside and the bases in the centre).
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20
Q

How are the polynucleotide strands of DNA held together?

A
  1. They are held together by weak hydrogen bonds which are formed between the bases.
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21
Q

Why are the base pairs A-T and C-G?

A
  1. Adenine is a purine and Thymine is a pyrimidine so they join together
  2. Guanine is a purine and cytosine is a pyrimidine
  3. This makes the distance between the sugar phosphate backbones always constant
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22
Q

What does it mean that the 2 polypeptide strands of DNA are anti-parallel?

A
  1. Both strands run in opposite directions
    2.For example, on one strand the phosphate group is at the top and the c3 hydroxyl group is at the bottom but on the other strand the c3 hydroxyl group is at the top and the phosphate group is at the bottom
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23
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between adenine and thymine?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between cytosine and guanine?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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25
Q

How are RNA and DNA different?

A
  1. DNA is found in the nucleus while RNA is found in the cytoplasm
    2.DNA is a long molecule while RNA is a relatively short molecule’
    3.DNA has two polynucleotide strands while RNA has one
    4.DNA has the base thymine while RNA has uracil
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26
Q

What is the importance of DNA replication?

A
  1. mitosis- dna needs to make a copy of itself
  2. growth and repair= all the cells in your lifetime will be genetically identical but you will not have the same cells at 2 and 80.
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27
Q

Why does every cell need to have the same DNA?

A
28
Q

Why does DNA replication need to happen?

A

It happens as in mitosis a new cell is formed and that cell will need DNA

29
Q

Whats the meaning of semi-conservative?

A

In the daughter cell one strand of the DNA is from the parent DNA and then there is also a newly synthesised strand.

30
Q

What are the steps of semi-conservative replication of DNA?

A
  1. DNA helicase easily breaks the weak hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases, this unzips the DNA.
  2. Both strands now act as templates. Free floating ACTIVATED bases pair up with their complementary base that is exposed

3.These bases are then held in place with weak H bonds ( 2 between A-T and 3 between C-G).

4.DNA POLYMERASE will help form a backbone between the new bases by a CONDENSATION reaction. This forms a PHOSPHODIESTER bond between the bases releasing H20.

5.There are two DNA POLYMERASE working in opposite directions. Two new molecules of DNA are formed which are semi-conservative

31
Q

What’s a mutation?

A

A spontaneous random change in the sequence of bases

32
Q

What is meant by a mutation being spontaneous and random?

A

they are chance errors that cannot be predicted or influenced by external factors

33
Q

Whats the genetic code?

A

DNA codes for amino acids

34
Q

Whats a codon?

A

a triplet code
3 bases = one amino acid

35
Q

What does non-overlapping mean in genetic code?

A
36
Q

genetic code universal?

A

all organisms use the same code for the same amino acids

37
Q

What are stop codons?

A

do not code for any amino acids just signal the end of a sequence

38
Q

start codon?

A

signalling the start of a sequence of a protein

39
Q

degenerate?

A

when a codon codes for more than one amino acid

40
Q

Whats a polypeptide?

A

chain of amino acids held by peptide bonds

41
Q

whats a polynucleotide?

A

a chain of nucleotides held by phosphodiester bonds

42
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

20

43
Q

polypeptide?

A

chain of amino acids
=held by peptide bonds

44
Q

polynucleotide?

A

chain of nucleotides
=held by phosphodiester bonds

45
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

in the nucleus

46
Q

where does translation take place?

A

in the cytoplasm

47
Q

What are the 2 substances that make up ribosomes?

A

=protein
=ribosomal rna

48
Q

Whats the role of a ribosome in translation?

A

= holds mrna in place
=enzyme in ribosome (peptidyl transferase) forms peptide bonds between amino acids by a condensation reaction

49
Q

structure of TRNA?

A
  • triden shaped
    -one strand folded into a clove shape so the anti- codon is exposed
    -anti-codon one one side the other side has an amino acid binding site
50
Q

role of TRNA?

A

to bring over amino acids to the ribosome

51
Q

sense-strand?

A

is the code for the protein wanted

52
Q

anti-sense strand?

A

the template for the protein wanted

53
Q

Whats the process of transcription?

A
  1. DNA Helicase unzips the two strands by breaking weak H bonds
    2.free floating RNA nucleotides in the nucleus
    3.free floating RNA nucleotides pair up with complementary bases on the anti-sense strand
    4.RNA polymerase will form a sugar-phosphate backbone between the RNA nucleotides
    =forms phosphodiester bonds
    =this forms Mrna
  2. mrna leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore
54
Q

Whats the process of translation?

A
  1. mrna attaches onto small subunit of the ribosome RRNA allows this
    2.trna with the anti-codon and amino acid goes to its complementary codon
    3.peptidyl transferase will form peptide bonds between the 2 amino acids with a condensation reaction
    4.process repeats until polypeptide is formed
55
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

56
Q

What components make up ATP?

A

-ribose sugar
-adenine base
-3 phosphate groups

57
Q

Similarities of ATP and DNA/RNA?

A

=all three have a pentose sugar
=RNA and ATP have a ribose sugar
=all three have adenine base
=They all have a phosphate group
=they all have phosphodiester bonds

58
Q

Differences of ATP and DNA/RNA?

A

=DNA has a deoxyribose sugar where as RNA and ATP are ribose
= DNA has the bases A,T,C,G where as RNA has A.U.C.G and ATP has just A
= ATP has three phosphate groups where as RNA and DNA have two

59
Q

What is the meaning of phosphorylated?

A

when something has had a phosphate group added to it

60
Q

What is ATP used for?

A

= used in muscle contractions
=active transport
=maintaining body temp
=provides energy for metabolic processes

61
Q

nucleoside meaning?

A

=purine/pyrimidine attached to a sugar

62
Q

Why is ATP a universal energy currency?

A

=as all organisms use ATP as an energy source

62
Q

nucleotide meaning?

A

base and sugar and phosphate group

63
Q

How is ATP produced?

A

=ADP goes through a CONDENSATION reaction
=ADP is phosphorylated by having another inorganic phosphate group added to it
=ATP is produced by this and H20
=its an enzyme controlled reaction as an enzyme catalyses it
= the enzyme is ATP SYNTHASE

64
Q

Why does the body have to constantly produce ATP of our body mass daily?

A

=the hydrogen bonds between the phosphate groups are weak
=this means they can easily be broken down
=this means ATP cannot be stored as it has weak unstable bonds which allows it to be broken down easily

65
Q

How does ATP release energy?

A

energy is released when the hydrogen bonds between the phosphate groups are broken down
=this happens through a HYDROLYSIS reaction
=ATP has H20 added to it to break down the ATP
=this produces ADP and a inorganic phosphate group
- it is an enzyme controlled reaction
=the enzyme is ATP HYDROLASE

66
Q

Why is ATP suited to its role?

A

-small
=moves easily into and out of cells

-water soluble
=can be used for aqueous environment

-release energy in small quantities
=releases small amounts so energy is not wasted by losing it through heat

Biology (5 decks)

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