module 2-2.1.1- cell structure

Question 1

Examples of eukaryotes?

Answer 1

1.Animals
2.Plants
3.Fungi

Question 2

Examples of Prokaryotes?

Answer 2

1.Bacteria
2.Archaea

Question 3

What’s a eukaryote?

Answer 3

-A cell with a membrane-bound nucleus enclosing genetic material
-They have membrane-bound organelles

Question 4

What’s a prokaryote?

Answer 4

A cell with no nuclear membrane and no organelles in the cytoplasm but ribosomes.

Question 5

What does a prokaryote cell have that a eukaryote doesn’t?

Answer 5

1. always contains a cell wall
   2.single-celled
   3.dont have membrane bound organelles

Question 6

What do both prokaryotes and eukaryote cells have?

Answer 6

1.DNA as genetic material
2.contain ribosomes
3.similar basic metabolism

Question 6

What do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes don’t?

Answer 6

1.Contain nuclear envelope
2.Contain cell walls
3.More complex DNA

Question 7

What material is contained in the nucleus and what does it do?

Answer 7

1. Nucleoplasm
   2.It contains molecules like nucleotides and enzymes needed for DNA and RNA synthesis.

Question 8

What are the three parts of a nucleus?

Answer 8

1. Nuclear envelope
   2.Nucleolus
   3.Chromatin

Question 9

What’s the role of the nuclear envelope?

Answer 9

1. Within the nuclear envelope there are nuclear pores
   2.This allows molecules to enter and leave the nucleus

Question 10

What’s chromatin?

Answer 10

1. Chromatin is DNA coiled around proteins

Question 11

What’s a nucleolus?

Answer 11

1. Where ribosomal RNA is produced
2. Production of ribosomes happen here

Question 12

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

Answer 12

1.The membranes of the ER contain ribosomes
2.This is where translation happens for proteins
3.Contains ribosomes for protein synthesis
4.Transoports molecules to the Golgi apparatus

Question 13

What happens in the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 13

1. modifying and packaging of proteins

Question 14

Role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 14

1.To make and store both lipids and carbohydrates

Question 15

where is a peroxisome?

Answer 15

• found in the cytoplasm

Question 16

Peroxisome role?

Answer 16

1.They produce hydrogen peroxide
2.They break down organic molecules via oxidation which releases hydrogen peroxide

Question 17

What are key features of a lysosome?

Answer 17

1. They contain powerful digestive enzymes
2. Contains acidic internal fluid

Question 18

Key functions of lysosomes?

Answer 18

1, Play a key role in phagocytosis
(lysosomes digest bacteria)
2. They also destroy damaged/ not functioning properly organelles

Question 19

Role of mitochondria?

Answer 19

1. production of ATP for aerobic respiration

Question 20

Structure of mitochondria?

Answer 20

1. It has a double membrane
   (outer mitochondrial membrane and inner)
2. Inside the mitochondria there is a loop of DNA
   3.Also contains mitochondrial ribososmes

Question 21

What are the cytoskeletons three main components?

Answer 21

1, microfilaments
2.microtubules
3.Intermediate fibres

Question 22

Role of microfilaments?

Answer 22

1, contains protein actin
2.helps cells pull apart in cell multiplication (mitosis)

Question 23

Role of intermediate fibres?

Answer 23

1. To strengthen the cell

Question 24

Role of microtubules?

Answer 24

1, involved in the movement of organelles
2,help to determine the shape of cells

Question 25

What cells are centrioles found in?

Answer 25

1. mainly animals and some plants
   2.NOT in flowering plants

Question 26

Role of centrioles?

Answer 26

spindle fibres

Question 27

What are the four microscopes?

Answer 27

1. light microscope
2. SEM
   3.TEM
   4.Laser scanning confocal microscopy

Question 28

Advantages of a light microscope?

Answer 28

-easy to use
-cheap
-show true colours
-can use live specimens

Question 29

Disadvantages of a light microscope?

Answer 29

-low resolution
-low magnification
specimens are thin

Question 30

Advantages of a SEM (electron) microscope?

Answer 30

• higher resolution than a light microscope
  -provide detailed images of surface structures
  -high mag
  -3D images

Question 31

Disadvantages of a SEM (electron) microscope?

Answer 31

-expensive
-training required to use
-samples must be dead
-black/white images

Question 32

Advantages of a TEM microscope?

Answer 32

-much higher resolution than a light microscope
-detailed images of interior images
high mag

Question 33

Disadvantages of a TEM microscope?

Answer 33

-expensive
-extensive training required
-samples must be dead
-black/white images

Question 34

What does a laser scanning confocal microscope do?

Answer 34

• uses a laser beam to scan a specimen tagged with dye
  -picks up fluorescence out of focused light is blocked
  -3D image
  -resolution similar to light microscope

Question 35

cell parts involved in protein synthesis?

Answer 35

1.nucleolus= produces ribosomes
2.ribosomes=where protein synthesis happens
3.RER= contains ribosomes
4.golgi=modifies and packages proteins

Question 36

What’s the difference between ribosomes free in the cell and ribosomes in the RER?

Answer 36

free in the cell make proteins for the cell

ribosomes in the RER make proteins for outside the cell

Question 37

Whats the steps of the secretion pathway?

Answer 37

1. proteins synthesised in the ribosomes of the RER
2. The proteins are then packaged into transport vesicles
   3.The vesciles move towards the golgi by the cytoskelenton
   4.vesicle merges with goligi and the proteins are modified
   5.Proteins leave the golgi in secretory vesicles
   6.they carry the proteins towards the plasma cell membrane and fuses
   7.protiens are released by exocytis

Question 38

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