MODULE 2 Flashcards
The interactions between the environment and the humans is (three characteristics):
a coupled system, bidirectional, and feedback loops
feedback that moves away from a target (e.g. food insecurity threatening human wellbeing)
Positive feedback
feedback that moves towards a target (e.g. disaster risk reduction in regards to human well-being)
Negative feedback
supply of goods and materials, natural processes that maintain environment, non-material benefits, support other types of ecosystem services
Ecosystem services
4 types of ecosystem services
- Provisioning
- Regulating
- Supporting
- Cultural
What was the damage area of the USS Guardian (USSG) to the Tubbataha Reefs on January 17, 2013 and how much did they pay?
2,345 m2 of coral, 87M PHP
this law mandates a fine of about 24000 PHP/m2 of damaged reef
RA No. 10067 or the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park Act of 2009
On April 8, 2013, Min Ping Yu (MPY) damaged how much worth of coral garden reef and how much did they pay?
3,902 m2, they were not fined
On April 8, 2013, Min Ping Yu (MPY) damaged how much worth of coral garden reef and how much did they pay?
3,902 m2, they were not fined
What is the basis for economic valuation of coral reefs?
Provisioning and cultural (recreation) services
pristine reefs with a high diversity of marine life; unique position in the middle of the Sulu Sea and is one of the PH’s oldest ecosystems; important habitat for intentionally threatened and endangered marine species (e.g. sharks, marine, turtles, seabirds).
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
measures the demand for and supply of nature
Ecological footprint
what are the 6 categories of natural resources used to measure ecological footprint?
- Forest products
- Carbon footprint
- Cropland
- Pasture
- Built-up Land
- Fisheries
when ecological footprint exceeds biocapacity
Ecological Deficit
maximum no. of individuals of a species that a given land or marine area can support without degradation of the natural environment
Carrying capacity
calculates how many planets were necessary to support all of the people that lived on the planet in a given year, under that year’s standard of living, biological production and technology
Ecological Footprint
What were the criticisms of the concept of carrying capacity?
- it was based on unrealistic assumptions, such as closed population with no immigration or emigration
- did not account for the higly adaptable nature of human society and culture
- availability of resources are changing through time
- demonstrated in lab experiments, not in the field
What were the criticisms for the ecological footprint concept?
- Assumes technology is the same across the globe and through time
- Does not measure changes in biodiversity
- Rewards more-intensive production methods that increase yields per unit of land in the short term but might be less sustainable in the long run
IPAT Model stands for? and is proposed by?
Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology
Paul Ehlrich and John Holdren (1971)
Humans impact the environment primarily through:
- consumption and 2. waste products as a reuslt of consumption
What are the principles of Environmental Kuznets curve? Introduced by Grossman and Krueger (1991)
- When an economy is primarily pre-industrial and agrarian, the environment is
usually clean and untouched by pollutants from industrial economic activities. - As the economy shifts towards development and industrialization, the environment is at a higher risk of being harmed by pollution and depletion of natural resources.
- The curve then returns to a cleaner environment when economic growth continues, and people choose to spend their incomes on improving the environment by cleaning water and improving air quality. People become more aware of the benefits to the environment.
Without private property rights or strict government regulation, shared resources would ultimately be depleted.
This is because individuals tend to act selfishly, rushing to harvest as many resources as possible from the commons (e.g. fish, water, forests.)
- coined by William Forster Lloyd (1833), popularized by Garrett Hardin (1968)
Tragedy of the Commons
