Module 2 Flashcards
Covalent compounds
Share electrons, usually have low boiling/melting points
Non-polar covalent bonds
Electrons are shared equally
Polar covalent bonds
Electrons are shared unequally, gives rise to dipole moments
Dipole moment
Occurs when there’s a separation of charges within a bond, arises from differences in electronegativity
How are bond order and length related?
Inversely. When bond order increases (triple bond vs single bond), bond length decreases
How are bond length and bond energy related?
Inversely. As bond length decreases, bond energy increases.
How are bond order and bond energy related?
Proportionally. As bond length increases, bond energy also increases
Electron affinity
The amount of energy released when an electron attaches to a neutral form atom or molecule, while in a gaseous state. A physical quality, measures the attraction between the incoming electron and the nucleus
Electronegativity
Describes how tightly an atom attracts electrons in a bond. It’s a dimensionless adjective, a quantity that is calculated, not measured.
How to calculate formal charge
of valence electrons - # of lone pair electrons - 1/2 of the total number of bonding electrons
The 1/2 bonding electrons is equal to the number of bond lines drawn on the lewis structure attached to the atom in questions
To double check calculations, the sum of the formal charges for all the atoms in a molecule should be zero or equal to the charge of the ion if applicable
Definition of formal charge
The hypothetical charge an atom would have if we could redistribute the electrons in the bonds evenly between the atoms. It’s not actually the charge of the atom in the molecule, it’s just a bookkeeping total
Definition of solubility
The quantitative extent to which a substance may be dissolved in water
When will a substance precipitate?
When its concentration in a given solution exceeds the substance’s solubility
What is an oxyacid?
An acid molecule containing hydrogen, oxygen and one other element (usually a nonmetal)
Definition of a solution
A homogenous mixture consisting of a solute and a solvent
