Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gen. Chem. I > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Covalent compounds

A

Share electrons, usually have low boiling/melting points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Non-polar covalent bonds

A

Electrons are shared equally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

Electrons are shared unequally, gives rise to dipole moments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dipole moment

A

Occurs when there’s a separation of charges within a bond, arises from differences in electronegativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are bond order and length related?

A

Inversely. When bond order increases (triple bond vs single bond), bond length decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are bond length and bond energy related?

A

Inversely. As bond length decreases, bond energy increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are bond order and bond energy related?

A

Proportionally. As bond length increases, bond energy also increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Electron affinity

A

The amount of energy released when an electron attaches to a neutral form atom or molecule, while in a gaseous state. A physical quality, measures the attraction between the incoming electron and the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Electronegativity

A

Describes how tightly an atom attracts electrons in a bond. It’s a dimensionless adjective, a quantity that is calculated, not measured.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How to calculate formal charge

A

of valence electrons - # of lone pair electrons - 1/2 of the total number of bonding electrons

The 1/2 bonding electrons is equal to the number of bond lines drawn on the lewis structure attached to the atom in questions

To double check calculations, the sum of the formal charges for all the atoms in a molecule should be zero or equal to the charge of the ion if applicable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Definition of formal charge

A

The hypothetical charge an atom would have if we could redistribute the electrons in the bonds evenly between the atoms. It’s not actually the charge of the atom in the molecule, it’s just a bookkeeping total

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Definition of solubility

A

The quantitative extent to which a substance may be dissolved in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When will a substance precipitate?

A

When its concentration in a given solution exceeds the substance’s solubility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an oxyacid?

A

An acid molecule containing hydrogen, oxygen and one other element (usually a nonmetal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Definition of a solution

A

A homogenous mixture consisting of a solute and a solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Definition of a solute

A

The substance in a solution that dissolves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Definition of a solvent

A

The substance into which things are dissolved in a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Concentration

A

The amount of solute per amount of solvent

19
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Molecules that dissolve their charges into water and conduct electricity. Any and all acidic and basic molecules are electrolytes

20
Q

What makes something a non-elecrolyte?

A

Not being able to ionize in solution, therefore not conducting electricity. Includes polar covalent non-ionizing molecules, sugars, ethanol, organics, etc..

21
Q

Arrhenius acid

A

Generates H+ in aqueous solutions

22
Q

Arrhenius bases

A

Generates OH- in aqueous solutions

23
Q

Bronstead-Lowry acids

A

Molecule is a H+ donor

24
Q

Bronstead-Lowry bases

A

Molecule is an H+ acceptor

25
Q

What drives redox reactions?

A

Reduction in potential energy

26
Q

How do you recognize an acid/base reaction?

A

Water and a salt are formed from an acid and a base

27
Q

Criteria for an ideal gas

A

Infinitely small volume and perfectly elastic collisions

28
Q

List of memorized strong acids

A

HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HClO4, HNO3

29
Q

Strong bases

A

All alkali metal hydroxides (NaOH, KOH, etc) and alkaline earth metal hydroxides (Mg(OH)2, etc)

30
Q

2 ligands, 2 electron groups

31
Q

2 ligands, 3 electron groups

32
Q

2 ligands, 4 electron groups

33
Q

3 ligands, 3 electron groups

A

Trigonal planar

34
Q

3 ligands, 4 electron groups

A

Trigonal pyramidal

35
Q

4 ligands, 4 electron groups

A

tetrahedral

36
Q

Which bond angle is greater: the ones between the ligands of a trigonal pyramidal molecule, or the ones between the ligands of a tetrahedral ligand?

A

Tetrahedral is 109.5

Trigonal planar is <109.5

37
Q

Bond angles between the ligands of a tetrahedral molecule

38
Q

Bond angles between the ligands of a trigonal pyramidal molecule

39
Q

Bond angles between the ligands of a trigonal planar molecule

40
Q

Bond angles between the ligands of a linear molecule

41
Q

Bond angles between the ligands of a bent molecule (linear with a bonus electron group)

42
Q

Bond angles between the ligands of an extra ment molecule (linear with two bonus electron groups)

A

&laquo_space;180

43
Q

Steps to balancing redox rxns

A
  1. Split into half rxns
  2. Balance everything that’s not O or H
  3. Add water to balance O
  4. Add H+ to balance H
  5. Add electrons to balance charge
  6. Combine
  7. Add one hydroxide for every H+ on both sides
  8. Combine H+ with OH- to form water
  9. Cancel anything remaining and combine

Gen. Chem. I (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions