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Soc Sci 2 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

Augustus, Aquinas, Machiavelli

1
Q

Aristotle believed that the universe was infinite, as each hour and day is succeed by another. ______ disagreed, believing that the universe had a beginning, but his respect for Aristotle’s philosophy led him to argue that Aristotle could have been correct.

A

Aquinas

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2
Q

_________ argues that the universe must
have a beginning.

A

John Philoponus

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3
Q

___________ adopt Philoponus’s argument.

A

French Theologians

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4
Q

French philosopher ________ criticizes Aquinas, saying the universe cannot have always existed

A

Henry of Ghent

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5
Q

__________ claims he can show that the universe has always existed, and that
it has not always existed.

A

Immanuel Kant

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6
Q

Belgian priest and scientist __________ proposes the “Big Bang” theory of the origins of the universe

A

Georges Lemaître

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7
Q

The central figure in Aquinas’s thinking is ______, the ancient Greek philosopher whose work was intensively studied by medieval thinkers.

A

Aristotle

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8
Q

The great Arabic philosophers, _________ and ________, were willing to accept Aristotle’s view, even though it put them at odds with Islamic orthodoxy.

A

Avicenna and Averroes

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9
Q

_________, a Greek Christian writer of the 6th century, believed that he had found an argument to show that Aristotle must be wrong, and that the universe had not always existed.

A

John Philoponus

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10
Q

__________ was born in 1225 at _________ in Italy. He studied at the University of Naples and then joined the Dominican order (a new, highly intellectual order of friars) against the wishes of his family. He studied under the great theologian, _________?

A

Thomas Aquinas, Roccasecca, Albert the Great

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11
Q

Under one empire, the Roman Empire.

A

Pax Romana

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12
Q

Similar to Christianity, believes that good and bad are counterparts, man’s soul is a battleground between these counterparts.

A

Manichaesim

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13
Q

Eternal City, currently we are living in the _________ (Sinful, etc.). The man marches towards the _________.

A

City of Man, City of God

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14
Q

Conceptualized the idea that War needs to have a “just” cause.

A

Augustine

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15
Q

According to Aristotle, the ________ is what has no limit. For instance, the sequence of numbers is ________, because for each number, there is another higher number that follows.

A

Infinite

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16
Q

Historians sometimes say that Aquinas “_______” Christianity and Aristotelian philosophy, as if he took the parts he wanted from each and made them into a smooth mixture.

A

Synthesized

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17
Q

Aquinas believed the _______ on faith, but claimed that some elements of Christian belief could be rationally demonstrated. For Aquinas, the Bible and reason need never _______.

A

Creation Story, Conflict

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18
Q

According to Aquinas, Both human reason and Christian teaching come from the same source, ____, and so they can never contradict each other.

A

God

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19
Q

According to Aquinas, as human beings we are able to go beyond them and grasp what a tree is in a rational way, defining it and distinguishing it from other types of plants and of living things. He called this the ________?

A

Intellectual Knowledge

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20
Q

________ lead us to look for the cause of any event, even the beginning of the universe. Aristotle supposed that God set the universe into motion, and Aquinas agreed, but added that the
“Prime Mover”—God—must itself be uncaused.

A

The laws of cause-and-effect

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21
Q

According to Aristotle, the _____ is the life-principle or “soul” of a human being. All living things have a soul, he believes, which explains their capacity for different levels of what he calls “______”, such as growing and reproducing, for plants; moving, sensing, seeking, and avoiding, for animals; and thinking for humans.

A

Intellect, Life-activity

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22
Q

Aristotle believes that “___” is what makes matter into the thing that it is. Within the human body, this form is the ____, which makes the ____ into the living thing that it is by giving it a particular set of life-activities.

A

Form, Soul, Body

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23
Q

In De Officiis, ____argues against war, except as a last resort in order to defend
the state and restore peace.

A

Cicero

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24
Q

Augustine of Hippo argues that the state should promote _____.

A

Virtue

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25
Q

_____ calls on Muslims to fight in defense
of Islam.

A

Muhammad

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26
Q

________ puts the theory of just war into the context of international law in
On the Law of War and Peace

A

Hugo Grotius

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27
Q

_______ prohibits the use of force in international conflict unless authorized by the UN.

A

The United Nations Charter

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28
Q

The Roman Catholic Church held a ______over learning for several
centuries in medieval Europe.

A

Monopoly

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29
Q

An order that valued the tradition of
________, the ______used reasoning and inference as a method of education, rather than simply teaching Christian dogma.

A

Scholasticism, Dominicans

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30
Q

For Aquinas, steeped in the works of Plato and Aristotle, _____ was the prime
political virtue that underpinned

A

Justice

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31
Q

______ for the protection of Christian values could be justified in Aquinas’s thinking, including the First Crusade of 1096–99, in which Jerusalem was captured and thousands massacred.

A

Warfare

32
Q

However, such a war should be defensive, not preemptive, and waged only when certain conditions could be met. He called these conditions the _______ or “___________”.

A

Jus ad bellum, Right to War

33
Q

The Right To War (Qualifications):

A
  • Restoration of Peace
  • Can only be waged under the authority of a sovereign
  • It must have a just cause (e.g. benefit the people)
34
Q

_____ is made clear to us through our God-given gift of reason. It guides our moral and ethical behavior.

A

Natural law

35
Q

______ is divine, and comes directly from God. The _____ rules the entire universe.

A

Eternal law

36
Q

______ on crime and punishment must be based on reason, so that they relate to the values we deduce from natural law.

A

Human law

37
Q

_____, Aquinas argues, is a God-given ability that enables us to devise for ourselves the natural law, which is—in effect—the way in which the eternal law applies to human beings in accordance with our nature as a social animal.

A

Reason

38
Q

Aquinas said that “man by nature is a _______”.

A

Political Animal

39
Q

According to Aquinas, the role of political society was to enable its citizens to develop their powers of reason, and through this, to acquire an understanding of ______— in other words, the natural law.

A

Moral Sense

40
Q

In _____, Plato argues that evil is not a thing, but an absence of something.

A

Gorgias

41
Q

_____ revives Plato’s view of
good and evil.

A

Plotinus

42
Q

_____ uses an Augustinian theory of evil in The Consolation of Philosophy.

A

Boethius

43
Q

______, the German priest who inspired
the Protestant reformation, publishes On the Bondage of the Will, arguing that the human will is not free.

A

Martin Luther

44
Q

_______ rejects the idea that there are not
evil things.

A

Pierre Abelard

45
Q

Augustine believes that although God created everything that exists, he did not create evil, because evil is not a thing, but a _____ or ______of something. This is due to man’s ___________?

A

Lack or Deficiency, Free Will

46
Q

_______ was born in 354 CE in ______, a small provincial town in North
Africa, to a Christian mother and a pagan father.

A

Aurelius Augustine, Thagaste

47
Q

_____ was effectively adopted as the
official religion of the Roman empire, and as the Church’s power and influence grew, its relationship with the state became a disputed issue.

A

Christianity

48
Q

According to Augustine, if justice be taken away, what are governments but ___________?

A

Great Bands of Robbers

49
Q

______ says that government’s role is
to prevent injustice.

A

Ibn Khaldun

50
Q

______ and the School of Salamanca create a philosophy of natural law.

A

Francisco Suarez

51
Q

Augustine distinguished between two
kingdoms: the ______ and the ______.

A

Civitas Dei (City of God) and Civitas Terrea (City of Earth)

52
Q

Machiavelli’s peers begin to use the adjective “_______” to describe acts of devious cunning.

A

Machiavellian

53
Q

_______ argues that people should hold on to their liberty and resist the rule of princes.

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

54
Q

Italian dictator ________ describes The Prince as “the statesman’s supreme guide.”

A

Benito Mussolini

55
Q

The ____ family had been in open but unofficial control of the city-state for some 35 years, and the year of ________’s birth saw _______succeed his father as ruler, ushering in a period of great artistic activity in Florence.

A

Medici, Machiavelli, Lorenzo de Medici (Lorenzo the Magnificent)

56
Q

Lorenzo de Medici was succeeded by his son, _________.

A

Piero de Medici (Piero the Unfortunate)

57
Q

The invasion by _______ in 1494 had sparked a turbulent period in the history of Italy, which at the time was divided into five powers:

A

Charles VIII, The Papacy, Naples, Venice, Milan, and Florence

58
Q

The illegitimate son of Pope
Alexander VI. The inspiration for Machiavelli’s book, _________, which is witty and cynical, and showed a great understanding of Italy in general and Florence in particular.

A

Cesare Borgia, The Prince

59
Q

The Latin root of ____ also relates it to manliness (as in “virile”), and this feeds into what Machiavelli has to say in its application both to the prince himself and to the state—where sometimes _____ is used to mean “success”, and describes a state that is to be admired and imitated.

A

Virtù

60
Q

Machiavelli argues in his book, _______, that a republic is the ideal regime, and that it should be instituted whenever a reasonable degree of equality exists or can be established.

A

Discourses on the Ten Books of Titus Livy

61
Q

A ruler needs to have the __________ to frighten those who seek to depose him and the __________ to recognize snares and traps.

A

Ferocity of a lion, Cunning of a fox

62
Q

______ has been a virtue of leadership throughout history. In the 20th century, the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini used a mixture of fear and love to hold on to power in Italy.

A

Ruthlessness

63
Q

_______ advises rulers to do whatever
is necessary to achieve the
well-being of the state.

A

Chanakya

64
Q

_________assumes it is human nature to
seek personal gain and avoid punishment, and his Legalist government makes strict laws.

A

Han Fei Tzu

65
Q

Machiavelli lived in turbulent
political times at the beginning of
the period that would come to be
known as the ______.

A

Renaissance

66
Q

Machiavelli’s firsthand experience in the public office:

A

Florentine Republic Diplomat

67
Q

An _____ can harness the weaker traits of humanity in his people to great effect, in the same way that a sheepdog can manipulate a herd of sheep.

A

Effective Leader

68
Q

Two key elements in transforming the undesirable, original human nature into a benevolent social nature:

A
  • Social Organization
  • Prudent Leadership
69
Q

Practical guides for leaders known as “_____,” which were common in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. It is addressed to a new ruler.

A

Mirror of Princes

70
Q

Machiavelli’s ideas hark back to the Roman quality of “_____” embodied by the military leader who is motivated by ambition and the pursuit of glory, properties that are almost the exact opposite of the Christian virtue of modesty.

A

Virtue

71
Q

In Machiavelli’s opinion, _______ is an inevitable result of the selfishness of human nature.

A

Social Conflict

72
Q

Although Machiavelli believes that to a large extent man is master of his own fate, he recognizes that there is also an element of chance at play, which he refers to as ____.

A

Fortuna

73
Q

Machiavelli sees that political life, in particular, can be seen as a continuous contest between the elements of _____ and ____, and in this regard is analogous
to a state of war

A

Virtù and Fortuna

74
Q

By analyzing politics using military theory, Machiavelli concludes that
the essence of most political life is ________.

A

Conspiracy

75
Q

Machiavelli strongly advocates for ________ in his book Discourses on Livy.

A

Republicanism

76
Q

Machiavelli treated politics as a practical and not a philosophical or ethical subject of study, he replaced morality with _______ as the purpose of the state, and shifted the emphasis from the moral intention of a political action to focus primarily on its _____.

A

Utility, Consequences

Soc Sci 2 (2 decks)

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