Module 1

Question 1

Pre-Socratic philosophers in Ionia and Italy attempt to explain the nature
of the ____?

Answer 1

c.600–450 BCE, Cosmos

Question 2

_____ states that we can only understand the universe through reasoning.

Answer 2

Early 5th century BCE, Parmenides

Question 3

______ and the _____ apply rhetoric to philosophical questions.

Answer 3

c.450 BCE. Protagoras and the Sophists

Question 4

_____ portrays the character of Socrates in the ____ and numerous
other dialogues

Answer 4

Plato, Apology

Question 5

Often referred to as one of the founders of Western philosophy, and yet he wrote nothing, established no school, and held no particular theories of his own.

Answer 5

Socrates

Question 6

What he did do, however, was persistently ask the questions that interested him, and in doing so evolved a new way of thinking, or a new way of examining what we think called the ____?
- This was a simple method of questioning that brought to light the often false assumptions on which particular claims to knowledge are based.

Answer 6

Socratic or Dialectical Method

Question 7

The Socratic Method is also called the _____ method because it proceeds
as a dialogue between opposing
views.

Answer 7

Dialectical

Question 8

Socrates’ ideas are recorded in written works called _____? which includes:

Answer 8

Dialogues:
- The Apology
- Phaedo
- The Symposium

Question 9

Socrates lived in _____ in the
second half of the _____. He has believed to have studied ________?

Answer 9

Athens, 5th Century BCE, Natural Philosophy

Question 10

Socrates’ central concern, then, was the _______, and it was his ruthless questioning of people’s most cherished beliefs (largely about themselves) that
earned him his enemies—but he remained committed to his task
until the very end.

Answer 10

Examination of Life

Question 11

Socrates believed that living the “Good Life” is achieving ___________ and the “______” can be determined rigorous examination.

Answer 11

Peace of mind, Right Thing

Question 12

Virtue or _____ in Greek. Socrates ______ the notion of it because he insisted that they weren’t relatives, but absolutes applicable to all people in the world.

Answer 12

Arete

Question 13

Socrates was put to death in ______,
ultimately for questioning the basis of
______. Here he accepts the
bowl of hemlock that will kill him, and
gestures defiantly at the heavens

Answer 13

399 BCE, Athenian Morality

Question 14

“Know thyself” in Delphi

Answer 14

Gnothi Seauton

Question 15

The use of fallacious arguments, especially with the intention of deceiving.

Answer 15

Sophistry

Question 16

The Socratic Method was the starting point of the ______ which ______ used. It became the foundation of all _________.

Answer 16

Scientific Method, Francis Bacon, Empirical Sciences

Question 17

The ______ philosophers propose theories to explain the nature and
substance of the cosmos.

Answer 17

6th Century BCE, Milesian

Question 18

_____ argues that everything is constantly in a state of flux or change.

Answer 18

500 BCE, Heraclitus

Question 19

______ says that truth is relative.

Answer 19

450 BCE, Protagoras

Question 20

______ teaches that we can find truth by observing the world around us.

Answer 20

335 BCE, Aristotle

Question 21

_______founds the Neo-Platonist school, a religious take on Plato’s ideas.

Answer 21

250 CE, Plotinus

Question 22

_________ integrates Plato’s theories into
Christian doctrine.

Answer 22

386, St. Augustine of Hippo

Question 23

In the ______, Plato set out his vision of the ideal city-state and explored aspects of virtue.

Answer 23

The Republic

Question 24

Plato concluded that the “_______” in nature is the same as the “_______” in
morals and society.

Answer 24

Unchanging

Question 25

In the _____, Plato describes Socrates posing questions about the virtues, or moral concepts, in order to establish clear and precise definitions of them. Socrates had famously said that "_______".

Answer 25

The Republic, Virtue is Knowledge

Question 26

_______, in which knowledge of the world is limited to mere shadows of reality and truth, is used by Plato to explain his idea of a world of perfect Forms, or Ideas.

Answer 26

The Allegory of the Cave

Question 27

Reasoning brings Plato to only one conclusion—that there must be a ______, or _____, which is totally separate from the material world.

Answer 27

World of Ideas or Forms

Question 28

Plato even goes on to state that this realm of Ideas is “____", and that the world around us is merely _____ upon it.

Answer 28

Reality, Modelled

Question 29

According to Plato’s _____, every horse that we encounter in the world around us is a lesser version of an “_____”, or perfect, horse that exists in a world of _____ or _____ —a realm that humans can only access through their ability to ______.

Answer 29

Theory of Forms, Ideal, Ideas or Forms, Reason

Question 30

Plato believes that everything that our _____ perceive in the material world is like the images on the cave wall, merely shadows of reality.

Answer 30

Senses

Question 31

This belief is the basis of his _______, which is that for every earthly thing that we have the power to perceive with our senses, there is a corresponding “____” (or “____”)—an eternal and perfect reality of that thing—in the _____.

Answer 31

Theory of Forms, Idea or Form, World of Ideas

Question 32

According to Plato, because what we perceive via our senses is based on an experience of imperfect or incomplete "_______" of reality, we can have no real knowledge of those things.

Answer 32

Shadows

Question 33

The material world may be subject to change, but Plato’s world of Ideas is _____ and _____.

Answer 33

Eternal and Immutable

Question 34

The same is true of the concept of _____, which Plato considers to be the ultimate Idea—and the goal of all philosophical enquiry.

Answer 34

Goodness

Question 35

Plato believes that human beings are divided into two parts: the body and the soul. Our bodies possess the _____, through which we are able to perceive the material world, while the soul possesses the _____ with which we can perceive the realm of Ideas.

Answer 35

Senses, Reason

Question 36

______, Roman Emperor from 161 to 180 CE, was not just a powerful ruler, he was a noted scholar and thinker—a realization of Plato’s idea that philosophers should lead society.

Answer 36

Marcus Aurelius

Question 37

By proposing that the use of reason, rather than observation, is the only way to acquire knowledge, Plato also laid the foundations of _______.

Answer 37

17th Century Rationalism

Question 38

Plato’s influence can still be felt today— the broad range of subjects he wrote about led the 20th-century British logician _______ to say that subsequent Western philosophy “consists of a set of footnotes to Plato.”

Answer 38

Alfred North Whitehead

Question 39

He was born into a noble family in Athens in around 427 BCE and named _____, but acquired the nickname “Plato” (meaning “_____”).

Answer 39

Aristocles, Broad

Question 40

When Socrates was condemned to death, Plato is said to have become disillusioned with Athens, and left the city. He travelled widely, spending some time in ______ and_____, before returning to Athens around ______.

Answer 40

Southern Italy, Sicily, 385 BCE

Question 41

Here he founded a school known as the _____ (from which the word “academic” comes), remaining its head until his death in _____.

Answer 41

The Academy, 347 BCE

Question 42

At the very beginning of the Classical period, the people of the city-state of Athens overthrew their tyrannical leader and instituted a form of ____. Under this system, government officials were chosen by _____ from among the citizens, and decisions were taken by a ______ assembly.

Answer 42

Democracy, Lottery, Democratic Assembly

Question 43

It should be noted, however, that the “citizens” were a _____ of the population; they were free men aged over ____ whose parents were _____.

Answer 43

Minority, 30, Athenians

Question 44

The Athenian Democratic Process excluded _____, ____, _____, ____, and____.

Answer 44

Women, Slaves, Children, Younger Men, Foreigners or First-Generation Settlers

Question 45

Plato had little sympathy for ______. But neither did he find much to commend in any other existing form of government, all of which he believed led the state into “____”.

Answer 45

Democracy, Evils

Question 46

The concept of _____, the “good life" which for ancient Greeks was a vital aim. It is living according to fundamental virtues such as wisdom, piety, and above all, justice.

Answer 46

Eudaimonia

Question 47

The desire to ____, for what Plato saw as the wrong reasons, leads to conflict among citizens.

Answer 47

Rule

Question 48

In contrast, Plato argued, there is a class of people who understand the meaning of the good life: _____.

Answer 48

Philosophers

Question 49

Plato used the metaphor of the ship of state to explain why ______should be ______. Though he does not seek power, the navigator is the only one who can steer a proper course— much as the _____ is the only one with the knowledge to rule justly.

Answer 49

Philosophers, Kings

Question 50

Emperor _____ is said to have stood by and done nothing to help while a fire raged in the city of Rome. Plato’s ideal of a philosopher king has been blamed by some for the rise of such tyrants.

Answer 50

Nero

Question 51

Aristotle’s writings are translated into _____.

Answer 51

9th Century CE, Arabic

Question 52

Translations of Aristotle’s works appear in _____.

Answer 52

13th Century, Latin

Question 53

______ establishes a school of British empiricism.

Answer 53

1690, John Locke

Question 54

Zoologist ______ lays the foundations of ______ in Systema Naturae, based on Aristotle’s system of biological classification.

Answer 54

1735, Carl Linnaeus, Modern Taxonomy

Question 55

This argument refuted the Theory of Forms and runs as follows: if there exists in a realm of Forms a perfect Form of Man on which earthly men are modelled, this Form, to have any conceivable content, would have to be based on a Form of the Form of Man—and this too would have to be based on a higher Form on which the Forms of the Forms are based, and so on ad infinitum.

Answer 55

The Third Man Argument

Question 56

Perhaps because his father had been a _____, Aristotle’s scientific interests lay in what we now call the __________, whereas Plato’s background had been firmly based in ______.

Answer 56

Physician, Biological Sciences, Mathematics

Question 57

Aristotle's studies confirmed what he already believed—that we are not born with an ________ to recognize Forms, as Plato maintained.

Answer 57

Innate Ability

Question 58

In Aristotle's way, we learn from our experience of the world what the shared characteristics are that make things what they are—and the only way of experiencing the world is through our ______.

Answer 58

Senses

Question 59

Aristotle believes that things in the material world are not _____ copies of some ideal Form of themselves, but that the essential form of a thing is actually ______ in each instance of that thing.

Answer 59

Imperfect, Inherent

Question 60

In Aristotle's words, the only way we can come to know the eternal, immutable idea of _____, is by ______ how it is manifested in the world around us.

Answer 60

Justice, Observing

Question 61

Questioning both their nature and the means by which we come to know them, also known as the Theory of Knowledge.

Answer 61

Epistemology

Question 62

Philosophers were then divided into two separate camps: - Those who believed in a _____, or innate, knowledge. - Those who claim that all knowledge comes from experience.

Answer 62

- Rationalists, Priori - Empiricists

Question 63

For Biological Classification, Aristotle devised a ______ system where he separated _____ from ______ first, then dividing ______ and ______.

Answer 63

Hierarchical, Living from Non Living, Plants and Animals

Question 64

Another fact that became obvious to Aristotle as he classified the natural world is that the “_____” of a creature is not just a matter of its _______, such as its skin, fur, feather, or scales, but also a matter of what it does, and how it ______—which, for Aristotle, has ethical implications.

Answer 64

Forms, Physical Characteristics, Behaves

Question 65

According to Aristotle, the world is fully explained by four causes: - What a thing is made of - The arrangement or shape of a thing - How a thing is brought into being - The function or purpose of a thing

Answer 65

- Material Cause - Formal Cause - Efficient Cause - Final Cause

Question 66

Aristotle’s ___________ is the first detailed examination of the natural world. It proceeds from general observations about the characteristics shared by all animals, and then subdivides into ever more precise categories.

Answer 66

Classification of Living Things

Question 67

The Final Cause; this function is the purpose, or _____, of the eye— _____ is a Greek word that gives us “______”, or the study of purpose in nature.

Answer 67

Telos, Teleology

Question 68

A person can be considered “____” if he uses the characteristics he was born with, and can only be happy by using all his capabilities in the pursuit of _____—the highest form of which, for Aristotle, is ______.

Answer 68

Good, Virtue, Wisdom

Question 69

According to Aristotle, we understand the nature of the “______” by seeing it in the people around us.

Answer 69

Good Life

Question 70

“_______” is the undeniable conclusion to the most famous ______ in history. Aristotle’s _______—a simple deduction from two premises to a conclusion—was the first formal system of _____.

Answer 70

Socrates is Mortal, Syllogism, Logic

Question 71

The “______”, as this form of reasoning is known, is the first formal system of logic ever devised, and it remained the basic model for logic up until the 19th century

Answer 71

Syllogism

Question 72

Aristotle realized that the power of reason was something that did not rely on the senses, and that it must therefore be an _______—part of what it is to be human.

Answer 72

Innate Characteristic

Question 73

Aristotle saw that the innate power of ____ is what distinguishes us from all other living creatures, and placed us at the top of the hierarchy.

Answer 73

Reason

Question 74

Aristotle's Pupil who died before him

Answer 74

Alexander the Great

Question 75

The _____ period of Greek history which saw a decline in Athens’ influence. The _________ was becoming the dominant power in the Mediterranean.

Answer 75

Hellenistic Period, Roman Empire

Question 76

Aristotle's school which he founded

Answer 76

Lyceum

Question 77

In the 13th century, ______ braved a ban on Aristotle’s work and integrated it into Christian philosophy, in the same way that St. Augustine had adopted Plato, and Plato and Aristotle came to lock horns again.

Answer 77

Thomas Aquinas

Question 78

Aristotle's classification of living things dominated Western thinking throughout the Middle Ages, becoming the Christian _______ (the “_______”), or the _________.

Answer 78

Scala Naturae, Ladder of Nature, Great Chain of Being

Question 79

Born in _______, _________, in the northeast region of modern Greece, Aristotle was the son of a physician to the royal family of ______, and was educated as a member of the _______.

Answer 79

Stagira, Chalcidice, Macedon, Aristocracy

Question 80

Aristotle left Athens for ______, and spent several years studying the wildlife of the area.

Answer 80

Ionia

Question 81

After setting up his school, ____, his pupil, ______, died in _____, anti-Macedonian feeling flared up in Athens, and Aristotle fled to _____, on the island of ______, where he died the following year.

Answer 81

Lyceum, Alexander the Great, 323 BCE, Chalcis, Euboea