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Soc Sci 2 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

1
Q

Pre-Socratic philosophers in Ionia and Italy attempt to explain the nature
of the ____?

A

c.600–450 BCE, Cosmos

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2
Q

_____ states that we can only understand the universe through reasoning.

A

Early 5th century BCE, Parmenides

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3
Q

______ and the _____ apply rhetoric to philosophical questions.

A

c.450 BCE. Protagoras and the Sophists

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4
Q

_____ portrays the character of Socrates in the ____ and numerous
other dialogues

A

Plato, Apology

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5
Q

Often referred to as one of the founders of Western philosophy, and yet he wrote nothing, established no school, and held no particular theories of his own.

A

Socrates

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6
Q

What he did do, however, was persistently ask the questions that interested him, and in doing so evolved a new way of thinking, or a new way of examining what we think called the ____?
- This was a simple method of questioning that brought to light the often false assumptions on which particular claims to knowledge are based.

A

Socratic or Dialectical Method

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7
Q

The Socratic Method is also called the _____ method because it proceeds
as a dialogue between opposing
views.

A

Dialectical

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8
Q

Socrates’ ideas are recorded in written works called _____? which includes:

A

Dialogues:
- The Apology
- Phaedo
- The Symposium

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9
Q

Socrates lived in _____ in the
second half of the _____. He has believed to have studied ________?

A

Athens, 5th Century BCE, Natural Philosophy

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10
Q

Socrates’ central concern, then, was the _______, and it was his ruthless questioning of people’s most cherished beliefs (largely about themselves) that
earned him his enemies—but he remained committed to his task
until the very end.

A

Examination of Life

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11
Q

Socrates believed that living the “Good Life” is achieving ___________ and the “______” can be determined rigorous examination.

A

Peace of mind, Right Thing

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12
Q

Virtue or _____ in Greek. Socrates ______ the notion of it because he insisted that they weren’t relatives, but absolutes applicable to all people in the world.

A

Arete

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13
Q

Socrates was put to death in ______,
ultimately for questioning the basis of
______. Here he accepts the
bowl of hemlock that will kill him, and
gestures defiantly at the heavens

A

399 BCE, Athenian Morality

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14
Q

“Know thyself” in Delphi

A

Gnothi Seauton

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15
Q

The use of fallacious arguments, especially with the intention of deceiving.

A

Sophistry

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16
Q

The Socratic Method was the starting point of the ______ which ______ used. It became the foundation of all _________.

A

Scientific Method, Francis Bacon, Empirical Sciences

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17
Q

The ______ philosophers propose theories to explain the nature and
substance of the cosmos.

A

6th Century BCE, Milesian

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18
Q

_____ argues that everything is constantly in a state of flux or change.

A

500 BCE, Heraclitus

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19
Q

______ says that truth is relative.

A

450 BCE, Protagoras

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20
Q

______ teaches that we can find truth by observing the world around us.

A

335 BCE, Aristotle

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21
Q

_______founds the Neo-Platonist school, a religious take on Plato’s ideas.

A

250 CE, Plotinus

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22
Q

_________ integrates Plato’s theories into
Christian doctrine.

A

386, St. Augustine of Hippo

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23
Q

In the ______, Plato set out his vision of the ideal city-state and explored aspects of virtue.

A

The Republic

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24
Q

Plato concluded that the “_______” in nature is the same as the “_______” in
morals and society.

A

Unchanging

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25
Q

In the _____, Plato describes Socrates posing questions about the virtues, or moral concepts, in order to establish clear and precise definitions of them. Socrates had famously said that “_______”.

A

The Republic, Virtue is Knowledge

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26
Q

_______, in which knowledge of the world is limited to mere shadows of reality and truth, is used by Plato to explain his idea of a world of perfect Forms, or Ideas.

A

The Allegory of the Cave

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27
Q

Reasoning brings Plato to only one conclusion—that there must be a ______, or _____, which is totally separate from the material world.

A

World of Ideas or Forms

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28
Q

Plato even goes on to state that this realm of Ideas is “____”, and that the world around us is merely _____ upon it.

A

Reality, Modelled

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29
Q

According to Plato’s _____, every horse that we encounter in the world around us is a lesser version of an “_____”, or perfect, horse that exists in a world of _____ or _____ —a realm that humans can only access through their ability to ______.

A

Theory of Forms, Ideal, Ideas or Forms, Reason

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30
Q

Plato believes that everything that our _____ perceive in the material world is like the images on the cave wall, merely shadows of reality.

A

Senses

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31
Q

This belief is the basis of his _______, which is that for every earthly thing that we have the power to perceive with our
senses, there is a corresponding “____” (or “____”)—an eternal and perfect reality of that thing—in the _____.

A

Theory of Forms, Idea or Form, World of Ideas

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32
Q

According to Plato, because what we
perceive via our senses is based on an experience of imperfect or incomplete “_______” of reality, we can have no real knowledge of those things.

A

Shadows

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33
Q

The material world may be subject to change, but Plato’s world of Ideas is _____ and _____.

A

Eternal and Immutable

34
Q

The same is true of the concept of _____, which Plato considers to be the ultimate Idea—and the goal of all philosophical enquiry.

A

Goodness

35
Q

Plato believes that human beings are divided into two parts: the body and the soul. Our bodies possess the _____, through which we are able to perceive the material world, while the soul possesses the _____ with which we can perceive the realm of Ideas.

A

Senses, Reason

36
Q

______, Roman Emperor from 161 to 180 CE, was not just a powerful ruler, he was a noted scholar and thinker—a realization of Plato’s idea that philosophers should lead society.

A

Marcus Aurelius

37
Q

By proposing that the use of reason, rather than observation, is the only way to acquire knowledge, Plato also laid the foundations of _______.

A

17th Century Rationalism

38
Q

Plato’s influence can still be felt today—
the broad range of subjects he wrote about led the 20th-century British logician _______ to say that subsequent Western philosophy “consists of a set of footnotes to Plato.”

A

Alfred North Whitehead

39
Q

He was born into a noble family in Athens in around 427 BCE and named _____, but acquired the nickname “Plato”
(meaning “_____”).

A

Aristocles, Broad

40
Q

When Socrates was condemned to death, Plato is said to have become disillusioned with Athens, and left the city. He travelled widely, spending some
time in ______ and_____, before returning to Athens around ______.

A

Southern Italy, Sicily, 385 BCE

41
Q

Here he founded a school known as the _____ (from which the word “academic”
comes), remaining its head until
his death in _____.

A

The Academy, 347 BCE

42
Q

At the very beginning of the Classical period, the people of the city-state of Athens overthrew their tyrannical leader and instituted a form of ____. Under this system, government officials were chosen by _____ from among the citizens, and decisions were taken by a ______ assembly.

A

Democracy, Lottery, Democratic Assembly

43
Q

It should be noted, however, that the “citizens” were a _____ of the population; they were free men aged over ____ whose parents were _____.

A

Minority, 30, Athenians

44
Q

The Athenian Democratic Process excluded _____, ____, _____, ____, and____.

A

Women, Slaves, Children, Younger Men, Foreigners or First-Generation Settlers

45
Q

Plato had little sympathy for ______. But neither did he find much to commend in any other existing form of government, all of which he believed led the state into “____”.

A

Democracy, Evils

46
Q

The concept of _____, the “good life” which for ancient Greeks was a vital aim. It is living according to fundamental virtues such as wisdom, piety, and above all, justice.

A

Eudaimonia

47
Q

The desire to ____, for what Plato saw as the wrong reasons, leads to conflict among citizens.

A

Rule

48
Q

In contrast, Plato argued, there is a class of people who understand the meaning of the good life: _____.

A

Philosophers

49
Q

Plato used the metaphor of the ship
of state to explain why ______should be ______. Though he does not seek power, the navigator is the only one who can steer a proper course— much as the _____ is the only one with the knowledge to rule justly.

A

Philosophers, Kings

50
Q

Emperor _____ is said to have stood
by and done nothing to help while a fire
raged in the city of Rome. Plato’s ideal
of a philosopher king has been blamed
by some for the rise of such tyrants.

A

Nero

51
Q

Aristotle’s writings are translated
into _____.

A

9th Century CE, Arabic

52
Q

Translations of Aristotle’s works appear
in _____.

A

13th Century, Latin

53
Q

______ establishes a school of British empiricism.

A

1690, John Locke

54
Q

Zoologist ______ lays the foundations of ______ in Systema Naturae, based on Aristotle’s system of biological classification.

A

1735, Carl Linnaeus, Modern Taxonomy

55
Q

This argument refuted the Theory of Forms and runs as follows: if there
exists in a realm of Forms a perfect Form of Man on which earthly men are modelled, this Form, to have any conceivable content, would have to be based on a Form of the Form of Man—and this too would have to be based on a higher Form on which the Forms of the Forms are based, and so on ad infinitum.

A

The Third Man Argument

56
Q

Perhaps because his father had been a _____, Aristotle’s scientific interests lay in what we now call the __________, whereas Plato’s background had been firmly based in ______.

A

Physician, Biological Sciences, Mathematics

57
Q

Aristotle’s studies confirmed what he already believed—that we are not born
with an ________ to recognize
Forms, as Plato maintained.

A

Innate Ability

58
Q

In Aristotle’s way, we learn from our experience of the world what the shared
characteristics are that make things what they are—and the only way of experiencing the world is through our ______.

A

Senses

59
Q

Aristotle believes that things in the material world are not _____ copies of some ideal Form of themselves, but that the essential form of a thing is actually ______ in each instance of that
thing.

A

Imperfect, Inherent

60
Q

In Aristotle’s words, the only way we can come to know the eternal, immutable idea of _____, is by ______ how it is manifested in the world around us.

A

Justice, Observing

61
Q

Questioning both their nature and the means by which we come to know them, also known as the Theory of Knowledge.

A

Epistemology

62
Q

Philosophers were then divided into two separate camps:
- Those who believed in a _____, or innate, knowledge.
- Those who claim that all knowledge comes from experience.

A
  • Rationalists, Priori
  • Empiricists
63
Q

For Biological Classification, Aristotle devised a ______ system where he separated _____ from ______ first, then dividing ______ and ______.

A

Hierarchical, Living from Non Living, Plants and Animals

64
Q

Another fact that became obvious to Aristotle as he classified the natural world is that the “_____” of a creature is not just a matter of its _______, such as its skin, fur, feather, or scales, but also a matter of what it does, and how it ______—which, for Aristotle, has ethical implications.

A

Forms, Physical Characteristics, Behaves

65
Q

According to Aristotle, the world is fully explained by four causes:
- What a thing is made of
- The arrangement or shape of a thing
- How a thing is brought into being
- The function or purpose of a thing

A
  • Material Cause
  • Formal Cause
  • Efficient Cause
  • Final Cause
66
Q

Aristotle’s ___________ is the first detailed examination of the natural world. It proceeds from general observations about the characteristics shared by all animals, and then subdivides into ever more precise categories.

A

Classification of Living Things

67
Q

The Final Cause; this function is the purpose, or _____, of the eye— _____ is a Greek word that gives us “______”, or
the study of purpose in nature.

A

Telos, Teleology

68
Q

A person can be considered “____” if he uses the characteristics he was born with, and can only be happy by using all
his capabilities in the pursuit of _____—the highest form of which, for Aristotle, is ______.

A

Good, Virtue, Wisdom

69
Q

According to Aristotle, we understand the nature of the “______” by seeing
it in the people around us.

A

Good Life

70
Q

“_______” is the undeniable conclusion
to the most famous ______ in history. Aristotle’s _______—a simple deduction from two premises to a conclusion—was the first formal system of _____.

A

Socrates is Mortal, Syllogism, Logic

71
Q

The “______”, as this form of reasoning is known, is the first formal system of logic ever devised, and it remained the basic model for logic up until the 19th century

A

Syllogism

72
Q

Aristotle realized that the power of reason was something that did not rely on the senses, and that it must therefore be an _______—part of what it is to be human.

A

Innate Characteristic

73
Q

Aristotle saw that the innate power of ____ is what distinguishes us from all other living creatures, and placed us at
the top of the hierarchy.

A

Reason

74
Q

Aristotle’s Pupil who died before him

A

Alexander the Great

75
Q

The _____ period of Greek history which saw a decline in Athens’ influence. The _________ was becoming the dominant power in the Mediterranean.

A

Hellenistic Period, Roman Empire

76
Q

Aristotle’s school which he founded

A

Lyceum

77
Q

In the 13th century, ______ braved
a ban on Aristotle’s work and integrated it into Christian philosophy, in the same way that St. Augustine had adopted Plato, and Plato and Aristotle came to
lock horns again.

A

Thomas Aquinas

78
Q

Aristotle’s classification of living things
dominated Western thinking throughout the Middle Ages, becoming the Christian _______ (the “_______”), or the _________.

A

Scala Naturae, Ladder of Nature, Great Chain of Being

79
Q

Born in _______, _________, in the northeast region of modern Greece, Aristotle was the son of a physician to the royal family of ______, and was educated as a member of the _______.

A

Stagira, Chalcidice, Macedon, Aristocracy

80
Q

Aristotle left Athens for ______, and spent several years studying the wildlife of the area.

A

Ionia

81
Q

After setting up his school, ____, his pupil, ______, died in _____, anti-Macedonian feeling flared up in Athens, and Aristotle fled to _____, on the island of ______, where he died the following year.

A

Lyceum, Alexander the Great, 323 BCE, Chalcis, Euboea

82
Q
A

Soc Sci 2 (2 decks)

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