Module 2 Flashcards
Occur during nuclear test operations
Occasional (Radioactive)
Source of toxicants
Environment
Occupational
A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment is known as a blank
Air pollutant (Air pollution)
Fine particles produced by the burning of fossil fuels
- Noxious gases
- Ground level ozone
- Tobacco smoke
Outdoor air pollution
Radioactive experiments fail or backfire
Accidental
Source of air pollutants
Air
Anthropogenic
Indoor
- Gases
- Household products and chemicals
- Building materials
- Outdoor indoor allergies
- Tobacco smoke
- Mold and pollen
Indoor air pollution
Constant occurrence
- Uranium and other radioactive substance mines
Continuous
What company cause the minamata disaster?
Chisso Corporation
- Deals with toxic substances that come form or are discharged into the environment.
- Studies the health effects on humans, other animals and ecosystems.
Environmental Toxicology
Spread over a wide area from uncontrolled sources.
Examples are
- Agricultural Runoff
- Industrial Runoff
- Urban runoff
Non-point Source Pollution
It causes methylmercury exposure and poisoned food chain, the effects are numbness, muscle weakness, poor vision, damage to hearing, birth defects
Minamata Disaster
Simpler products that toxicants can degrade.
- May be more or less harmful than the original substance
Breakdown products
Discernible, confined, and discrete
Examples are
- Pipe, disches, channels
- Containers, floating vessels
- Concentrated animal feeding operation
Point source pollution
Examples of Physical hazard
-Noise
- Vibration
- Extreme temperature
- Illumination
- Radiation
Are classified in number of ways depending on the interests and needs of the classifier.
Toxic agents
Toxic effects occur at only one site (organ/tissue) while not producing damage to the body as whole.
-Example of this is benzene
Organ/tissue Toxicity
A disease state that results from exposure to a poison
- Can impair any and all systems of the body.
Toxicosis
What part of the body does benzene primarily toxic to?
Blood forming tissues
Examples of Biological hazards
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Bacteria
- Parasites
Potassium cyanide affects virtually the?
Every cell and organ in the body
Toxic effects may occur at multiple sites
- Example is potassium cyanide
Systemic toxicity
The chemicals act only at the site of application such as skin/mucosa (e.g. corrosive poisons)
Locally acting
-Mostly from gram positive bacteria
- Protein, usually with 2 parts (A,B)
- Specific for a particular structure or function in the host (mainly affects cell function, nerves, and gastrointestinal tract)
- Can be converted to toxoids to immunize against toxin, neutralized by antitoxin.
- Ga gangrene, tetanus, botulism, diphtheria, scarlet fever.
Exotoxin
Occurs almost immediately (hours/day) after an exposure.
- Usually, a single dose or a series of doses received within a 24 hour period.
Acute toxicity
These act only after being absorbed into the circulatory system (e.g. narcotic poisons, cardiac poisons)
Remotely acting
Results from repeated exposure for several weeks or months. This is a common human exposure pattern for some pharmaceuticals and environmental agents.
Sub chronic Toxicity
These act by local and remote actions (e.g. carbolic acid)
Both
Represents cumulative damage to specific organ systems and take many months or years to become a recognizable clinical disease.
Chronic toxicity
Gram-negative bacteria
- Present in LP5 of outer membrane of cell wall and released with destruction of cell or during cell division.
- Lipid portion
- Genral, such as fever, weaknesses, aches and shock, all produce the same effects.
- Not easily neutralized by antitoxin; therefore, effective toxoids cannot be made to immunize against toxin.
- Typhoid fever, urinary tract infections, and meningococcal meningitis.
Endotoxin
Example of dangerous chemical substances
Petroleum products
Glue, solvent, and adhesives
Cement, and Sealants, Paints and ink
Has fire-retardant properties
- Used in computers, televisions, plastics, and furniture
- Persist and accumulate in living tissue
- Endocrine disruptors = compounds that mimic hormones and interfere with the functioning of animal’s endocrine (hormone) systems.
- Affect brain and nervous systems development, and may cause cancer
(PBDEs) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
Chemicals that burn or corrode
people’s skin, eyes, and mucus
membranes (lining of the nose, mouth,
throat, and lungs) on contact.
Caustic chemicals
A substance meant for attracting, seducing, and destroying any pest
Pesticides
Used in the production of:
* Paper
* Glass
* Soap
* Shampoo
* Various metals and chemical products
Alkalis
Found in pesticides, electronic waste is not a
chemical in itself but rather a collection of
harmful chemicals found in and around disposed appliances such as televisions, refrigerators, microwaves, computers, and other household appliances.
E-wastes
- Production of phosphate and sulphate
fertilizers (sulphuric acid) - Manufacturing of some plastics and dyes
(nitric acid) - Hair dyes (chromic acid)
- Component of lead storage batteries
(sulphuric acid)
Acids
- used in the production of fertilizer, paper, plywood, and
some resins. - funeral homesand mortuaries - as an embalming fluid
- medical labs - tissue preservation and histology
- veterinary hospitals and clinics- tissue preservation
- beauty shops- in some hair straightening products
Formaldehyde
The most widely used preservative in cosmetics
-mimic estrogen
- may be linked to cancer
- can impact male reproductive function
- interacts with UVB leading to increased aging
- often a hidden ingredient in fragrances
Parabens
- ingredient added to many
consumer products
intended to reduce or
prevent bacterial
contamination.
Triclosan
- a highly toxic, radioactive gas that is
colorless and undetectable - can build up in basements
Radon
Examples of Hazardous Substances in
Cosmetics or Beauty Products
- Parabens
- Triclosan
- Phthalates
- SLS and SLES
- Synthetic fragrances
- formaldehyde
- a mineral fiber, once widely used in a
variety of building construction materials - insulates, muffles sounds, and resists fire
- can cause asbestosis
Asbestos
Used to make plastics more durable
Phthalates
Example of Environmental Health hazards
Radon (indoor)
Asbestos (Indoor)
Lead (Outdoor)
- flavor enhancer
- “the addition of MSG to foods as GRAS” - FDA
- Side effects:
ü weight gain
ü headache
ü depression
ü metabolic syndrome
ü effect on human brain
ü eye damage
Monosodium Glutamate
- It is a common chemical used in processed meat that can be converted into a harmful compound called nitrosamine.
- Effects:
ü nitrates in canned products is directly linked
to cancer
Preservative
- BPA was once commonly found in plastic
and the lining of aluminum cans, but it
has since been mostly phased out
because of links to negative health
effects.
Bisphenol A
Toxic Chemicals found in Food
MSG
bisphenol A
Food coloring
Sodium nitrate
High-fructose corn syrup
Artificial sweeteners
Sodium benzoate
Trans-fat
Mercury
PAHs
Coumarin
- Commonly used in soda, juice, candy, breakfast cereal, and snacks.
- Effects:
ü weight gain
ü diabetes
ü inflammation
High-Fructose Corn Syrup
- saccharine, aspartame, sucralose,
acesulfame K and stevia - for weight loss and blood sugar control (?) *Effects:
ü direct link to hyperactivity (children)
ü dizziness
ü nausea, vomiting
ü depression
ü abdominal cramps
Artificial Sweeteners
adds to the overall organoleptic
characteristics of foods
* found in almost all junk foods
- Effects:
ü hyperactivity in sensitive children
ü allergic reactions
ü red color - increase risk of thyroid tumors
ü cancer
Color Additives
- It is a type of unsaturated fat that has undergone hydrogenation, which increases shelf life and improves the consistency of products.
- It is commonly found in processed foods
- Effects:
ü linked with a higher risk of heart disease
ü inflammation
ü diabetes
Artificial Trans-fats
- This mercury is in the more toxic,
methylmercury form - King mackerel, marlin, orange roughy, shark,
swordfish, tilefish, ahi tuna, and bigeye tuna
Mercury in fish
- a preservative used in processed foods and
beverages to extend shelf life - USFDA - this chemical is acceptable when consumed in low amounts.
- Effects:
ü associated with increased hyperactivity
ü when combined with vitamin C, may be
associated with cancer development
Sodium Benzoate
Possible side effects of exposure to
hazardous substances
ü poisoning
ü nausea and vomiting
ü headache
ü skin rashes, such as dermatitis
ü chemical burns
ü birth defects
ü disorders of the lung, kidney or liver
ü nervous system disorders
- environmental pollutatants
- they arise from burning organic material but
they’re also in foods - charred meats
- Effects:
-chemicals cause changes in DNA and lead to
high risk diseases like cancer.
Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) & Polycylic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
