Module 1 Flashcards
The largest class of chemicals that are most frequently encountered in poisoning cases and are responsible for environmental contamination and occupational health hazards.
Synthetic compounds
- Aconitum, Monjshood or Wolfsbane
- Flowering plant
- Used indigenous tribes around the worked as arrow poison, and was so deadly that growing it was forbidden in ancient Rome.
Aconite
Molecular mechanisms of toxicity of drugs and pollutants.
Molecular toxicology
Toxicon means
Logos means
Poison
Study
- The state poison of the Greek
- Contains coniine
- For treating muscles spasms, ulcers, and swelling but in large doses causes vomiting to seizures to respiratory failure.
Hemlock
- Study of special effect of toxicant
- Is a very complex and fascinating subject that deal with a wide variety of poisons and toxicants from a variety of sources such as chemicals, pants, fungi, and animals.
Toxicology
Arrow and dart poisons may be blank or blank
plant-based, animal-blased
Examples of ordeal poisons
Hemlock
Physogtigmine (Physostigma venenosum) (Calabar bean)
Amygdalin (Peach pits)
Is a common name for various alkaloid arrow poisons originating from plant extracts.
Curare (D-tubocurare)
Poisons used for?
- Hunting animals (And sometimes fellow human)
- Tribulations
Father of rational Medicine
- Added a number of poisons and clinical toxicology principles pertaining to bioavailability in therapy and overdosage
Hippocrates
They advocate hot oil as an antidote to poisoning and induced vomiting to prevent absorption of the poisons.
The Hippocrates School
Describes medicinal features of cumin and dill.
Materia medica
” I will use my power to help the sick to the best of my ability and judgement. I will abstain from harming or wrongdoing any man by it. I will not give a fatal draught to anyone if I am asked, nor will I suggest any such thing.”
Hippocratic Oath
From Ancient Egypt has a prescription for Cannabis sativa applied topically for inflammation.
- Contains information pertaining to many recognized poisons.
- Used in Egyptian medicine
Eber Papyrus
What book did Theophrastus contribute?
- De Historica Plantarum/Historia
- Plantarum/ Enquiry into Plants ( plant poison)
‘Who wrote the Dioscorides De Materia Medica Byzantium?
Pedanius Dioscorides
- The pupil of Aristotle
- Father of Botany
Theophrastus
Recipient of poisons as a state method
Socrates
Speaks of poison arrows
Book of Job
The first law against poisoning in Rome later became a regulatory statue directed at careless dispensers of drugs.
Lex Cornelia
Used poisons to do way with his stepbrother Brittanicus and employed his slaves as food tasters to differentiate edible mushrooms from their more poisonous kin.
Nero
He wrote on the subject of bioavailability, noting milk, butter, and cream could delay intestinal absorption.
- Treatise on Poisons and their Antidotes
Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon)
Lex Cornelia was enacted by?
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
- A Greek physician in the court of the roman emperor Nero
- Made the first attempt to a classification of poisons, which was accompanied by descriptions and drawings.
- Classified poisons according to their origin. ( animal, vegetable, or mineral )
Pedanius Dioscorides
Wrote the Experimental toxicology and Alexipharmaka
Nicander of Colophon
- The Queen of Poisons
- Confessed to killing over 600 men from 1633-1651 in Rome alone.
- May have been one of deadliest “The serial killer” to ever live.
Madame Giulia Tofana
Poisonous animals
Experimental toxicology
How to destroy a man- Aqua tofana
Administered by women to their husbands, most commonly in order to come in their fortunes- poisons were often known as blank in those days.
Inheritance powders
Was about antidotes
Alexipharmaka
Toward the end of the 16th century, the wave spread from Italy to France, where poisons were commonly used by all classes of society to get rid of enemies or persons considered undesirable.
Criminal poisoning
- Is a mixture of arsenic, lead, and the poisonous plant belladonna.
- Also known as Aqua tufania and Manna di San Nicola
Aqua tofana
Discourse on the disease of workers
- Set the standard for occupational medicine.
- Included information about miners, midwives, printers, weavers and potters
Bernardino Ramazini
A Spanish physician in the French court
- Was the first toxicologist to use autopsy material and chemical analysis systematically as legal proofing of poisoning.
Mattie Josesph Benaventura Orfila
Studied the mechanisms of action emetine, strychnine, and “arrow poisons”
- “Father of Experimental Pharmacology”
Francois Magendie
Won a Nobel prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1948 for his discovery of the high efficiency of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane or DDT as a contact poison against several anthropods.
Paul Herman Muller
“Sola dosis facit venenum”
“All substance are poisons, there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy”
Paracelsus
Published a simplified English version titled A Treatise on Poisons
- The first published work on clinical toxicology was A Practical Treatise on Poisons, written by O. Costill.
Robert Christison
A German pharmacist
- Isolated morphine after Morpheus the Roman God of sleep.
Friedrich Serturner
Swiss physician, philosopher, theologian and alchemist.
- Formulated many revolutionary views that remain an integral part of the structure of toxicology, pharmacology, and therapeutics today.
- Focused on the importance of the “toxicon” as a toxic agent, as a chemical entity.
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus)
Francois Magendie passed on his interest to his famous student namely?
Claude Bernard
Developed the toxic nerve agents serin, tabun, soman, and cyclosarin while attempting to develop new insecticides.
- Father of Nerve Agents
Gerhard Schrader
- Contributed on the chronic toxicity of narcotics and other alkaloids.
- Publish much of the early work on the toxicity of methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and some other chemicals.
Kurt Lewin
2 major discoveries in 1948
- Paper chromatography (for chemical separation)
- Biomarkers (use of blood and urine for testing presence of various chemical metabolites
Wrote the Silent spring
- dangers of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
Rachel Louise Carson
A major dumping site for toxic chemicals
Love Canal
“study of poisons that include their physical and chemical properties, detection and identification, biological effects, treatments, and prevention of disease conditions produced by them”
- Study of special effects of toxicants
Toxicology
First journal dedicated to toxicology
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
Discovery of blank as cholinesterase inhibitors
Organophosphates
It also marked the beginning of understanding in-depth the nature and mechanism of the effects of poisons and the invention of their specific antidotes.
Modern Toxicology
A poison that is made by human or that is put into the environment by human activities.
Toxicant
A poison that is made by humans or that is put into the environment by human activities.
Toxicant
Involved in the recognition, identification, and quantification of hazards resulting from occupational exposures to chemical and the public health aspects of chemicals in air, water, other parts of the environment, foods, and drugs.
Toxicologist
- Latin word potus
- Any substance that produces disease conditions, tissue injury, or otherwise interrupts natural life processes when in contact with or absorbed into the body.
Poison
Toxic substances that are produced naturally.
Toxin
Something which has the potential to cause harm
Hazard
-Xeno means strange or alien
- substance that are foreign to the body or to an ecological system.
Xenobiotic
Denotes the probability of injury or illness from contact or use.
Hazardous
The study of biochemical and physiological effects of toxicants and their mechanism of action.
- binding, interaction, induction of toxic effects.
Toxicodynamics
Toxic when injected
- Toxic when ingested
Poison
Study of movements and fate of toxicants in the body
-Uptake, transport, metabolism, and transformation, sequestration, excretion
Toxicokinetics
Toxic when injected
- not toxic when ingested
Venoms
The control, by statue, of the manufacturer, transportation, sale, or disposal of chemicals deemed to be toxic after testing procedures or according to criteria putforth in applicable laws.
Regulation
The study of quantitative analysis of toxicity incidences in organisms, factors affecting toxicity, and species involved, and the use of such knowledge for planning prevention and control strategies.
Toxicoepidemiology
Deals with assessing the toxicity of substances of plant and animal origins and those produced by pathogenic bacteria/ organisms
Toxinology
Active process of identifying and evaluating the toxic risks existing in a community, and evaluating the measure taken to reduce or eliminate them
Toxicovigilance
Deals with health problems caused by or associated with abnormal exposure to chemical substance.
Nutritional Toxicology
This deals with the cause, diagnosis, and management of established poisonings in domestic and wild animals.
Veterinary toxicology
Deals with cause, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical management of health problems/disease that are caused by or are associated with toxic substance.
Clinical toxicology
The study of the occurrence of adverse effects on the male and female reproductive system due to exposure to chemicals or physical agents.
Reproductive toxicology
Study of malformation induced by toxic agents
Teratology
Deals with medical and legal aspects of the harmful effects of the chemicals.
Forensic Toxicology
This deals with the study of adverse effects of chemical discharged into marine and fresh water on aquatic organisms and the aquatic ecosystem.
A more specialized are of environmental pollutions and communities of living organisms
Ecotoxicology
Deals with the formal toxicological studies that are prerequisites for the release of new drugs/ chemicals
Formal/Genetic toxicology
Integrates toxicology with sub-disciplines such as ecology, wildlife and aquatic biology, environmental chemistry, deals with the effects of pollutants on the environment.
Environmental toxicology
Identification and understanding of cellular, biochemical, and molecular basis by which chemical exert toxic effects
Mechanistic toxicology
The study of harmful effects of chemicals and drugs on the development of an organism.
Development toxicology
The application of analytical chemistry tools in the qualitative and quantitative estimation of the agents involved in the process of toxicity.
Analytical toxicology
The science of toxicity testing to provide information for safety evaluation and regulatory requirements.
Descriptive Toxicology
This deals with natural contaminants, food and feed additives, and toxic and chemo-protective effects of compounds in food
Food toxicology
Deals with the clinical study of industry workers and the environment around them
Industrial toxicology
Deals with assessing the potential of adverse effects from chemicals in occupational environment
Occupational toxicology
Determination of risk based on descriptive and mechanistic studies and developing safety regulations.
Regulatory toxicology
Provided the analytical methodologies for toxicants and their metabolites, particularly for forensic toxicology, residue analysis, and toxicant metabolism.
Chemistry
The definition of risks, potential risks, and risk-benefit equations.
Risk assessment
Provided methodologies for the investigation of the metabolism and modes of action of toxins.
Biochemistry
Give examples of Molecular techniques in toxicology
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Molecular Cloning
cDNA Libraries
Genomic Libraries
Northern Blot Analyses
Southern Blot Analysis
Provided methodologies for the investigations of the roles of genes and gene expression in toxicity
Molecular biology
Formulation of laws and regulations and their enforcement
Legal aspects
