module 2

Question 1

law of forward condition

Answer 1

info along neuron will always go dendrite to terminal buttons

Question 2

all or none principle

Answer 2

if soma sends info along, it travels entire axon and reaches terminal button

Question 3

excitatory vs inhibitory

Answer 3

soma deciphers between them and decided to fire or not fire

Question 4

clean up: enzymatic degradation

Answer 4

enzymes eat neurotransmitters to avoid sending info where it shouldn’t be

Question 5

clean-up: reuptake

Answer 5

terminal buttons may take some neurotransmitters back that they released

Question 6

synaptic pruding

Answer 6

delete synapses that are no longer useful

Question 7

hindbrain

Answer 7

oldest, automatic processes, conduction: info from spinal cord to parts of brain

Question 8

hindbrain: medulla and reticular formation

Answer 8

heart rate, circulation, respiration, reflexes
sleep, mood, arousal/focus, serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 9

hindbrain: pons

Answer 9

sleep, focus, understanding and creating facial expressions, pathway from cerebellum to brain

Question 10

hindbrain: cerebellum

Answer 10

lots of neurons for its size, balance, fine motor skills, gracefulness

Question 11

midbrain

Answer 11

orientation and movement through space, process visual info and body movement, dopamine (for voluntary movement)

Question 12

midbrain: tectum

Answer 12

process sense info, connect info to movement, builds pic of environment

Question 13

midbrain: tegmentum

Answer 13

movement and arousal, help navigate envrionement

Question 14

forebrain

Answer 14

highest level in function and location

Question 15

forebrain: cerebral cortex

Answer 15

outer layer (wrinkles),

Question 16

forebrain: corpus callosum

Answer 16

below cerebral cortex, fibers that connect two halves of brain

Question 17

forebrain: lobes

Answer 17

each side of cerebral cortex has 4 lobes

Question 18

forebrain: subcortical structures

Answer 18

thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum and brain stem

Question 19

thalamus

Answer 19

directs info from senses to lobes (not smell)

Question 20

pituitary gland

Answer 20

control release of hormones, related to hunger and sleep

Question 21

limbic system

Answer 21

emotional brain (hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, basal ganglia)

Question 22

hypothalamus

Answer 22

controls feeding, fleeing, fighting, fornicating

Question 23

amygdala

Answer 23

emotional memory (mostly negative)

Question 24

hippocampus

Answer 24

memory

Question 25

cingulate gyrus

Answer 25

direct attention (schizophrenics have lack of)

Question 26

basal ganglia

Answer 26

motor control, production of dopamine (decreased firing here for parkinsons)

Question 27

psychophysics

Answer 27

sensation (external), perception (internal), transduction (time between)

Question 28

psychophysics: just noticeable difference

Answer 28

has it changed

Question 29

psychophysics: weber’s law

Answer 29

just noticeable difference in proportion to initial size of stimulus

Question 30

psychophysics: absolute threshold

Answer 30

does it exist to me

Question 31

psychophysics: signal detection theory

Answer 31

hit, false alarm, correct rejection, miss

Question 32

processing theory: bottom-up

Answer 32

use data to help knowledge

Question 33

processing theory: top-down

Answer 33

use knowledge to process data

Question 34

left hemisphere: Broca’s aphasia

Answer 34

affects production of words

Question 35

left hemisphere: Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 35

words are produced w no meaning

Question 36

gate control theory

Answer 36

pain signals are blocked so they don’t get in the way of brain processing

Question 37

vision direction: ventral

Answer 37

occipital to temporal, object recognition

Question 38

vision direction: dorsal

Answer 38

occipital to parietal, where object is located and how it is moving in relation to you

Question 39

vision: apparent motion

Answer 39

images shown quickly look like fluid motion

Question 40

vision: illusory conjunction

Answer 40

colors and shapes don’t match up

Question 41

depth: binocular

Answer 41

look for differences in images from both eyes

Question 42

monocular clues

Answer 42

familiar size, linear perspective (parallel lines converge), texture gradient, interposition (in front of), relative height (closer is at bottom of visual field)

Question 43

vision: gestalt grouping

Answer 43

simplicity- to process info in simplest way: closure (fill in the gaps), continuity, similarity, proximity, common fate (move together)

Question 44

sound perception: place theory

Answer 44

more vibration of basilar membrane affects pitch

Question 45

sound perception: temporal/frequency theory

Answer 45

sound is processed based on hair cells

Question 46

sound perception: localization

Answer 46

left side louder- that’s where it’s coming from

Question 47

hearing: gestalt grouping

Answer 47

location, temporal (music)

Question 48

hearing loss: sensorineural

Answer 48

inner ear (hair cells), common w aging, hearing aids don’t help

Question 49

hearing loss: conduction

Answer 49

middle ear, hearing aids help

Question 50

touch: plastic and phantom limb pain

Answer 50

can change based on what is relevant (born w/o limb)
report pain in lost limb (mirror box to treat)

Question 51

pain: A-delta fibers

Answer 51

sharp pain

Question 52

pain: C-fibers

Answer 52

dull, throbbing

Question 53

referred pain

Answer 53

inner and outer body parts are related

Question 54

haptic perception

Answer 54

understanding world through touch (babies)

Question 55

kinesthesia

Answer 55

understand body positioning and movement

Question 56

smell: route and olfactory receptors

Answer 56

straight to forebrain
olfactory receptors (350 in humans)