module 2 Flashcards
law of forward condition
info along neuron will always go dendrite to terminal buttons
all or none principle
if soma sends info along, it travels entire axon and reaches terminal button
excitatory vs inhibitory
soma deciphers between them and decided to fire or not fire
clean up: enzymatic degradation
enzymes eat neurotransmitters to avoid sending info where it shouldn’t be
clean-up: reuptake
terminal buttons may take some neurotransmitters back that they released
synaptic pruding
delete synapses that are no longer useful
hindbrain
oldest, automatic processes, conduction: info from spinal cord to parts of brain
hindbrain: medulla and reticular formation
heart rate, circulation, respiration, reflexes
sleep, mood, arousal/focus, serotonin and norepinephrine
hindbrain: pons
sleep, focus, understanding and creating facial expressions, pathway from cerebellum to brain
hindbrain: cerebellum
lots of neurons for its size, balance, fine motor skills, gracefulness
midbrain
orientation and movement through space, process visual info and body movement, dopamine (for voluntary movement)
midbrain: tectum
process sense info, connect info to movement, builds pic of environment
midbrain: tegmentum
movement and arousal, help navigate envrionement
forebrain
highest level in function and location
forebrain: cerebral cortex
outer layer (wrinkles),
forebrain: corpus callosum
below cerebral cortex, fibers that connect two halves of brain
forebrain: lobes
each side of cerebral cortex has 4 lobes
forebrain: subcortical structures
thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum and brain stem
thalamus
directs info from senses to lobes (not smell)
pituitary gland
control release of hormones, related to hunger and sleep
limbic system
emotional brain (hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, basal ganglia)
hypothalamus
controls feeding, fleeing, fighting, fornicating
amygdala
emotional memory (mostly negative)
hippocampus
memory
cingulate gyrus
direct attention (schizophrenics have lack of)
basal ganglia
motor control, production of dopamine (decreased firing here for parkinsons)
psychophysics
sensation (external), perception (internal), transduction (time between)
psychophysics: just noticeable difference
has it changed
psychophysics: weber’s law
just noticeable difference in proportion to initial size of stimulus
psychophysics: absolute threshold
does it exist to me
psychophysics: signal detection theory
hit, false alarm, correct rejection, miss
processing theory: bottom-up
use data to help knowledge
processing theory: top-down
use knowledge to process data
left hemisphere: Broca’s aphasia
affects production of words
left hemisphere: Wernicke’s aphasia
words are produced w no meaning
gate control theory
pain signals are blocked so they don’t get in the way of brain processing
vision direction: ventral
occipital to temporal, object recognition
vision direction: dorsal
occipital to parietal, where object is located and how it is moving in relation to you
vision: apparent motion
images shown quickly look like fluid motion
vision: illusory conjunction
colors and shapes don’t match up
depth: binocular
look for differences in images from both eyes
monocular clues
familiar size, linear perspective (parallel lines converge), texture gradient, interposition (in front of), relative height (closer is at bottom of visual field)
vision: gestalt grouping
simplicity- to process info in simplest way: closure (fill in the gaps), continuity, similarity, proximity, common fate (move together)
sound perception: place theory
more vibration of basilar membrane affects pitch
sound perception: temporal/frequency theory
sound is processed based on hair cells
sound perception: localization
left side louder- that’s where it’s coming from
hearing: gestalt grouping
location, temporal (music)
hearing loss: sensorineural
inner ear (hair cells), common w aging, hearing aids don’t help
hearing loss: conduction
middle ear, hearing aids help
touch: plastic and phantom limb pain
can change based on what is relevant (born w/o limb)
report pain in lost limb (mirror box to treat)
pain: A-delta fibers
sharp pain
pain: C-fibers
dull, throbbing
referred pain
inner and outer body parts are related
haptic perception
understanding world through touch (babies)
kinesthesia
understand body positioning and movement
smell: route and olfactory receptors
straight to forebrain
olfactory receptors (350 in humans)
