module 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what is psychology?
A
study of human mind and behavior
2
Q
what is clinical psychology?
A
study of mental disorders and treatments
3
Q
what is experimental psychology?
A
use of scientific method to answer questions about psychology
4
Q
biopsychosocial
A
integrates biology, psychology and social ethics
5
Q
counseling psychologist
A
help people with challenges
6
Q
community psychologist
A
work on creating social and psychological environment to promote health
7
Q
early theories: nativism vs empiricism
A
(plato/nature vs aristotle/nurture)
8
Q
early theories: demons (def and treatment)
A
people w mental disorders were possessed by demons, treatment: trephination (hole in skull)
9
Q
early theories: biologic
A
different elements of psych were in diff organs
10
Q
early theories: Locke
A
all knowledge comes from experience
11
Q
early theories: witchcraft (treatment)
A
find person causing mental disorder
12
Q
early theories: phrenology
A
bumps (excess) and divots (lacking) determine traits/disorders
13
Q
modern trajectory: Weber and Fechner
A
difference between real and perceived world, work with senses and interpretation of them
14
Q
modern trajectory: Gestalt
A
sensation and perception, the world is more than the sum of its parts
15
Q
modern trajectory: structuralism
A
what makes up our consciousness
16
Q
modern trajectory: father of psych as a science
A
Wilhelm Wundt, opened first lab in 1879
17
Q
modern trajectory: functionalism
A
function of our consciousness and how we use it
18
Q
modern trajectory: Freud
A
focused on unconscious
19
Q
modern trajectory: behaviorism
A
what matters is behavior not your mind, explicit science
20
Q
early trajectory: humanism
A
humans have the capacity for good
21
Q
modern trajectory: cognitive psychology
A
focused on thinking and what’s happening in the moment, Kurt Lewin
22
Q
modern trajectory: social psych
A
effects of real or imagined others on your psychology, how society affects individual and vise versa
23
Q
modern subfields: evolutionary psych
A
looking at ancestors and remnants of what they did today (depression and attraction)
24
Q
modern subfields: cultural psych
A
how culture affects psych
25
modern subfields: educational psychq
support teachers and students
26
modern trajectory: industrial/organizational psych
psych in workplace
27
modern trajectory: forensic psych
psych and the law
28
7 themes
1. Empirical: test hypotheses to get answers to questions, psych is informed by testable science
2. Theoretically diverse: diff viewpoints to have discussion
3. Sociohistorical evolution: social, political and geographic history influences current day psych
4. Multiple causality: complexity, multiple things cause psychological concept
5. Cultural heritage matters: not everything in psych is universal, necessary to understand psych
6. Nature and Nurture: genes and environment work together to create psych
7. Subjectivity: disagreement in describing concepts and what they are
29
research: basic vs applied
basic- research done to expand knowledge without real world app, applied: real world app to improve something
30
research: skepticism
we can't believe everything we see so we need to investigate
31
research: native realism
world is exactly as we see it
32
research: peer review
informed people review research for publication
33
research: scientific method
observe, theory, hypothesis, design study, collect data, analyze, draw conclusions, repost or revise
34
roadblocks: hindsight bias
you convince yourself you believed the results of the study the whole time
35
roadblocks: overconfidence
can lead to us making wrong decisions
36
roadblocks: perceiving patterns in randomness
we create patterns that may not actually be there
37
elements of research: hypothesis
testable statements, may have to change definitions or go into more depth
38
elements of research: ID variable
the thing that is changing
39
elements of research: ID variable levels
how many groups there are (include control)
40
elements of research: dependent variable
what will be changed, what is being measured
41
elements of research: operational definition
how to measure a variable
42
elements of research: replication
when study is done, do it again to get same results
43
type of research: experiment (def and 2 requirements)
only kind of research to show causality (ID and dependent variables), must randomly assign participants to diff levels, must be able to change ID variable
44
types of research: quasi-experiment
ID variable researcher can't manipulate
45
types of research: cross-sectional
test groups across diff ages at the same time, longitudinal: follow one group across diff times
46
types of research: naturalistic observation
observing participants without their knowledge
47
types of research: survey
ask questions and get answers
48
types of research: between-subjects design
expose participants to one level of ID variable, compare one group to another
49
types of research: within-subjects design
expose participants to each level of ID variable
50
research considerations: reliability
getting same score across multiple instances
51
research considerations: validity
make sure you're actually measuring what you think you're measuring, must have reliability in order to have validity
52
research considerations: internal validity
amt of control researcher has, how sure you can be that the IV caused change in DV
53
research considerations: external validity
how similar your study is to the real world
54
research considerations: sample vs population
participants in research vs who you're trying to apply the research to
55
WEIRD
most represented in research: western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic
56
research considerations: bias
if sample is biased population is biased
57
statistical considerations: descriptive stats
describe data (mean, median, mode)
58
statistical considerations: inferential stats, T-test, F-stat, P-value
statistical diff between groups, T-test: is there a diff between groups, F-stat: diff between more than two groups, P-value: 0.5 or less, how likely is that difference due to chance (5%)
59
statistical considerations: correlation strength
stronger correlation= further from 0
60
statistical considerations: correlation direction
positive- direct relationship, negative- inverse relationship
61
statistical considerations: distributions
shoot for bell curve
62
ethics: informed consent
made aware of any risks or dangers in the study
63
ethics: respect for persons
participants can't be coerced
64
ethics: beneficience and deception
maximize benefits and minimize cost, benefits of lie must outweigh costs
65
ethics: confidentiality
participants should engage in study without worry of violation of privacy
66
ethics: fairness
all participants should reap benefits if study is successful
67
ethics: debriefing
remind participants point of study, confess deceptions
68
ethics: Tuskegee study
black men were given syphilis, 128 died, 40 passed it to wives, 19 had children born w syphilis
69
ethics: animal research
can't consent= stricter rules
70
problems w research: research misconduct (4)
plagiarism, falsification (changing/altering/deleting data), fabrication (making up data points), whistleblower
71
problems w research: experimenter expectancy, demand characteristics
expectation of outcome may influence outcome of study
72
problems w research: demand characteristics
behaviors that communicate expectations of researcher
73
problems w research (solution): blindness
single- participant is unaware of group, double- participant and experimenter are unaware of group
74
problems w research: Hawthorne effect
humans change behavior when aware of being watched
75
problems w research (solution): naturalistic observation
participants are unaware they're being observed
76
problems w research: social desirability bias
people answer in a socially acceptable way
77
problems w research (solution): bogus pipeline
item or computer that identifies if participant is lying (not real)
78
problems w research: confound/third variable
a third variable is actually causing change
79
problems w research: Li study
survey showed income was the third variable between appliances and birth control
80
developmental psych: universal vs ecological
all humans develop in similar path vs culture/environment affects development
81
developmental psych: teratogens
things mother is exposed to while fetus is in utero affects development (alcohol)
82
developmental psych: critical periods vs sensitive periods
development has to be learned within certain time vs easier to learn trait within certain time but possible to learn later
83
developmental psych: post hoc thinking
since b comes after a then a caused b to happen
84
developmental psych: stage theories
have to complete one stage to move onto next
85
developmental psych: habituation
baby directs attention to new stimuli (if ignored it's not new stimuli)
86
prenatal sense development: sound
babies respond to sounds heard in utero
87
prenatal sense development: smell/taste
influence fetus through amniotic fluid, remember things mother has tastes/smelled if strong enough
88
prenatal sense development: vision
useless in utero so not developed immediately
89
parenting styles: authoritarianism
strict, strong consequences
90
parenting styles: permissive
no rules, no punishment
91
parenting styles: negligent
uninvolved, don't care what child does
92
parenting styles: authoritative
rules and expectations but communication, punishment is specific to violation
93
attachment styles: strange situation
difference when caregiver leaves and returns
94
attachment styles: secure
infant may or may not be sad when caregiver leaves, child acknowledges return
95
attachment styles: avoidant
infant doesn't care when caregiver leaves or returns
96
attachment styles: ambivalent/anxious
child is upset when caregiver leaves and returns
97
temperament (Thomas and Chess)
rated infants easy, neutral, or hard to warm up to, results similar as 10 year olds
98
important people: G. Stanley Hall
first american PhD in psych, opened first psych lab in US, founded APA
99
important people: Margaret Floy Washburn
first female PhD in psych
100
important people: Francis Cecil Sumner
first black person w PhD in psych, first chair of psych at Howard University
101
moral sense and development: brain
grows in complexity more than size (frontal lobe is last to develop, acts as stop button)
102
Piaget's shift theories: realism to relativism
first stage, rules shouldn't be broken vs rules can be broken for good reason
103
Piaget's shift theories: prescription to principle
second stage, letter of the law is the law vs understand meaning behind the rule
104
Piaget's shift theories: outcomes vs intentions
third stage, make decisions about right and wrong based on outcome vs what is good or bad based on the intent of the person
105
Kohlberg's theory of moral devel: preconventional stage
first stage, determine right and wrong based on reward or punishment
106
Kohlberg's theory of moral devel: conventional stage
second stage, determine right and wrong based on rules from authority
107
Kohlberg's theory of moral devel: post-conventional stage
third stage, make your own rules
108
cognitive devel: assimilate vs accommodate
make new experience fit into current understanding vs change understanding when new experience is encountered
109
cognitive devel: sensorimotor (first stage)
what i see is what's real, lack of object permanence
110
cognitive devel: preoperational (second stage)
understand symbols (words and pictures), conservation: if the shape changes there is still the same amount of the object
111
cognitive devel: concrete operational (third stage)
can manipulate objects in front of them
112
cognitive devel: formal operational (fourth stage)
understand abstract concepts and hypotheticals
113
critiques of Piaget (3)
1. underestimating children
2. stage mixing (you can be in multiple at once)
3. universality: diff presentations in diff cultures
114
Vygotsky (3)
1. cognitive devel is through social interaction
2. scaffolding: older people help younger people to learn a subject
3. language is critical
115
theory of mind (4)
1. understanding of others
2. egotism: children assume what they have access to is what everyone has access to
116
deficits to theory of mind (2)
1. children w autism
2. deaf children w hearing parents
117
advanced theory of mind (3)
1. children w older siblings
2. children w greater socialization
3. children born to high socioeconomic status
118
reflexes: rooting
turn mouth towards side of cheek being stroked
119
reflexes: palmar
baby grabs something in their hand
120
reflexes: sucking
baby sucks something in mouth
121
reflexes: babinski
splays toes if bottom of foot is stroked
122
reflexes: moro
baby stretches arms and legs if falling
123
control of motor skills (2)
1. cephalocaudal: starts at head and moves down
2. proximodistal: starts in middle and moves outward
124
social devel: Field study
premature babies that were stroked gained more weight
125
social devel: social referencing
baby looks to caregiver on how to respond to new stimuli
125
social devel: Mischel study
have one treat now or two in 15 mins, kids that waited were more successful later in life
125
influential people from preschool to puberty
same sex peers
126
influential people from birth to preschool
parents
127
influential people from puberty to adulthood
peers
128
emerging adulthood: identity exploration
understand who you are and how you fit in the world
129
emerging adulthood: instability
relationships change, influence anxiety and perception of world
130
emerging adulthood: self focused
trying to figure out new interests and goals
131
emerging adulthood: feeling in-between
not an adult but not a child, look to older people for advice
132
emerging adulthood: age of possibilites
options and world opening up
133
Erikson's theory of devel: psychosocial conflict
personality is based on how you deal with conflict
134
Erikson's theory of devel: trust vs mistrust (year 1)
is my world predictable or unstable
135
Erikson's theory of devel: autonomy vs shame/doubt (year 2-3)
can i do things for myself or do i rely on others
136
Erikson's theory of devel: initiative vs guilt (year 4-5)
do i make good or bad decisions
137
Erikson's theory of devel: industry vs inferiority (year 6-puberty)
am i capable or worthless
138
Erikson's theory of devel: identity vs confusion (adolescence)
who am i? where do i see my life going?
139
Erikson's theory of devel: intimacy vs isolation (early adulthood)
will i share my life with others or be alone
140
Erikson's theory of devel: generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood)
will i make something of value
141
Erikson's theory of devel: integrity vs despair (late adulthood)
am i proud of my accomplishments or do i have regrets
142
aging: biological
guess age based on body functioning
143
aging: psych
mental attitudes and competency
144
aging: functional
based on ability to function in given role in society
145
aging: social
based on willingness to adhere to social norms
146
aging: socioemotional selectivity
younger people are interested in future, elders are interested in emotionally satisfying info
147
death and grief: absent grief
low levels of depression before and after death
148
death and grief: chronic grief
low depression before, continued depression after death
149
death and grief: common grief
spike of depression after death but improves
150
death and grief: depressed-improved
depressed before death and then it improves
151
death and grief: chronic depression
depression before and after death
