Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psych 111 > module 1 > Flashcards

module 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what is psychology?

A

study of human mind and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is clinical psychology?

A

study of mental disorders and treatments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is experimental psychology?

A

use of scientific method to answer questions about psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

biopsychosocial

A

integrates biology, psychology and social ethics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

counseling psychologist

A

help people with challenges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

community psychologist

A

work on creating social and psychological environment to promote health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

early theories: nativism vs empiricism

A

(plato/nature vs aristotle/nurture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

early theories: demons (def and treatment)

A

people w mental disorders were possessed by demons, treatment: trephination (hole in skull)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

early theories: biologic

A

different elements of psych were in diff organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

early theories: Locke

A

all knowledge comes from experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

early theories: witchcraft (treatment)

A

find person causing mental disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

early theories: phrenology

A

bumps (excess) and divots (lacking) determine traits/disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

modern trajectory: Weber and Fechner

A

difference between real and perceived world, work with senses and interpretation of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

modern trajectory: Gestalt

A

sensation and perception, the world is more than the sum of its parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

modern trajectory: structuralism

A

what makes up our consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

modern trajectory: father of psych as a science

A

Wilhelm Wundt, opened first lab in 1879

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

modern trajectory: functionalism

A

function of our consciousness and how we use it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

modern trajectory: Freud

A

focused on unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

modern trajectory: behaviorism

A

what matters is behavior not your mind, explicit science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

early trajectory: humanism

A

humans have the capacity for good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

modern trajectory: cognitive psychology

A

focused on thinking and what’s happening in the moment, Kurt Lewin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

modern trajectory: social psych

A

effects of real or imagined others on your psychology, how society affects individual and vise versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

modern subfields: evolutionary psych

A

looking at ancestors and remnants of what they did today (depression and attraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

modern subfields: cultural psych

A

how culture affects psych

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

modern subfields: educational psychq

A

support teachers and students

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

modern trajectory: industrial/organizational psych

A

psych in workplace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

modern trajectory: forensic psych

A

psych and the law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

7 themes

A
  1. Empirical: test hypotheses to get answers to questions, psych is informed by testable science
  2. Theoretically diverse: diff viewpoints to have discussion
  3. Sociohistorical evolution: social, political and geographic history influences current day psych
  4. Multiple causality: complexity, multiple things cause psychological concept
  5. Cultural heritage matters: not everything in psych is universal, necessary to understand psych
  6. Nature and Nurture: genes and environment work together to create psych
  7. Subjectivity: disagreement in describing concepts and what they are
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

research: basic vs applied

A

basic- research done to expand knowledge without real world app, applied: real world app to improve something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

research: skepticism

A

we can’t believe everything we see so we need to investigate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

research: native realism

A

world is exactly as we see it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

research: peer review

A

informed people review research for publication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

research: scientific method

A

observe, theory, hypothesis, design study, collect data, analyze, draw conclusions, repost or revise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

roadblocks: hindsight bias

A

you convince yourself you believed the results of the study the whole time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

roadblocks: overconfidence

A

can lead to us making wrong decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

roadblocks: perceiving patterns in randomness

A

we create patterns that may not actually be there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

elements of research: hypothesis

A

testable statements, may have to change definitions or go into more depth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

elements of research: ID variable

A

the thing that is changing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

elements of research: ID variable levels

A

how many groups there are (include control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

elements of research: dependent variable

A

what will be changed, what is being measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

elements of research: operational definition

A

how to measure a variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

elements of research: replication

A

when study is done, do it again to get same results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

type of research: experiment (def and 2 requirements)

A

only kind of research to show causality (ID and dependent variables), must randomly assign participants to diff levels, must be able to change ID variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

types of research: quasi-experiment

A

ID variable researcher can’t manipulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

types of research: cross-sectional

A

test groups across diff ages at the same time, longitudinal: follow one group across diff times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

types of research: naturalistic observation

A

observing participants without their knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

types of research: survey

A

ask questions and get answers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

types of research: between-subjects design

A

expose participants to one level of ID variable, compare one group to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

types of research: within-subjects design

A

expose participants to each level of ID variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

research considerations: reliability

A

getting same score across multiple instances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

research considerations: validity

A

make sure you’re actually measuring what you think you’re measuring, must have reliability in order to have validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

research considerations: internal validity

A

amt of control researcher has, how sure you can be that the IV caused change in DV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

research considerations: external validity

A

how similar your study is to the real world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

research considerations: sample vs population

A

participants in research vs who you’re trying to apply the research to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

WEIRD

A

most represented in research: western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

research considerations: bias

A

if sample is biased population is biased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

statistical considerations: descriptive stats

A

describe data (mean, median, mode)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

statistical considerations: inferential stats, T-test, F-stat, P-value

A

statistical diff between groups, T-test: is there a diff between groups, F-stat: diff between more than two groups, P-value: 0.5 or less, how likely is that difference due to chance (5%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

statistical considerations: correlation strength

A

stronger correlation= further from 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

statistical considerations: correlation direction

A

positive- direct relationship, negative- inverse relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

statistical considerations: distributions

A

shoot for bell curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

ethics: informed consent

A

made aware of any risks or dangers in the study

63
Q

ethics: respect for persons

A

participants can’t be coerced

64
Q

ethics: beneficience and deception

A

maximize benefits and minimize cost, benefits of lie must outweigh costs

65
Q

ethics: confidentiality

A

participants should engage in study without worry of violation of privacy

66
Q

ethics: fairness

A

all participants should reap benefits if study is successful

67
Q

ethics: debriefing

A

remind participants point of study, confess deceptions

68
Q

ethics: Tuskegee study

A

black men were given syphilis, 128 died, 40 passed it to wives, 19 had children born w syphilis

69
Q

ethics: animal research

A

can’t consent= stricter rules

70
Q

problems w research: research misconduct (4)

A

plagiarism, falsification (changing/altering/deleting data), fabrication (making up data points), whistleblower

71
Q

problems w research: experimenter expectancy, demand characteristics

A

expectation of outcome may influence outcome of study

72
Q

problems w research: demand characteristics

A

behaviors that communicate expectations of researcher

73
Q

problems w research (solution): blindness

A

single- participant is unaware of group, double- participant and experimenter are unaware of group

74
Q

problems w research: Hawthorne effect

A

humans change behavior when aware of being watched

75
Q

problems w research (solution): naturalistic observation

A

participants are unaware they’re being observed

76
Q

problems w research: social desirability bias

A

people answer in a socially acceptable way

77
Q

problems w research (solution): bogus pipeline

A

item or computer that identifies if participant is lying (not real)

78
Q

problems w research: confound/third variable

A

a third variable is actually causing change

79
Q

problems w research: Li study

A

survey showed income was the third variable between appliances and birth control

80
Q

developmental psych: universal vs ecological

A

all humans develop in similar path vs culture/environment affects development

81
Q

developmental psych: teratogens

A

things mother is exposed to while fetus is in utero affects development (alcohol)

82
Q

developmental psych: critical periods vs sensitive periods

A

development has to be learned within certain time vs easier to learn trait within certain time but possible to learn later

83
Q

developmental psych: post hoc thinking

A

since b comes after a then a caused b to happen

84
Q

developmental psych: stage theories

A

have to complete one stage to move onto next

85
Q

developmental psych: habituation

A

baby directs attention to new stimuli (if ignored it’s not new stimuli)

86
Q

prenatal sense development: sound

A

babies respond to sounds heard in utero

87
Q

prenatal sense development: smell/taste

A

influence fetus through amniotic fluid, remember things mother has tastes/smelled if strong enough

88
Q

prenatal sense development: vision

A

useless in utero so not developed immediately

89
Q

parenting styles: authoritarianism

A

strict, strong consequences

90
Q

parenting styles: permissive

A

no rules, no punishment

91
Q

parenting styles: negligent

A

uninvolved, don’t care what child does

92
Q

parenting styles: authoritative

A

rules and expectations but communication, punishment is specific to violation

93
Q

attachment styles: strange situation

A

difference when caregiver leaves and returns

94
Q

attachment styles: secure

A

infant may or may not be sad when caregiver leaves, child acknowledges return

95
Q

attachment styles: avoidant

A

infant doesn’t care when caregiver leaves or returns

96
Q

attachment styles: ambivalent/anxious

A

child is upset when caregiver leaves and returns

97
Q

temperament (Thomas and Chess)

A

rated infants easy, neutral, or hard to warm up to, results similar as 10 year olds

98
Q

important people: G. Stanley Hall

A

first american PhD in psych, opened first psych lab in US, founded APA

99
Q

important people: Margaret Floy Washburn

A

first female PhD in psych

100
Q

important people: Francis Cecil Sumner

A

first black person w PhD in psych, first chair of psych at Howard University

101
Q

moral sense and development: brain

A

grows in complexity more than size (frontal lobe is last to develop, acts as stop button)

102
Q

Piaget’s shift theories: realism to relativism

A

first stage, rules shouldn’t be broken vs rules can be broken for good reason

103
Q

Piaget’s shift theories: prescription to principle

A

second stage, letter of the law is the law vs understand meaning behind the rule

104
Q

Piaget’s shift theories: outcomes vs intentions

A

third stage, make decisions about right and wrong based on outcome vs what is good or bad based on the intent of the person

105
Q

Kohlberg’s theory of moral devel: preconventional stage

A

first stage, determine right and wrong based on reward or punishment

106
Q

Kohlberg’s theory of moral devel: conventional stage

A

second stage, determine right and wrong based on rules from authority

107
Q

Kohlberg’s theory of moral devel: post-conventional stage

A

third stage, make your own rules

108
Q

cognitive devel: assimilate vs accommodate

A

make new experience fit into current understanding vs change understanding when new experience is encountered

109
Q

cognitive devel: sensorimotor (first stage)

A

what i see is what’s real, lack of object permanence

110
Q

cognitive devel: preoperational (second stage)

A

understand symbols (words and pictures), conservation: if the shape changes there is still the same amount of the object

111
Q

cognitive devel: concrete operational (third stage)

A

can manipulate objects in front of them

112
Q

cognitive devel: formal operational (fourth stage)

A

understand abstract concepts and hypotheticals

113
Q

critiques of Piaget (3)

A
  1. underestimating children
  2. stage mixing (you can be in multiple at once)
  3. universality: diff presentations in diff cultures
114
Q

Vygotsky (3)

A
  1. cognitive devel is through social interaction
  2. scaffolding: older people help younger people to learn a subject
  3. language is critical
115
Q

theory of mind (4)

A
  1. understanding of others
  2. egotism: children assume what they have access to is what everyone has access to
116
Q

deficits to theory of mind (2)

A
  1. children w autism
  2. deaf children w hearing parents
117
Q

advanced theory of mind (3)

A
  1. children w older siblings
  2. children w greater socialization
  3. children born to high socioeconomic status
118
Q

reflexes: rooting

A

turn mouth towards side of cheek being stroked

119
Q

reflexes: palmar

A

baby grabs something in their hand

120
Q

reflexes: sucking

A

baby sucks something in mouth

121
Q

reflexes: babinski

A

splays toes if bottom of foot is stroked

122
Q

reflexes: moro

A

baby stretches arms and legs if falling

123
Q

control of motor skills (2)

A
  1. cephalocaudal: starts at head and moves down
  2. proximodistal: starts in middle and moves outward
124
Q

social devel: Field study

A

premature babies that were stroked gained more weight

125
Q

social devel: social referencing

A

baby looks to caregiver on how to respond to new stimuli

125
Q

social devel: Mischel study

A

have one treat now or two in 15 mins, kids that waited were more successful later in life

125
Q

influential people from preschool to puberty

A

same sex peers

126
Q

influential people from birth to preschool

A

parents

127
Q

influential people from puberty to adulthood

A

peers

128
Q

emerging adulthood: identity exploration

A

understand who you are and how you fit in the world

129
Q

emerging adulthood: instability

A

relationships change, influence anxiety and perception of world

130
Q

emerging adulthood: self focused

A

trying to figure out new interests and goals

131
Q

emerging adulthood: feeling in-between

A

not an adult but not a child, look to older people for advice

132
Q

emerging adulthood: age of possibilites

A

options and world opening up

133
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: psychosocial conflict

A

personality is based on how you deal with conflict

134
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: trust vs mistrust (year 1)

A

is my world predictable or unstable

135
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: autonomy vs shame/doubt (year 2-3)

A

can i do things for myself or do i rely on others

136
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: initiative vs guilt (year 4-5)

A

do i make good or bad decisions

137
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: industry vs inferiority (year 6-puberty)

A

am i capable or worthless

138
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: identity vs confusion (adolescence)

A

who am i? where do i see my life going?

139
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: intimacy vs isolation (early adulthood)

A

will i share my life with others or be alone

140
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood)

A

will i make something of value

141
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: integrity vs despair (late adulthood)

A

am i proud of my accomplishments or do i have regrets

142
Q

aging: biological

A

guess age based on body functioning

143
Q

aging: psych

A

mental attitudes and competency

144
Q

aging: functional

A

based on ability to function in given role in society

145
Q

aging: social

A

based on willingness to adhere to social norms

146
Q

aging: socioemotional selectivity

A

younger people are interested in future, elders are interested in emotionally satisfying info

147
Q

death and grief: absent grief

A

low levels of depression before and after death

148
Q

death and grief: chronic grief

A

low depression before, continued depression after death

149
Q

death and grief: common grief

A

spike of depression after death but improves

150
Q

death and grief: depressed-improved

A

depressed before death and then it improves

151
Q

death and grief: chronic depression

A

depression before and after death

psych 111 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions