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module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is psychology?

A

study of human mind and behavior

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2
Q

what is clinical psychology?

A

study of mental disorders and treatments

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3
Q

what is experimental psychology?

A

use of scientific method to answer questions about psychology

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4
Q

biopsychosocial

A

integrates biology, psychology and social ethics

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5
Q

counseling psychologist

A

help people with challenges

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6
Q

community psychologist

A

work on creating social and psychological environment to promote health

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7
Q

early theories: nativism vs empiricism

A

(plato/nature vs aristotle/nurture)

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8
Q

early theories: demons (def and treatment)

A

people w mental disorders were possessed by demons, treatment: trephination (hole in skull)

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9
Q

early theories: biologic

A

different elements of psych were in diff organs

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10
Q

early theories: Locke

A

all knowledge comes from experience

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11
Q

early theories: witchcraft (treatment)

A

find person causing mental disorder

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12
Q

early theories: phrenology

A

bumps (excess) and divots (lacking) determine traits/disorders

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13
Q

modern trajectory: Weber and Fechner

A

difference between real and perceived world, work with senses and interpretation of them

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14
Q

modern trajectory: Gestalt

A

sensation and perception, the world is more than the sum of its parts

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15
Q

modern trajectory: structuralism

A

what makes up our consciousness

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16
Q

modern trajectory: father of psych as a science

A

Wilhelm Wundt, opened first lab in 1879

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17
Q

modern trajectory: functionalism

A

function of our consciousness and how we use it

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18
Q

modern trajectory: Freud

A

focused on unconscious

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19
Q

modern trajectory: behaviorism

A

what matters is behavior not your mind, explicit science

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20
Q

early trajectory: humanism

A

humans have the capacity for good

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21
Q

modern trajectory: cognitive psychology

A

focused on thinking and what’s happening in the moment, Kurt Lewin

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22
Q

modern trajectory: social psych

A

effects of real or imagined others on your psychology, how society affects individual and vise versa

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23
Q

modern subfields: evolutionary psych

A

looking at ancestors and remnants of what they did today (depression and attraction)

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24
Q

modern subfields: cultural psych

A

how culture affects psych

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25
Q

modern subfields: educational psychq

A

support teachers and students

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26
Q

modern trajectory: industrial/organizational psych

A

psych in workplace

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27
Q

modern trajectory: forensic psych

A

psych and the law

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28
Q

7 themes

A
  1. Empirical: test hypotheses to get answers to questions, psych is informed by testable science
  2. Theoretically diverse: diff viewpoints to have discussion
  3. Sociohistorical evolution: social, political and geographic history influences current day psych
  4. Multiple causality: complexity, multiple things cause psychological concept
  5. Cultural heritage matters: not everything in psych is universal, necessary to understand psych
  6. Nature and Nurture: genes and environment work together to create psych
  7. Subjectivity: disagreement in describing concepts and what they are
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29
Q

research: basic vs applied

A

basic- research done to expand knowledge without real world app, applied: real world app to improve something

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30
Q

research: skepticism

A

we can’t believe everything we see so we need to investigate

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31
Q

research: native realism

A

world is exactly as we see it

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32
Q

research: peer review

A

informed people review research for publication

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33
Q

research: scientific method

A

observe, theory, hypothesis, design study, collect data, analyze, draw conclusions, repost or revise

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34
Q

roadblocks: hindsight bias

A

you convince yourself you believed the results of the study the whole time

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35
Q

roadblocks: overconfidence

A

can lead to us making wrong decisions

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36
Q

roadblocks: perceiving patterns in randomness

A

we create patterns that may not actually be there

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37
Q

elements of research: hypothesis

A

testable statements, may have to change definitions or go into more depth

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38
Q

elements of research: ID variable

A

the thing that is changing

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39
Q

elements of research: ID variable levels

A

how many groups there are (include control)

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40
Q

elements of research: dependent variable

A

what will be changed, what is being measured

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41
Q

elements of research: operational definition

A

how to measure a variable

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42
Q

elements of research: replication

A

when study is done, do it again to get same results

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43
Q

type of research: experiment (def and 2 requirements)

A

only kind of research to show causality (ID and dependent variables), must randomly assign participants to diff levels, must be able to change ID variable

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44
Q

types of research: quasi-experiment

A

ID variable researcher can’t manipulate

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45
Q

types of research: cross-sectional

A

test groups across diff ages at the same time, longitudinal: follow one group across diff times

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46
Q

types of research: naturalistic observation

A

observing participants without their knowledge

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47
Q

types of research: survey

A

ask questions and get answers

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48
Q

types of research: between-subjects design

A

expose participants to one level of ID variable, compare one group to another

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49
Q

types of research: within-subjects design

A

expose participants to each level of ID variable

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50
Q

research considerations: reliability

A

getting same score across multiple instances

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51
Q

research considerations: validity

A

make sure you’re actually measuring what you think you’re measuring, must have reliability in order to have validity

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52
Q

research considerations: internal validity

A

amt of control researcher has, how sure you can be that the IV caused change in DV

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53
Q

research considerations: external validity

A

how similar your study is to the real world

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54
Q

research considerations: sample vs population

A

participants in research vs who you’re trying to apply the research to

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55
Q

WEIRD

A

most represented in research: western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

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56
Q

research considerations: bias

A

if sample is biased population is biased

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57
Q

statistical considerations: descriptive stats

A

describe data (mean, median, mode)

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58
Q

statistical considerations: inferential stats, T-test, F-stat, P-value

A

statistical diff between groups, T-test: is there a diff between groups, F-stat: diff between more than two groups, P-value: 0.5 or less, how likely is that difference due to chance (5%)

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59
Q

statistical considerations: correlation strength

A

stronger correlation= further from 0

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60
Q

statistical considerations: correlation direction

A

positive- direct relationship, negative- inverse relationship

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61
Q

statistical considerations: distributions

A

shoot for bell curve

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62
Q

ethics: informed consent

A

made aware of any risks or dangers in the study

63
Q

ethics: respect for persons

A

participants can’t be coerced

64
Q

ethics: beneficience and deception

A

maximize benefits and minimize cost, benefits of lie must outweigh costs

65
Q

ethics: confidentiality

A

participants should engage in study without worry of violation of privacy

66
Q

ethics: fairness

A

all participants should reap benefits if study is successful

67
Q

ethics: debriefing

A

remind participants point of study, confess deceptions

68
Q

ethics: Tuskegee study

A

black men were given syphilis, 128 died, 40 passed it to wives, 19 had children born w syphilis

69
Q

ethics: animal research

A

can’t consent= stricter rules

70
Q

problems w research: research misconduct (4)

A

plagiarism, falsification (changing/altering/deleting data), fabrication (making up data points), whistleblower

71
Q

problems w research: experimenter expectancy, demand characteristics

A

expectation of outcome may influence outcome of study

72
Q

problems w research: demand characteristics

A

behaviors that communicate expectations of researcher

73
Q

problems w research (solution): blindness

A

single- participant is unaware of group, double- participant and experimenter are unaware of group

74
Q

problems w research: Hawthorne effect

A

humans change behavior when aware of being watched

75
Q

problems w research (solution): naturalistic observation

A

participants are unaware they’re being observed

76
Q

problems w research: social desirability bias

A

people answer in a socially acceptable way

77
Q

problems w research (solution): bogus pipeline

A

item or computer that identifies if participant is lying (not real)

78
Q

problems w research: confound/third variable

A

a third variable is actually causing change

79
Q

problems w research: Li study

A

survey showed income was the third variable between appliances and birth control

80
Q

developmental psych: universal vs ecological

A

all humans develop in similar path vs culture/environment affects development

81
Q

developmental psych: teratogens

A

things mother is exposed to while fetus is in utero affects development (alcohol)

82
Q

developmental psych: critical periods vs sensitive periods

A

development has to be learned within certain time vs easier to learn trait within certain time but possible to learn later

83
Q

developmental psych: post hoc thinking

A

since b comes after a then a caused b to happen

84
Q

developmental psych: stage theories

A

have to complete one stage to move onto next

85
Q

developmental psych: habituation

A

baby directs attention to new stimuli (if ignored it’s not new stimuli)

86
Q

prenatal sense development: sound

A

babies respond to sounds heard in utero

87
Q

prenatal sense development: smell/taste

A

influence fetus through amniotic fluid, remember things mother has tastes/smelled if strong enough

88
Q

prenatal sense development: vision

A

useless in utero so not developed immediately

89
Q

parenting styles: authoritarianism

A

strict, strong consequences

90
Q

parenting styles: permissive

A

no rules, no punishment

91
Q

parenting styles: negligent

A

uninvolved, don’t care what child does

92
Q

parenting styles: authoritative

A

rules and expectations but communication, punishment is specific to violation

93
Q

attachment styles: strange situation

A

difference when caregiver leaves and returns

94
Q

attachment styles: secure

A

infant may or may not be sad when caregiver leaves, child acknowledges return

95
Q

attachment styles: avoidant

A

infant doesn’t care when caregiver leaves or returns

96
Q

attachment styles: ambivalent/anxious

A

child is upset when caregiver leaves and returns

97
Q

temperament (Thomas and Chess)

A

rated infants easy, neutral, or hard to warm up to, results similar as 10 year olds

98
Q

important people: G. Stanley Hall

A

first american PhD in psych, opened first psych lab in US, founded APA

99
Q

important people: Margaret Floy Washburn

A

first female PhD in psych

100
Q

important people: Francis Cecil Sumner

A

first black person w PhD in psych, first chair of psych at Howard University

101
Q

moral sense and development: brain

A

grows in complexity more than size (frontal lobe is last to develop, acts as stop button)

102
Q

Piaget’s shift theories: realism to relativism

A

first stage, rules shouldn’t be broken vs rules can be broken for good reason

103
Q

Piaget’s shift theories: prescription to principle

A

second stage, letter of the law is the law vs understand meaning behind the rule

104
Q

Piaget’s shift theories: outcomes vs intentions

A

third stage, make decisions about right and wrong based on outcome vs what is good or bad based on the intent of the person

105
Q

Kohlberg’s theory of moral devel: preconventional stage

A

first stage, determine right and wrong based on reward or punishment

106
Q

Kohlberg’s theory of moral devel: conventional stage

A

second stage, determine right and wrong based on rules from authority

107
Q

Kohlberg’s theory of moral devel: post-conventional stage

A

third stage, make your own rules

108
Q

cognitive devel: assimilate vs accommodate

A

make new experience fit into current understanding vs change understanding when new experience is encountered

109
Q

cognitive devel: sensorimotor (first stage)

A

what i see is what’s real, lack of object permanence

110
Q

cognitive devel: preoperational (second stage)

A

understand symbols (words and pictures), conservation: if the shape changes there is still the same amount of the object

111
Q

cognitive devel: concrete operational (third stage)

A

can manipulate objects in front of them

112
Q

cognitive devel: formal operational (fourth stage)

A

understand abstract concepts and hypotheticals

113
Q

critiques of Piaget (3)

A
  1. underestimating children
  2. stage mixing (you can be in multiple at once)
  3. universality: diff presentations in diff cultures
114
Q

Vygotsky (3)

A
  1. cognitive devel is through social interaction
  2. scaffolding: older people help younger people to learn a subject
  3. language is critical
115
Q

theory of mind (4)

A
  1. understanding of others
  2. egotism: children assume what they have access to is what everyone has access to
116
Q

deficits to theory of mind (2)

A
  1. children w autism
  2. deaf children w hearing parents
117
Q

advanced theory of mind (3)

A
  1. children w older siblings
  2. children w greater socialization
  3. children born to high socioeconomic status
118
Q

reflexes: rooting

A

turn mouth towards side of cheek being stroked

119
Q

reflexes: palmar

A

baby grabs something in their hand

120
Q

reflexes: sucking

A

baby sucks something in mouth

121
Q

reflexes: babinski

A

splays toes if bottom of foot is stroked

122
Q

reflexes: moro

A

baby stretches arms and legs if falling

123
Q

control of motor skills (2)

A
  1. cephalocaudal: starts at head and moves down
  2. proximodistal: starts in middle and moves outward
124
Q

social devel: Field study

A

premature babies that were stroked gained more weight

125
Q

social devel: social referencing

A

baby looks to caregiver on how to respond to new stimuli

125
Q

social devel: Mischel study

A

have one treat now or two in 15 mins, kids that waited were more successful later in life

125
Q

influential people from preschool to puberty

A

same sex peers

126
Q

influential people from birth to preschool

127
Q

influential people from puberty to adulthood

128
Q

emerging adulthood: identity exploration

A

understand who you are and how you fit in the world

129
Q

emerging adulthood: instability

A

relationships change, influence anxiety and perception of world

130
Q

emerging adulthood: self focused

A

trying to figure out new interests and goals

131
Q

emerging adulthood: feeling in-between

A

not an adult but not a child, look to older people for advice

132
Q

emerging adulthood: age of possibilites

A

options and world opening up

133
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: psychosocial conflict

A

personality is based on how you deal with conflict

134
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: trust vs mistrust (year 1)

A

is my world predictable or unstable

135
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: autonomy vs shame/doubt (year 2-3)

A

can i do things for myself or do i rely on others

136
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: initiative vs guilt (year 4-5)

A

do i make good or bad decisions

137
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: industry vs inferiority (year 6-puberty)

A

am i capable or worthless

138
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: identity vs confusion (adolescence)

A

who am i? where do i see my life going?

139
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: intimacy vs isolation (early adulthood)

A

will i share my life with others or be alone

140
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood)

A

will i make something of value

141
Q

Erikson’s theory of devel: integrity vs despair (late adulthood)

A

am i proud of my accomplishments or do i have regrets

142
Q

aging: biological

A

guess age based on body functioning

143
Q

aging: psych

A

mental attitudes and competency

144
Q

aging: functional

A

based on ability to function in given role in society

145
Q

aging: social

A

based on willingness to adhere to social norms

146
Q

aging: socioemotional selectivity

A

younger people are interested in future, elders are interested in emotionally satisfying info

147
Q

death and grief: absent grief

A

low levels of depression before and after death

148
Q

death and grief: chronic grief

A

low depression before, continued depression after death

149
Q

death and grief: common grief

A

spike of depression after death but improves

150
Q

death and grief: depressed-improved

A

depressed before death and then it improves

151
Q

death and grief: chronic depression

A

depression before and after death

psych 111 (2 decks)

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