Module 2

Question 1

Three levels of policing:

Answer 1

Federal, Provincial, Municipal

Question 2

Police discretion

Answer 2

The freedom that a police officer often
has for deciding what should be done in any given
situation

Question 3

Justifications for the use of discretion

Answer 3

• 1) Subjective: “must have been exercised honestly and
  transparently, and on the basis of valid and reasonable
  grounds”
• 2) Objective: ”justification offered must be proportionate to
  the seriousness of the conduct and it must be clear that
  the discretion was exercised in the public interest”

Question 4

Problems with discretion

Answer 4

Racism and Use of force

Question 5

Carding

Answer 5

Police collect and document information in non-criminal
encounters with the public (mostly banned)

Question 6

Street checks (not technically carding)

Answer 6

a voluntary interaction
with the public, initiated by the police officer, where the
police officer makes a request for personal identifying
information for a law enforcement purpose. (banned in Nova Scotia)

Question 7

Use-of-force

Answer 7

anything more serious than soft-handed
physical control techniques

Question 8

Excited Delirium
Syndrome (ExDS)

Answer 8

Symptoms:
* Fatal condition
* Extreme agitation/ delirium
* Aggression
* Increased pain tolerance
* Extreme physical strength and endurance
* Hyperthermia
NOT A RECOGNIZED CONDITION

Question 9

Body Worn Cameras

Answer 9

• Officers MUST turn on their BWCs BEFORE they arrive at a
  call
• Before they interact with individuals for police purpose
• They decide when to turn the camera off (must be
  documented)
  Body-worn cameras are not intended to be used for the purpose
  of:
• 24-hour recording
• surveillance
• when intimate searches are conducted

Question 10

Perceived benefits of BWC

Answer 10

• Increased transparency and citizen views of police
  legitimacy (??)
• Civilizing effect on police officers ( yes)
• Expedites resolution of police/citizen encounters ( yes)
• Helps in police trainings (??)

Question 11

Perceived problems of BWC

Answer 11

• Citizen privacy concerns (??) – issues of confidentiality;
  intermittent vs. continuous recordings
• Where to position the camera ( yes)
• Investment in terms of training and policy development
  (yes ) – how to use properly? Downloading and storing
  footage?
• Increased commitment of finances, resources, and
  logistics (yes ) – how should it be used in court?

Question 12

Police can stop you under the following
circumstances:

Answer 12

• 1) If they suspect you have committed a crime
• 2) If they see you commit a crime
• 3) If you’re driving

Question 13

What are your rights upon arrest? Police caution in Canada:

Answer 13

• Provide the reason for your arrest
• Right to silence (not legally required in Canada)
• Right to counsel

Question 14

Canadian Charter Rights

Answer 14

DO NOT have the right to
counsel present during
interrogation

Police ARE ALLOWED to
continue questions

Limited to a single
conversation with counsel
(even a brief phone call)

Request for more counsel is
not protected

Question 15

US Miranda Rights

Answer 15

Legal representation
DURING questioning

Police NOT ALLOWED to
continue questions once
right is asserted

In person consult with lawyer
immediately

Has the right to counsel of
their choosing

Question 16

Police interrogations

Answer 16

• Definition: interpersonal process whereby a
  police officer asks a suspect questions about their
  involvement in a crime (Snook & Luther, 2019)
• Custodial: Person has been detained or
  arrested; typically occurs at the police station;
  must be told about rights
• Non-custodial: Suspect is interviewed but has
  not been detained or arrested; outside of police
  station (e.g., Mr. Big); rights not required

Question 17

The Reid Technique

Answer 17

Definition: A process whereby the police
interview a suspect for the purpose of gathering
evidence and obtaining a confession
3 phases: Phase 3 has 9 steps
ex: what Jennifer did

Question 18

Limitations of Reid technique

Answer 18

• Detecting deception
• Very difficult
• No one very accurate
• Investigator bias + coercive
• Enter an interrogation already believing suspect is
  guilty
• No evidence that it works
• No evidence that it leads to more confessions than
  non-Reid techniques
• Snook et al. (2010)

Question 19

PEACE Model

Answer 19

Planning &
Preparation, Engage
& Explain, Account, Closure, evaluation
Interview Before & After

Question 20

Benefits of the PEACE model

Answer 20

• No coercion = less chance of inadmissible statements
• Results in the same number of confessions without any
  limitations associated with Reid Model
• Use of cognitive interview techniques = evidence-based
  memory enhancement + accurate information

Question 21

RCMP’s Phased Interview Model

Answer 21

“Hybrid approach of non-accusatory and accusatory-
based interviews”

*A) review, preparation, and planning
* B) introduction and legal obligations
* C) dialogue
* D) version challenge
* E) accusation and persuasion
* F) post-interview

Question 22

“Mr. Big” Technique

Answer 22

• Surveillance stage
• Undercover police befriend the suspect
• Suspect is introduced to criminal organization; is
  asked to engage in illegal activity (is rewarded)
• Eventually meets the leader or “Mr. Big”
• Encouraged to confess to serious crimes to
  impress leader or as “a form of insurance”;
  threats are sometimes used
• Confession used in suspect’s trial

Question 23

Example short-answer question:

Your local police agency still uses the Reid
technique when training officers in interrogation
practices. You’ve been tasked with updating this
training. Provide evidence-based arguments for
why new approaches should be adopted. Outline
what should be included in this new training and
why.

Answer 23

answer