Module 2

Question 1

At or near the front of the body (front view)

Answer 1

Anterior

Question 2

At or near the back of the body (back view)

Answer 2

Posterior

Question 3

An imaginary vertical line that divides the body equally (right down the middle)

Answer 3

Midline

Question 4

Farther from midline (side view)

Answer 4

Lateral

Question 5

Nearer to midline (side view)

Answer 5

Medial

Question 6

Toward the head/upper part of a structure (bird’s-eye view, looking down)

Answer 6

Superior

Question 7

Away from the head/lower part of a structure (bottom view, looking up)

Answer 7

Inferior

Question 8

Close to the surface of the body

Answer 8

Superficial

Question 9

Away from the surface of the body

Answer 9

Deep

Question 10

Nearer to the origination of a structure

Answer 10

Proximal

Question 11

Farther from the origination of a structure

Answer 11

Distal

Question 12

describes a position where the body is lying face up

Answer 12

Supine position

Question 13

facing down.

Answer 13

Prone Position

Question 14

a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sides. Flexion and extension types of movement occur in this plane, e.g., kicking a football, chest pass in netball, walking, jumping, squatting.

Answer 14

Sagittal Plane

Question 15

passes from side to side and divides the body into the front and back. Abduction and adduction movements occur in this plane, e.g., jumping jack exercises, raising and lowering arms and legs sideways, cartwheel.

Answer 15

Frontal plane

Question 16

passes through the middle of the body and divides the body horizontally in an upper and lower half. Rotation types of movement occur in this plane, e.g., hip rotation in a golf swing, twisting in a discus throw, pivoting in netball, spinning in skating.

Answer 16

Transverse plane

Question 17

this line runs from left to right through the center of the body. For example, when a person performs a somersault, they rotate around this axis.

Answer 17

Frontal axis

Question 18

this line runs from top to bottom through the center of the body. For example, when a skater performs a spin, they are rotating around the vertical axis.

Answer 18

Vertical axis

Question 19

this line runs from front to back through the center of the body. For example, when a person performs a cartwheel, they are rotating about the sagittal axis.

Answer 19

Sagittal (also known as the antero-posterior) axis

Question 20

is defined as the relative position of the body and/or the arrangement of its body in parts at any moment.

Answer 20

Posture

Question 21

is so-called because symptoms of tightness and weakness on one side is paired diagonally across the other side of the region.

Answer 21

Crossn Syndrome

Question 22

facing forward are found in the thoracic area and sacral area.

Answer 22

kyphotic curves

Question 23

are found in the cervical region and lumbar region which are facing posteriorly

Answer 23

Lordotic curves

Question 24

is characterized by an exaggeration of the curve in the thoracic region (i.e., thoracic kyphosis)

Answer 24

Kyphotic posture

Question 25

is characterized by excessive curvature of the cervical (e.g., forward head) and lumbar regions (e.g., lumbar lordosis, sway back)

Answer 25

Lordotic posture

Question 26

is characterized by a lateral curvature or deviation of the spine.

Answer 26

Scoliosis

Question 27

is the description of any region or part of the body in a specific stance.

Answer 27

Anatomical position

Question 28

the body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat and directed forward.

Answer 28

Anatomical position

Question 29

“crossroads” that link the upper and the lower parts of the human body, enabling it to perform various types of movements for activities of daily living and athletically at an optimum level.

Answer 29

Core

Question 30

Whenever you move, this system of muscles, bones, joints, and tissues (i.e., fascia, ligaments, tendons) that are connected to each other work together. This enables you to perform the functional tasks of bending, squatting, and lifting, as well as controlling movements within a joint (i.e., vertebral segments) such as when the spine flexes to pick an object off the floor or rotates as you plant a leg when getting inside or outside a car. The integrated functioning of all these components linked together is called

Answer 30

Kinetic chain

Question 31

the most superficial muscle on the side of the abdomen, and the erector spinae. The lack of harmony between the stabilizers and the mobilizers can result in muscle imbalances and injury.

Answer 31

External oblique

Question 32

appears to be the strongest trunk flexor and is the most active during sit-ups and curl-ups. It helps the other core muscles in bracing the abdominal wall to provide stability to the trunk by increasing the intra-abdominal pressure.

Answer 32

Rectus abdominis

Question 33

generally produce the trunk rotation such as when you swing a baseball bat or golf club. The EO with its slanted downward orientation also causes lateral trunk flexion and contributes to core stability by increasing the intra-abdominal pressure.

Answer 33

Oblique abdominal muscles

Question 34

functions mainly to produce extensions and rotation of the spine. It acts opposite the rectus abdominis to brace the spine and provide stability. This muscle has low activity when performing traditional core exercises (e.g., planks, leg raises, abdominal rollouts). However, it is highly activated during the prone trunk extensions (superman) exercise with maximum lumbar extension. In compound exercises, the deadlift appears to be one of the best exercises for this muscle.

Answer 34

Erector spinae