Module 2 Flashcards
At or near the front of the body (front view)
Anterior
At or near the back of the body (back view)
Posterior
An imaginary vertical line that divides the body equally (right down the middle)
Midline
Farther from midline (side view)
Lateral
Nearer to midline (side view)
Medial
Toward the head/upper part of a structure (bird’s-eye view, looking down)
Superior
Away from the head/lower part of a structure (bottom view, looking up)
Inferior
Close to the surface of the body
Superficial
Away from the surface of the body
Deep
Nearer to the origination of a structure
Proximal
Farther from the origination of a structure
Distal
describes a position where the body is lying face up
Supine position
facing down.
Prone Position
a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sides. Flexion and extension types of movement occur in this plane, e.g., kicking a football, chest pass in netball, walking, jumping, squatting.
Sagittal Plane
passes from side to side and divides the body into the front and back. Abduction and adduction movements occur in this plane, e.g., jumping jack exercises, raising and lowering arms and legs sideways, cartwheel.
Frontal plane
passes through the middle of the body and divides the body horizontally in an upper and lower half. Rotation types of movement occur in this plane, e.g., hip rotation in a golf swing, twisting in a discus throw, pivoting in netball, spinning in skating.
Transverse plane
this line runs from left to right through the center of the body. For example, when a person performs a somersault, they rotate around this axis.
Frontal axis
this line runs from top to bottom through the center of the body. For example, when a skater performs a spin, they are rotating around the vertical axis.
Vertical axis
this line runs from front to back through the center of the body. For example, when a person performs a cartwheel, they are rotating about the sagittal axis.
Sagittal (also known as the antero-posterior) axis
is defined as the relative position of the body and/or the arrangement of its body in parts at any moment.
Posture
is so-called because symptoms of tightness and weakness on one side is paired diagonally across the other side of the region.
Crossn Syndrome
facing forward are found in the thoracic area and sacral area.
kyphotic curves
are found in the cervical region and lumbar region which are facing posteriorly
Lordotic curves
is characterized by an exaggeration of the curve in the thoracic region (i.e., thoracic kyphosis)
Kyphotic posture
is characterized by excessive curvature of the cervical (e.g., forward head) and lumbar regions (e.g., lumbar lordosis, sway back)
Lordotic posture
is characterized by a lateral curvature or deviation of the spine.
Scoliosis
is the description of any region or part of the body in a specific stance.
Anatomical position
the body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat and directed forward.
Anatomical position
“crossroads” that link the upper and the lower parts of the human body, enabling it to perform various types of movements for activities of daily living and athletically at an optimum level.
Core
Whenever you move, this system of muscles, bones, joints, and tissues (i.e., fascia, ligaments, tendons) that are connected to each other work together. This enables you to perform the functional tasks of bending, squatting, and lifting, as well as controlling movements within a joint (i.e., vertebral segments) such as when the spine flexes to pick an object off the floor or rotates as you plant a leg when getting inside or outside a car. The integrated functioning of all these components linked together is called
Kinetic chain
the most superficial muscle on the side of the abdomen, and the erector spinae. The lack of harmony between the stabilizers and the mobilizers can result in muscle imbalances and injury.
External oblique
appears to be the strongest trunk flexor and is the most active during sit-ups and curl-ups. It helps the other core muscles in bracing the abdominal wall to provide stability to the trunk by increasing the intra-abdominal pressure.
Rectus abdominis
generally produce the trunk rotation such as when you swing a baseball bat or golf club. The EO with its slanted downward orientation also causes lateral trunk flexion and contributes to core stability by increasing the intra-abdominal pressure.
Oblique abdominal muscles
functions mainly to produce extensions and rotation of the spine. It acts opposite the rectus abdominis to brace the spine and provide stability. This muscle has low activity when performing traditional core exercises (e.g., planks, leg raises, abdominal rollouts). However, it is highly activated during the prone trunk extensions (superman) exercise with maximum lumbar extension. In compound exercises, the deadlift appears to be one of the best exercises for this muscle.
Erector spinae
