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MICR 270 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

is the innate specific or not

A

not

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1
Q

what is the innate immunity

A

first line of defense against foreign invaders
- early phases of an immune response

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2
Q

innate immunity: immune barriers

A

made of physical, soluble, and cellular barriers that are scattered throughout the body

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3
Q

innate immunity: inflammation

A

responds immediately to an invading pathogen
- is a breach of the physical barrier by a pathogen is called inflammatory response

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4
Q

innate immunity: pattern-recognition

A
  • recognizes general patterns not specific for any one antigen
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5
Q

how does pattern recognition work

A

by pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) expressed on innate immune cells

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6
Q

innate immunity: phagocytosis

A

phagocytic properties (engulfing) are called phagocytes

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7
Q

what are the immune barriers of the innate immune system

A

physical barrier
cellular barrier
soluble barrier

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8
Q

physical barrier

A

made of every structure located at the interface between the inside and the outside of the body
- physical and chemical components

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9
Q

examples of physical barrier

A

skin, cilia, bodily secretions

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10
Q

cellular barrier

A

made of various cells which play a role in the innate immune response

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11
Q

examples of cellular barriers

A
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • natural killer cells
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12
Q

soluble barrier

A

made of macromolecules which contribute to the mediation of an innate immune response

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13
Q

examples of soluble barrier

A

complement and cytokines

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14
Q

physical components (physical barrier)

A

skin
- barrier that pathogens cannot cross unless it is breached
mucous membrane
- cover body cavities
- contain cilia and produce mucous

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15
Q

chemical component (physical barrier)

A

tears and saliva
- contain active antimircobial substance such as lysozyme, gastric acid

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16
Q

lysozyme

A

catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria

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17
Q

cellular barrier: neutrophils

A
  • most common leukocyte in blood
  • phagocytes (engulf and destroy)
  • in blood for 12h before entering tissue by diapedesis
  • recruited to site of infection by macrophages
    -1-3 days of life in tissue
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18
Q

cellular barrier: macrophages

A
  • phagocyte that patrols the body to engulf pathogens
  • be in specific tissue or move freely/patrol large areas tissues
  • contributes to tissue repair and present antigens to other immune cells like T-Cell
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19
Q

when does macrophages become activated

A

after phagocytosing pathogens or in response to cytokine signalling

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19
Q

diapedesis

A

process by which blood cells such as neutrophils move from blood to tissues by passing through intact vessel walls

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20
Q

cellular barrier: dendritic cells

A
  • phagocyte often in contact with the external environment
  • present antigens on their cell surface through peptide: MHC complexes, which can be rexognized by helper T-cells
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21
Q

what is a big function of dendritic cells

A

major link between the innate and adaptive immune system

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22
Q

cellular barrier: natural killer cells

A
  • recognize abnormal cells lacking antigen-specific receptors
  • destroy abnormal cells
    (tumors, virus)
  • bind to cell surface of target cells and release chemicals causing them to die
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23
Q

soluble barrier: complement system
what is it?

A
  • made up of over 30 soluble proteins
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24
Q

soluble barrier: complement system
where is it?

A

circulate in the blood, normally in an inactive form

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25
Q

soluble barrier: complement system
when is it activated

A

directly activated in the presence of extracellular pathogens or indirectly by pathogen-bound antibody

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26
Q

soluble barrier: complement system
how is it activated

A

cascade of reaction between various complement proteins, leading to formation of a membrane attach complex (MAC) and in parallel, enhances or complements the efficiency of other immune function, such as inflammation and phagocytosis

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27
Q

soluble barrier: complement system functions/what are the three activating pathways

A

classical, alternative, and lectin pathways

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28
Q

soluble barrier: complement system functions

A

inflammation, phagocytosis, membrane attack complex

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29
Q

soluble barrier: complement system-inflammation

A

includes the attraction of various immune cells to the site of infection through the release of chemotactic molecules, such as histamine and cytokines
- activated complement proteins bind to complement receptors on immune cells, such as mast cells and basophils, and release of these substances which enhance the inflammatory response

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30
Q

chemotactic molecules

A

including the movement of cells toward the site where the substance are originally released
- histamine
- cytokines

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31
Q

soluble barrier: complement system- phagocytosis

A

activated complement proteins, predominately C3b, opsonize pathogens thereby targeting them for destruction by phagocytes

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32
Q

opsonize

A

making a foreign particle more susceptible to phagocytosis by binding to the antigen and marking for ingestion

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33
Q

soluble barrier: complement system- membrane attack complex

A

destroy extracellular foreign invaders through the formation of membrane attack complexes
- creates holes in the pathogen which leads to its lysis and death

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34
Q

what would be the result of a complement deficiency?

A

there would be reduced lysis of microbes and less inflammation.
- resulting in reduced bacterial clearance and therefore longer periods of infection

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35
Q

soluble barrier: cytokines

A
  • small proteins secreted by various immune cells in response to a number of different stimuli.
  • chemical mediators that play a key role in cell-to-cell communication
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36
Q

what do cytokines have a strong affinity for

A

specific type of cytokine receptor
- they are expressed on the cell surface of various immune cells depending on their needs/functions

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37
Q

what is the function of cytokine signaling?

A

is to regulate immune process, such as immune responses, inflammation and hematopoiesis

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38
Q

soluble barrier: autocrine Vs endocrine

A

autocrine- the sending and receiving cell is the same

paracrine- the sending and receiving cells are near to each other

endocrine- the sending and receiving are distant from each other

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39
Q

what do majority of cytokine do

A

act locally, having autocrine or paracrine effects

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40
Q

soluble barrier: specificity and affinity

A

cytokines bind to specific receptors on the membrane of their target cells
- cytokines and their receptors exhibit very high affinity for one another

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41
Q

soluble barrier: alter gene expression

A
  • cytokine binding to its receptor initiates a series of reactions that ultimately alter gene expression, which may affect cell growth and maturation, and have roles in the hosts response to infection and disease
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42
Q

soluble barrier: pro-inflammatory cytokines

A
  • made by most immune cells
  • when secreted will induce an inflammatory response within the body
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43
Q

soluble barrier: anti-inflammatory

A
  • made by several immune cells and work to limit the inflammatory response within the body
  • do so by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production and activating immune cells that promote healing
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44
Q

what happens if there is a shift in the balance towards one side or the other of anti- and pro inflammatory cytokines

A

if pro are not properly controlled, they lead to complications such as tissue damage due to an excessive inflammatory
- if anti are not controlled, a lack of an immune response to a pathogen may occur which can result in spreading of the pathogen

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45
Q

what happens when a pathogen evades the physical barriers of the innate immune system

A

the surrounding cells work to induce an inflammatory response

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46
Q

where does inflammation occur

A

as a localized tissue response to injury or invasion and has both local and systemic effects within the body

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47
Q

how can inflammation be characterized?

A

redness
heat
pain
swelling

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48
Q

what happens during inflammation? steps;

A
  • alteration of blood flow to the injured area
  • influx of phagocytic and other immune cells
  • removal of foreign antigens
  • healing of damaged tissue

loss of function

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49
Q

what is the main purpose of inflammation?

A

the bodies attempt at self-protection by removing harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants or pathogens
- localize and eliminate the invading pathogen, in an effort to stop it from spreading and to remove damaged tissue

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50
Q

major events of inflammation: 1.

A

Breach
- pathogen needs to find a breach in skin to enter body
- a cut and pathogen can enter

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51
Q

major events of inflammation: 2.

A

vasodilation
- increase in diameter of blood vessels and permeabilization of the capillaries near the affected area
- changes are induced by vasoactive and chemotactic factors secreted by damaged tissues and activated immune cells, like macrophages and mast cells

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52
Q

major events of inflammation: 3.

A

permeabilization
- vasodilation results in the increase in capillary permeability facilitating the entrance of fluids in tissues
- with vasoconstriction from carry blood area from cut allow accumulation of excess fluid at the site of infection called exudate

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53
Q

exudate fluid

A

contains proteins that contribute to the mediation of the inflammatory response
- includes pro-inflammatory cytokines specifically a group called chemokines and complement protein that will be activated in the presence of the extracellular pathogens
- the function of these proteins is to attract the cellular barrier key players to the site of infection

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54
Q

the swelling characteristic of inflammation is a consequence of accumulation of fluids at the infection site is called what??

A

edema

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55
Q

major events of inflammation: 4.

A

extravasation
- the chemotactic factors released by cell during the vasodilatation and permeabilization steps induce the recruitment of more immune cells to the site of infection
- when neutrophils that are circulating in the blood arrive to an infection site, they adhere to the endothelial cell walls via process called margination and migrate between the capillary-endothelial cells into the infected tissue by extravasation or diapedesis

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56
Q

what are the first type of cells to arrive by chemotaxis

A

neutrophils

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57
Q

major events of inflammation: 5.

A

phagocytosis:
- at infection site, neutrophils, phagocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells engulf the pathogens
- is one of the major processes used by innate cells to destroy extracellular pathogen

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58
Q

why is heat and swelling beneficial during an inflammatory response

A

heat increases the metabolic rates of cells allowing them to repair themselves faster
- swelling leaks proteins which help clot blood and form scabs, and recruits local phagocytes and lymphocytes to help destroy pathogens and clean up dead cells

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59
Q

how is the innate immune system able to recognize structure as being self or non self

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

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60
Q

patter recognition receptor

A

0 capable of recognizing repeated molecular patterns of pathogens

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61
Q

example of patter recognition

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

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62
Q

where do PRRs come from

A

has to be able distinguish self from non self
- that is unique to the microorganisms and necessary for their survival

63
Q

are PRRs in innate and adaptive immune cells

A

they are in both however, they are an integral signaling component of the innate immune system

64
Q

molecular pattern

A
  • recognized by PRRs are conserved motifs and certain subsets can be found in various groups of pathogens
    called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
65
Q

PAMPs

A

are molecular structure either expressed on the surface of or found inside pathogens

66
Q

examples of PAMPs

A

lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found on the cell surface of gram-negative bacteria
- double stranded RNA found inside dsRNA

67
Q

are the molecular patterns found in host cells?

A

not found in host cells, which gives the ability to innate cells to distinguish non-self from self

68
Q

what are two major categories of molecular patterns that can be recognize by PRRs

A
  • pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
  • danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
  • play a key role in the ability of innate immune cells to recognize invaders
69
Q

pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)

A
  • molecules associated with groups of pathogen that are recognized by immune cells:
  • functional structures of a pathogen
  • repeated sequences of protein, glycoprotein, lipoprotein, amino acids
70
Q

examples of PAMP

A
  • lipopolysaccharide
  • peptidoglycan
  • flagellin
  • viral nucleic acids
71
Q

damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)

A
  • molecules released by stressed cell undergoing necrosis
  • are host biomolecules
  • indicate damage to the body
  • initiate an inflammatory response
72
Q

examples of DAMP

A
  • abnormal location of a cell structures
    eg. DNA found outside of mitochondria or the nucleus
  • cell-stress indicator molecule
    eg. heat-shock proteins
73
Q

toll-like receptors (TLRs)

A
  • are a class of PRRs whose signalling play an essential role in the innate immune response
74
Q

where are TLRs expressed?

A

on the plasma membrane or endosomal/lysosmal membranes of mammalian cells depends on the type of PAMP or DAMP it recognizes

75
Q

before activation what to toll-like receptors initiate the transcription of gene encoding for;

A
  • inflammatory cytokines
  • chemokines
  • costimulatory molecules
76
Q

what are the two major roles or toll-like receptor

A
  • recognize PAMPs and/or DAMPS
  • induce expression of signaling to activate T-cell
77
Q

TLR signaling process 1.

A

sense the presence of an infection through recognition of PAMPs and/or DAMPs
- the bacterium will be engulfed through phagocytosis by the phagocytic cell, (ex. dendritic cell)

78
Q

TLR signaling process 2.

A

after engulfing the bacterium, the immune cell, (antigen presenting cell) will present pieces of the pathogen on its cell surface through peptide :MHC complex

79
Q
A
80
Q

TLR signaling process 3.

A

the antigen presenting cell will also increase its production of costimulatory molecules, which are involved in the strength and the stability of the antigen presenting process

81
Q

TLR signaling process 4.

A

an immunocompetent naive T cell specific for the antigen presented by the dendritic cell will bind to the peptide: MHC complex through its TCR
- activating the T-cell and make adaptive immune happen

82
Q

phagocytosis

A

is an example of the next line of defense against the invading pathogen within innate immunity

83
Q

what is phagocytosis

A
  • type of endocytosis
  • cell takes up particulate material from its environment by invaginating’s its membrane to form a vacuoles
84
Q

how can phagocytosis be induced

A

the recognition of a PAMP by phagocyte through its PRR is one way
- pathogen opsonization

85
Q

neutrophil

A
  • first cell to arrive from blood to the site of infection
  • early phagocytosis, quickly
  • initiate an inflammatory response
86
Q

macrophages

A
  • monocytes migrate from blood to tissue to become macrophages
  • most efficient at phagocytosis
  • release cytokines that stimulate inflammation and recut other immune cells
87
Q

dendritic cells

A
  • recognize microbes and initiate phagocytosis
  • most efficient antigen presenting cells
  • play a major role in initiations of adaptive immune response
88
Q

steps of phagocytosis 1.

A

attachment
- the pathogen becomes attached to the membrane evaginations called pseudopodia

89
Q

evaginations

A

a protruding structure produced by turning a membrane outward

90
Q

steps of phagocytosis 2.

A

ingestion
- the pathogen gets ingested
- forms a vacuole (phagosome) within the cell

91
Q

phagosome

A

a vesicle composed of cell membrane of a phagocyte, containing the phagocytosed material

92
Q

steps of phagocytosis 3.

A

fusion
- phagosome fuses with a lysosome, releasing lysosomal enzymes that degrade macromolecules and other materials such as bacteria

93
Q

steps of phagocytosis 4.

A

digestion
- the pathogen is destroyed and digested by the lysosomal enzymes

94
Q

steps of phagocytosis 5.

A

release
- digestion products are released from the cell via exocytosis
- the vacuole membrane fuses with the cell membrane

95
Q

what are the 4 major components of the cellular barrier

A
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • natural killer cells
96
Q

true or false
toll-like receptor family contains membrane-bound receptors which contribute to the activation of innate immune cells by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns of invaders

A

True

97
Q

what is the main functions of the complement system made of?

A
  • opsonization (phagocytosis)
  • chemotaxis (inflammation and lysis through membrane attack complexes)
98
Q

what are the major steps of inflammation

A

vasodilatation
permeabilization
extravasation
phagocytosis

99
Q

characteristics applicable to cytokines

A
  • chemical mediator
  • specificity
  • alter gene expression
  • pro-inflammatory
  • anti-inflammatory
100
Q

major steps of phagocytosis

A
  • attachment
  • ingestion
  • fusion
  • digestion
  • release
101
Q

about adaptive immune

A

is the second line of defense
- longer time to initiate
creates specific response
- memory cells to respond faster and stronger

102
Q

adaptive immune system: specificity

A

each cell of the adaptive immune system recognizes one specific epitope of pathogen

103
Q

what happen each time the adaptive immune system encounters a pathogen

A

it creates a unique immune reaction to eliminate the infectious agent

104
Q

epitope

A

also called antigenic determinant, it is a part of an antigen recognized by adaptive immunity components

105
Q

what are the major characteristic’s of adaptive immunity

A

specificity and diversity

106
Q

adaptive immunity: diversity

A

because it is specific it is composed of countless numbers of cells to be able to fight any pathogen encountered

107
Q

what can adaptive be further divided into

A

humoral immunity
cell-mediated immunity

108
Q

cells of the humoral immunity

A
  • B-cells
  • antibodies
109
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

T-cells

110
Q

what is humoral immunity characterized by

A

b-cells which differentiate into specialized subsets following their activation

111
Q

B-cell characteristics

A
  • key component of humoral response
  • mature in the bone marrow
  • surface receptor B-cell receptor (BCR)]
  • antibody factory
112
Q

B-cell subsets

A

plasmocyte
memory b-cell

113
Q

plasmocyte

A
  • effector cell
  • produce large quantities of antibodies
114
Q

memory b-cell

A

memory cell
- express BCR on their cell surface

115
Q

what is cell-mediated immunity characterized by

A

t-cell

116
Q

t-cell specificity

A

key component of the cell-mediated response
- mature in the thymus
- surface receptor: T-cell receptor (TCR)

117
Q

function of t-cell

A

cytotoxic activity or help the activation of immune response

118
Q

t-cell diversity

A

CD4 helper t-cell
CD8 cytotoxic t-cell
memory t-cell

119
Q

CD4 helper t-cell

A

effector cell
- help the activation of the adaptive immune response

120
Q

CD8 cytotoxic t-cell

A
  • effector cell
  • kill infected cell
121
Q

memory t-cell

A

memory cells
- express TCR and CD4 or CD8 on their cell surface

122
Q

activation of adaptive immunity

A
  • antigen presenting cells (APCs), like dendritic cells, that have engulfed pathogens by phagocytosis can present the antigens to naive CD4 helper t-cells
123
Q

differentiation of adaptive immune system

A

depending on type of antigen it encounters, t-helper cells differentiate into 2 subsets

124
Q

what are the 2 subsets during differentiation of adaptive immunity

A
  1. induce cell-mediated immunity, activated by t-helper with differentiate into t-helper 1
  2. induce humoral immunity, activated by t-helper cells with differentiate into t-helper 2
125
Q

activation steps of humoral immune response

A
  1. activated and differentiated t-helper 2 cells activate B-cells and induce their differentiation into plasmacytes
  2. plasmacytes produce antibodies specific for the invading antigen
126
Q

steps to activate a cell-mediated immune response

A
  1. activated and differentiated t-helper 1 cells activate CD8 cytotoxic t-cells and induce their differentiation into CTL
  2. CTL recognize and eliminate cells displaying specific antigen presented at their cell surface by M<HC class I complex
127
Q

what are antibodies?

A

immunoglobulin or AB
- large y shaped protein
- each antibody is highly specific and recognizes one epitope

128
Q

where do antibodies come from?

A

are produced by b-cells and exists in 2 forms
- one b-cell will produce one specific antibody for one specific epitope

129
Q

what are the 2 forms antibodies exist in

A

surface antibodies
soluble antibodies

130
Q

surface antibodies

A

membrane bound on B-cells, forming part of the b-cell receptor (BCR)

131
Q

soluble antibodies

A

secreted by B-cells (plasmocyte) and circulate freely in the blood

132
Q

b-cell receptor (BCR)

A

is made of a membrane-bound antibody and signal transduction molecules

133
Q

what are the antibodies functions

A

humoral immunity
- eliminate a pathogen

134
Q

how does an antibody eliminate a pathogen

A
  • neutralization
  • opsonization
  • complement activation
  • effector cell activation
135
Q

neutralization

A

neutralize the biological effect of a pathogen or a toxin

136
Q

opsonization

A

mark foreign invaders for phagocytosis

137
Q

complement activation

A

induce the formation of membrane attack complexes and opsonization

138
Q

effector cell activation

A

recognized by immune cells when bound to antigen and activate the cells effector functions

139
Q

what is the basic structure of an antibody

A

are 2 heterodimeric proteins that are held together by disulfide bonds (s-s)

140
Q

antibody structure: left chains

A

2 of them
- is a protein subunit that forms part of the main antigen-binding region of an antibody

141
Q

antibody structure: heavy chains

A

2 of them
- is a protein subunit that makes up the majority of the structure of the antibody
- forms part of the antigen-binding region and forms the Fc region

142
Q

antibody structure: antigen binding regions

A

2 of them
- is variable and changes from one antibody to another, but remain the same on one antibody
- these regions are responsible for the diversity and the specificity of antibodies

143
Q

antibody structure: Fc region (fragment crystallizable)

A
  • 1 of them
    -constant for every antibody of the same class
  • it is the part that interacts with immune cell surface receptors, called Fc receptors
144
Q

what are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins (antibodies)

A
  1. IgG have y-heavy chains
  2. IgM have u-heavy chains
  3. IgA have a-heavy chains
  4. IgE have e-heavy chains
  5. IgD have s-heavy chains
145
Q

what differentitates between classes of antibodies

A

the unique heavy chain is what makes us able to distinguish between classes

146
Q

what does the variation in heavy chain allows

A
  • each antibody class to function in a different type of immune response
  • specific amino acid sequences that confer these functional differences are located mainly within the Fc domain
147
Q

serum

A

when blood is put into a centrifuge, the blood plasma or serum us the liquid that has been separated from blood cells in whole blood

147
Q

where are the 5 classes of antibodies found

A

in serum

148
Q

IgM

A
  • forms a pentamer from IgM monomers when secreted by B-cells
148
Q

what is the first antibody to be produces in immune response

A

IgM

149
Q

what activates the complement

A

IgM antibody
- which then amplifies the inflammatory and adaptive response

150
Q

IgG

A
  • monomer when secreted by b-cells
  • coats pathogens to promote phagocytosis and immune cell recruitment
  • only class that can cross the placental barrier
151
Q

placental barrier

A

the semipermeable layer of tissue in the placenta that serves as a selective membrane to substance passing from maternal to fetal blood

152
Q

IgA

A
  • forms a dimer from IgA monomers when secreted by B-cells
  • first line of defense and predominant antibody class located in the body’s mucosal membranes
153
Q

IgE

A

monomer when secreted by B-cells
- produced in excess during allergic reactions
- role in immunity against certain parasites (helminths)

154
Q

IgD

A
  • monomer when secreted by B-cells
  • found in large quantity on the surfaces of mature B-cells
  • function or importance is unclear (maybe role during b-cell development)

MICR 270 (4 decks)

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