Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MICR 270 > module 1 > Flashcards

module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the immune system

A

an organization of cell, tissues and organs within the body that each have their own specialized role in defending against infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does the immune system divided into?

A
  • innate
  • adaptive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

humans and microbes

A

humans provide the ideal environment for many microbes
- job of the immune system to keep these microbes from entering the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

funcation of the immune system

A

discriminate
eliminate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

discriminate

A

recognize self from non-self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

eliminate

A

destroy non-self and altered self cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

dysfunctions of the immune system

A
  • autoimmunity and hypersensitivity
  • immunodeficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

autoimmunity and hypersensitivity

A

misdirected or overly active immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

immunodeficiency

A

underactive immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

antigen

A

is a foreign protein that induces an immune response
- typically antibody generator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

antibody

A

is a protein that is produced in response to and countering a specific antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the lymphatic system

A

vital system considered to be part of the circulatory system and in the immune system
- network of vessels that drains fluid (lymph) thats filtrated from the blood in the capillaries and entered the surrounding tissues called interstitial space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lymph

A

a colour less fluid containing white blood cells that bathes the tissue and drains through the lympthatic system into the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

circulatory system

A

where the lymph come from and goes after being filtered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

about the cells of immune system

A

travel between the circulatory system and the lymphatic system
- some reside in the tissues and directly interact with an antigen following a breach of the first immune barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

lymphoid organs and tissues

A

Bone marrow
Lymph nodes
MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissues)
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
Lamina propria of intestinal villi:
GALT:
BALT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bone marrow, Structure

A
  • Flexible tissue
    -Divided in two types; yellow and red marrow
  • Filled with hematopoietic cells (cells lodged within the bone marrow and which are responsible for producing the cells which circulate in the blood)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

bone marrow location

A

Central cavity inside the bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

bone marrow function , red

A
  • Importance for the immune system
  • Site of hematopoiesis (the formation and differentiation of blood cells. Origin of all immune cells)
    Site of B-cell development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

bone marrow function, yellow

A
  • Some leukocyte development
  • produces fat and cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lymph node structure

A
  • Small
  • Bean-shaped
  • Numerous
  • Divided into three roughly concentric regions (cortex, paracortex, and medulla)
  • Filled with lymphocytes (White blood cells which arise from the lymphoid progenitor lineage during hematopoiesis, generally refers to B), macrophages and dendritic cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

lymph node location

A

Grouped along the lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

lymph node function

A
  • Filters the lymph
  • Often it is the first organized lymphoid structure that foreign molecules encounter when first entering the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissues), structure

A
  • combined surface area of various areas in the body including BALT, GALT, lamina propria of intestinal villi, peyers patches, tonsils, appendix
  • Filled with various types of immune cells depending on the location
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissues), location

A

Mucous membranes lining the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissues), function

A

Initiates immune responses to specific antigens encountered along all mucosal surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

BALT

A

bronchus-asspciated lymphoid tissue, lymphoid structure part of the MALT located in lungs and bronchus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

GALT

A

gut-associated lymphoid tissue; lymphoid structure part of the MALT located in the gut, peyers are part of it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lamina propria of intestinal villi:

A

thin layer of connective tissue rich in immune cells located into the lumen of the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

small masses of lympathic tissue found thrughout the ileum region of the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Tonsils:

A

collection of lymphoid tissue facing the aerodigestive tract, mainly located in pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

spleen structure

A

Large, ovoid
Divided into two compartments; white pulp and red pulp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

white pulp

A

macrophages, lymphocytes, t-cells, b-cells, red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

red pulp

A

cords of billroth (fibrils and connective tissue cells with larger population of monocytes and macrophages)
and splenic sinuses that are filled with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

spleen location

A

Situated in the left abdominal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

spleen function

A

Red pulp filters the blood
White pulp is the site of development of immune responses against antigens found in the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

thymus structure

A
  • Flat
  • Bi-lobed; each lobe is divided into lobules which are organized each into compartments (cortex and medulla)
  • Filled with thymocytes (T-cells found in the thymus), epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

thymus location

A

Situated above the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

thymus function

A

Site of T-cell development and maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A
  • thymus
  • bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

function or primary lymphoid organs

A
  • lympthocye maturation into cells
    b-cell =: bone marrow
    t-cell: thymus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • muscosal assocaited lymphoid tissue (MALT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

function of secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • site of lymphocye activation into effector cells
    through interaction with trapped antigens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

immunocompetent cell

A

denoting a mature lymphocyte that is capable of recognizing a specific antigen and mediating an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

effector cells

A

donating a mature lymphocyte that has been activated and mediates an immune response against a specific antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

major histocompatibility complex Class I and discrimination

A
  • It presents a ‘sample’ of proteins found inside the cell
  • Another class of these MHC molecule (MHC II) are present on special cells of the immune system such as macrophages, dendritic cells and B-cells
  • Immune cells are then able to scan their area and recognize if there are abnormalities presented via the MHC protein.
  • If abnormalities or
    antigens (non-self) ar4e detected, an immune response can be initiate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

elimination roles

A
  • pathogen (antigen) enters the body
  • immune system rexognize the antigen
  • activation of effector cells
  • elinination of pathogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

innate immune

A

Consists of physical, soluble, and cellular barriers that are scattered throughout the body to prevent the entry of any infections agent and response non-specifically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

adaptive immune

A

Consists of cells and soluble components capable of recognizing and responding to specific pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is adaptive further divided into

A

antibody-mediated humoral immunity (b-cell) and cell-mediated immunity (T-cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

innate immunity components

A
  • first line of defence against foreign agents
  • Physical, soluble and cellular barriers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

innate function

A
  • Immediate recognition and response to invading pathogens- response within minutes or hours
  • Recognizes general patterns not specific for any one antigen; limits the type of immune response initiated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

adaptive components

A
  • Humoral immunity (mediated by B-cells)
  • Cell-medicated immunity (mediated by T-cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

adaptive functions

A

Longer time required to initate a response to invading pathogens- response within days
- Capable of recognizing and respond to specific antigens- its large diversity gives much wider range of responses that can be initiated
- Results in immunological memory- allows for quick response upon a second infection with the same pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

the amebocyte

A

is the oldest types of cells that is believed to have given rise to a type of cell found in the human immune system today- the phagocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

phagocytes

A

major role in the innate immunity. They have the ability to move by pseudopodia and they can engulf free pathogens by phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Pseudopodia

A

cell membrane protrusions that extend from motile and phagocytosing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Phagocytosis

A

the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Amebocyte

A

a mobile cell (moving like an amoeba) in the body of invertebrates. Move by pseudopodia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Evolution of lymphoid tissues GALT-

A

almost all vertebrates have gut-associated lymphoid tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Evolution of lymphoid tissues Thymus/spleen-

A

most vertebrates have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Evolution of lymphoid tissues Bone marrow

A

not many vertebrates generate lymphocytes in the bone marrow. Specifically sharks and rays are evolutionarily the earliest examples of organisms with B and T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Evolution of lymphoid tissues

A

not all vertebrates have lymph nodes indicating that they are more recent evolutionary traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Evolution of Innate immune system

A
  • Found in vertebrates, invertebrates and plants
  • The fruit fly is the preferred model organism for biological research because of its well-developed innate immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Evolution of Adaptive immune system

A
  • Found only in subphylum vertebrata, which includes all animals with a backbone
  • Only more complex organisms within this subphylum have a well-developed adaptive immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what does every cell originate from

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in the fetal liver and the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what is the process that gives rise to all cells

A

hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Pluripotent

A

cells capable of giving rise to several different cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

: the formation and differentiation of blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Hematopoiesis is divided into two lineages:

A
  1. Myeloid
  2. Lymphoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell

A
  • Every blood cell arises from (HSC)
  • Blood cells include; erythrocytes (red blood cells), platelets and leukocytes (white blood cells)
72
Q

Erythrocytes and platelets

A
  • Platelets are a central contributor to the process of coagulation wound healing, and fibrinolysis
  • Inflammatory functions that influences both innate and adaptive immune response
73
Q

Mast cells

A
  • Located in the tissues are called granulocytes (group of white blood cells characterized by secretory granules in their cytoplasm)
  • Larger granules containing histamine and other pharmacologically active substances
74
Q

Neutrophil

A
  • Most abundant type of leukocyte
    Possess the characteristics of both granulocytes and phagocytes
75
Q

Monocyte and macrophage

A

Are PHAGOCYTES
Mono- IN BLOOD
Macro- IN TISSUES

76
Q

basophil

A

Non-phagocytic granulocytes

77
Q

Lymphoid progenitor

A

Ability to differentiate into two major types of cells of the adaptive immune system
B-cell
T-Cell

78
Q

Myeloid progenitor

A

Ability to differentiate into four different groups of myeloid
cells
- Granulocyte
- Monocyte
- Erythrocyte (RBC)
- Thrombocyte (platelet)

79
Q

Granulocyte

A
  • Neutrophil
    • Eosinophil
    • Basophil
    • Mast cell
80
Q

Monocyte

A

Macrophage

81
Q

Self-renewal

A

Ability to divide itself to replace “older” cells to keep the pool of stem cells constant

82
Q

Pluripotent (multipotent)

A
  • Ability to differentiate into several cell types
  • Once it commits to a lineage it loses its ability of self-renewal and becomes a myeloid or lymphoid
83
Q

Erythrocytes and platelets, Found to participate in:

A
  • Intervention against microbial threats
  • Recruitment and promotion of innate effector cell functions
  • Modulating antigen presentation
  • Enhancement of adaptive immune response
    formed during hematopoiesis*
84
Q

mast cell function

A

Similar to basophils and is still under investigation, but play a role in development of allergies

85
Q

Granulocyte characteristics-

A

polymorphic nucleus (irregular form or splits into more or less separated lobes)
Granules containing lytic enzymes (peroxidase, lysozyme aiding in elimination of infection

86
Q

Phagocytic characteristic-

A

ability to engulf and absorb (kill) bacteria

87
Q

where do monocytes travel

A

outside of the circulatory system by moving across blood vessel walls

88
Q

when do monocytes become macrophages

A

through tissue
- cell gets bigger
- increase # and complexity of intracellular structures
- better phagocytic abilities
- most efficient phagocytes

89
Q

basophil Granulocyte characteristics

A

have a polymorphic nucleus and have granules containing pharmacologically active substances (heparin, histamine)
- Largerst granules
- Least common type of granulocyte

90
Q

b-cell

A
  • Plasmocyte
  • Memory b-cell
91
Q

t-cell

A
  • Helper t- cell
  • Cytotoxic t-cell
  • Memory t-cell
92
Q

myeloid progenitor function

A

Generates the majority of the cells in the innate immune system

93
Q

eosinophil

A

Are phagocytic granulocytes
Play a role in the defense against multicellular parasites like helminths

94
Q

Eosinophil Granulocyte characteristic

A
  • polymorphic nucleus and have granules able to damage parasitic membranes
95
Q

eosinophil
Phagocytic characteristic

A

their phagocytic role is minor in comparison to other phagocytes like neutrophils

96
Q

what are t-cell part of

A

Cell-mediated immunity, a subset of the adaptive immunity

97
Q

where do t-cell mature

A

thymus

98
Q

features of t-cells

A
  • Non phagocytic cell
  • Have specific receptors at their cell surface called T-cell receptors (TCR)
99
Q

characteristics of t-cells

A

Specificity- one T- cell expresses many TCR that recognize the same specific antigen or epitope

Diversity- recognizes a different antigen through their TCR specificity

100
Q

t-cell subsets

A
  • Helper t-cell
    • Cyctoxic t-cell
      Regulatory T-cells (prevent development of autoimmune disease
101
Q

what is b-cell a part of

A

Humoral immunity,

102
Q

where do b-cell mature

A

Mature in bone marrow

103
Q

features of b-cells

A

Non phagocytic cells that have specific receptors at surface called B-cell receptor (BCR)
- BCR are the membranes-bound form of antibodies

104
Q

characteristics b-cells

A

Specificity- one B-cell expresses many BCR that recognize the same specific antigen or epitope

Diversity- every B-cell in the body recognizes a different antigen through their BCR specificity

105
Q

natural killer cells

A

Granular lymphocytes

106
Q

about NK cells

A

have granules which contain perforin (a protein released by cytoplasmic granules, that destroys targeted cells by creating lesions like pores in their membranes) and granzymes (proteases released by cytoplasmic granules, that induce programmed cell death in the target cells)

107
Q

what does NK cells have the ability to do

A

Ability to recognize tumour or virus-infected cells despite lacking antigen-speicifc receptors
- They distinguish abnormal cells and destroy them

108
Q

exception of NK cells

A

lymphoid lineage as their role is in innate immune

109
Q

Effector and memory helper T-cell

A
  • Specialized T-cells that express the CD4 costimulatroy molecule on their cell surface
  • Activated when they recognize an antigen -MHC class II (cell surface proteins essential for the adaptive immunity to recognize foreign molecules) complex
110
Q

Effector cells helper t-cell

A

helper t-cells play a role in activation of other immune cells, such as B-cells, cytotoxic t-cells, and macrophages

111
Q

Memory cells helper-t cell

A

generate memory cells that recognize the same specific antigen. If the pathogen reinfects the body, these cells display quicker and stronger response to eliminate the threat

112
Q

Effector and memory cytotoxic T-cell

A
  • Specialized T-cells that express the CD8 co-stimulatory molecule on their cell surface, which is why they can also be called CD8 t-cells
  • Activated when they recognize an antigen MHC class I (surface protein essential for the adaptive immunity to recognize foreign molecules)
113
Q

effector cells cytotoxic t-cell

A

role in monitoring cells of the body and eliminating any cells that display foreign antigen complexed with MHC class I

114
Q

memory cytotoxic t-cell

A

recognize the same antigen. Makes it stronger and quicker when pathogen comes back

115
Q

Plasmacyte and memory B-cell

A
  • Plasma cells
  • Are the effector form of the activated naïve B-cells (mature cells are naïve until they interact with a foreign antigen for the first time)
  • Produce and secrete highly specialized antibodies,
  • Generate memory cells that recognize the same specific antigen.
116
Q

Dendritic cell

A

Can arise from either they myeloid or the lymphoid progenitor cells
- Part of innate and adaptive immunity

117
Q

function of dendritic cell

A
  • Capture and engulf antigens that evaded the innate immune response and present them to the adaptive immune cells such as T-cells, allowing an adaptive immune response to be initiated
  • The link or bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, as they communicate between branches
  • Most common subtype is Langerhans dendritic cells
118
Q

Langerhans dendritic cells location

A

(located under the surface epithelium in the mucous mem)

119
Q

Small pox vaccine 1796

A
  • Cowpox can produce cross-immunity to small pox
  • Through observation of milkmaids were generally immune to small pox
  • Stop by vaccination by 1979
120
Q

Pasteurization and vaccination , Small pox vaccine

A
  • Louis pasteur was french invented the process of pasteurization -
  • Demonstrated that pathogens were responsible for spoiling drinks
  • Introduced the concept of using heat to destroy pathogen
121
Q

Louis pasteur vaccines

A
  • First was disease chicken cholera, introduced chickens to an attenuated form of virus and chickens became immune
    Vaccines for anthrax and rabies
122
Q

1890s- many scientists

A
  • Complement was first discovered in the 1890s and was described to aid or complement the killing of bacteria
  • At least 30 types of glycoprotein macromolecules that make up the complement system
  • Present in the body as soluble proteins in the blood or as memebrane-assoicated proteins
    These circulate in an inactive form until activated by a complement activation pathway
123
Q

1908-nobel prize elie metchnikoff and paul ehrlich

A
  • Developed the phagocytic theory
  • The basis of inflammation and major defence mechanism against bacterial infection was a cellular reaction, where cells are able to move, or migrate in order to reach and internalize solid particles within intracellular vesicles
  • Paul father of humoral immunity
    Introduced concept of transferring blood serum to treat and counteract diphtheria
124
Q

1913- Nobel prize- charles riche

A
  • Discovered anaphylaxis through studies involving dogs
  • After initial low dose of a substance with no effect, a new dose several weeks produced reaction in dogs and even proved fatal for most
  • In 1901 Charles invented the word anaphylaxis which then lead the understanding of the dangers of hypersentivity reactions and to pave the way to control them
125
Q

1972- Nobel prize- gerald edelman and rodney porter

A
  • Antibody structure
  • Found the structure
    Allows us to better understand how the immune system reacts during infection and how each part of the antibody carriers out its tasks
126
Q

1987- Nobel prize- susumu tonegawa

A

Determined the mechanism by which the immune system generates an almost limitless variety of antibodies

127
Q

2011- Nobel prize- jules hoffman and bruce beutler

A

The discovery of toll-like receptors (TLRs) was an important event in the field of immunology that created a better understanding of the components of the innate immunity and their complexity

128
Q

first TLR was identified in:

A
  • 1994 but the role of TLRs was still unknown
  • 1996 hoffman found that toll receptors in D
  • 1998 beutler discovered that lipopolysaccharides (large molecules found on the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria; elicit strong immune response)
129
Q

bacteria

A
  • Unicellular
  • Prokaryotic organisms that have no organized internal membranous structure such as nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes
  • Genomes are circular, double-stranded DNA that do not code for as many proteins as eukaryotic genomes
130
Q

example of bacteria

A

CHOLERA

131
Q

CHOLERA characterisitcs

A

Is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by an infection of the intestine with the bacterium vibrio cholerae

132
Q

CHOLERA Symptoms

A

Most often the disease is mild
1 in 10 infected persons will have severe disease characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting and leg cramps

133
Q

CHOLERA Transmission

A

Cholera is contracted by eating or drinking foods contaminated with the bacterium

134
Q

CHOLERA Diagnosis and treatment

A

Via stool sample and rectal swap
Can be life threatening if not treated properly through rehydration therapy and antibiotic treatment

135
Q

Viruses

A
  • Can infect a variety of organisms, from fungi and bacteria to plants and animals. However, because they rely on the host cell for metabolism and reproduction, viruses are not themselves typically considered organisms
  • They infect animals are surrounded by an outer lipid envelope
136
Q

what is virus composed of

A
  • Composed of a viral genome of nucleic acid (DNA OR RNA) that is surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)
137
Q

virus genome can be

A

double -or-single stranded (dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA or ssRNA)

138
Q

example of virus

A

Influenza

139
Q

Influenza Characteristics

A
  • Contagious respiratory illness which varies in severity
    Main types are A, B, C
140
Q

Influenza Symptoms

A

Fever
Cough
Sore throat
Running nose
Headache

141
Q

Influenza Transmission

A

Type a and b responsible for seasonal flu
Spread through droplets of saliva

142
Q

Influenza Diagnosis and treatment

A

infection can be confirmed by quick lab tests on respiratory tests
Antiviral medication
Flu shot

143
Q

fungi

A
  • Are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that have rigid cellulose or chitin based walls and reproduce primarily by forming spores
    • These spores most commonly cause infection on the skin or in the lungs as you are most likely to come into contact with them through touching or inhaling them
    • Divided into molds and yeast
144
Q

when are people prone to fungal infections

A

if their immune system has been weakened or taking antibodics

145
Q

molds and yeasts

A

molds and multicellular and yeasts are single cell

146
Q

exampel of fungal infection

A

Vaginal yeast infection

147
Q

Vaginal yeast infection Characteristics

A

When there is an overgrowth of yeast candida in the vagina
Relatively common as nearly 75% of all women have had one

148
Q

Vaginal yeast infection Symptoms

A

Women usually experiences genital itching
Or rash

149
Q

Vaginal yeast infection Transmission

A

Present in and on the body in small amounts but when an imbalance in the immune system occurs it multiplies

150
Q

Vaginal yeast infection Diagnosis and treatment

A

By visual examination and lab tests from vaginal wall

Antifungal cream,, ointment, tablets

151
Q

protozoa

A
  • Unicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes and examples include amoeba and paramecium
  • Protozoa do not cell walls, variety of rapid and flexible movements
152
Q

exampel of protozoa

A

Malaria

153
Q

Malaria Characteristics

A

Mosquito-borne disease by a parasite in the genus plasmodium

154
Q

Malaria Symptoms

A

Fever
chills
Flu

155
Q

Malaria Transmission

A

When female anopheles mosquito (the vector) infected with the parasite bites a human, an infection begins that develops into the disease of malaria

156
Q

Malaria
Diagnosis and treatment

A

Take preventative drugs are taken
Malaria parasites can be identified in blood by microscopic analysis

157
Q

Helminths

A
  • Parasite worms are simple invertebrates, some of which are infectious parasites
  • Multicellular and have differentiated tissues
  • Bc they are animals their physiology is similar in some ways to our
158
Q

why are helminths difficult to treat

A

because drugs that kill helminths are frequently very toxic to human cell

159
Q

examples of helminths

A

Schistosomiasis

160
Q

Schistosomiasis Characteristics

A

Disease caused by parasitic worms or helminths

161
Q

Schistosomiasis Symptoms

A
  • some show no during early infection
  • Adult worms; produce eggs that travel to intestine liver or bladder, causing inflammation or scarring
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Lymphoid organ enlargement
  • Abdominal pain
  • Diarrhea
    Those are bodies reaction to eggs produced by worms not by the worms themselves
162
Q

Schistosomiasis Transmission

A
  • Parasites causing this disease are found in some types of freshwater snails and when infectious form of the parasite emerges from the snail it infects the water surrounding it
  • The water affects human by infecting skin
163
Q

Schistosomiasis Diagnosis and treatment

A
  • Via stool or urine sample
  • Lab tests
  • Blood sample
    Treatment: “praziquantel” which kills the worm
164
Q

prions

A

new class of disease causing agent

165
Q

about prions

A
  • An emerging class of infectious agent, only a protein linked to degenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS)
  • if protein on regular things misfold they are called prions
166
Q

normal and abnormal prions

A

normal prion proteins can be degraded while the abnormal proteins accumulate in brain tissue as they are resistant to degradation

167
Q

example of prions infectious agent

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

168
Q

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Characteristics

A
  • Also known as Mad Cow disease is a fatal neurogenerative disease of cows resulting from prions
    For unknown reasons, normal proteins transform into infectious agents called prions that attack the central nervous system of a cow
169
Q

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Transmission

A

Originated from food fed to cows that contains sheep products infected with scrapie- a prion disease in sheep

170
Q

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Symptoms

A
  • Nervousness or aggressive behaviour
  • Difficulty with coordination
  • Trouble standing up
  • Decreased milk production
  • Weight loss
  • Not seen right away
    But happens quickly
171
Q

another exmaple of a prions infectious disease

A

Creutzfeldt-jakob disease (CJD)

172
Q

Creutzfeldt-jakob disease (CJD) Characteristics

A

Is the most common human prion disease

173
Q

Creutzfeldt-jakob disease (CJD), Transmission

A
  • Exposure to brain tissue or spinal fluid from an infected individual
    Inheriting mutated prion (PRNP) gene
174
Q

Creutzfeldt-jakob disease (CJD), Symptoms

A
  • Loss of muscle coordination
  • Impaired memory and decision making
  • Visual disturbances
  • Dementia
  • Coma
  • Death
175
Q

Creutzfeldt-jakob disease (CJD), Diagnosis and treatment

A
  • Done by ruling out other disease using electroencephalograms (EEG), cerebrospinal fluid based tests or magnetic resonance imaging
  • No specific treatment just things to treat pain

MICR 270 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions