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NSG 522 Biostat Midterm > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is measurement?

A
  • the process by which we link ideas or concepts with reality
  • the process of assigning numbers to events, objects, or situations based on a rule
    **measurement= quantification
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2
Q

what are two ways of measuring in nursing science?

A

direct and indirect

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3
Q

what can be measure directly?

A

biological characteristics (HR, weight, bone density)

signs

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4
Q

what can be measure indirectly?

A

psychological characteristics (depression, anxiety, satisfaction, quality of life)
*have to ask pain scale (0-10) depression scale (0-20)–>use survey or tools and rely on patients to answer

symptoms

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5
Q

examples of biological measurements: anthropometric measures (3)

A
  • weight
  • length
  • head circumference
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6
Q

examples of biological measurements: physiological measures (3)

A
  • heart rate
  • o2 saturation
  • BP
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7
Q

examples of biological measurements: biochemical measures

A
  • blood glucose levels
  • serum cholesterol levels
  • salivary cortisol levels
  • breast milk lipid content
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8
Q

examples of psychosocial measurements

A
  • knowledge
  • attitude
  • satisfaction
  • self-efficacy
  • confidence
  • pain
  • anxiety
  • quality of life
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9
Q

commonly measure outcomes (3)

A
  • health outcomes
  • cost outcomes
  • patient experiences and perceptions
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10
Q

why do we measure health outcomes? (5)

A
  • evaluate the effectiveness of care
  • evaluate the effectiveness of interventions
  • monitor the quality of care
  • monitor the cost of care
  • monitor patient satisfaction and experience with care
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11
Q

what are variables?

A
  • the thing that is being measured or observed
  • a variable “varies”- it can assume different values
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12
Q

conceptual variable

A

-defines the concept
-dictionary definition

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13
Q

operational variable

A
  • summarizes the operations used to measure the variable of interest
  • tells you exactly how to measure the variable (–>tells you procedures and instruments used)
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14
Q

independent variable

A
  • the variable that is either manipulated or varied by the researcher
  • AKA the ‘treatment’ or ‘experimental’ variable or the ‘intervention’
  • thought to affect or cause the outcomes of interest
    -only one independent variable in a study

**independent variable is a cause or influence

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15
Q

dependent variables

A
  • the ‘outcome’ or ‘response’ variable
    -presumed to be affected by or caused by an independent variable
    -also called the outcome variable
  • can be multiple dependent variables (outcomes) in a study
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16
Q

principles of measurement

A
  • select the most accurate method of measuring the variables
  • ensure that the measurement method is feasible to use in a study
  • develop detailed procedures for how the measurement should be obtained
    -establish clear procedures for how the measurements are recorded
17
Q

reliability

A

-refers to the repeatability, reproducibility, or stability of a measurement
-means that the measurement can be repeated of reproduced
- a measure can be repeatable or reproducible but that does not mean that it is accurate

18
Q

validity

A

-refers to the accuracy of a measurement
- means that the measurement actually measures what was supposed to measure
-means the measurement is accurate

19
Q

level of measurement: categorical variables

A
  • nominal
    -ordinal
20
Q

levels of measurement: continuous variables

A
  • interval
  • ratio
21
Q

categorical variables: nominal level

A

-data are classified into mutually exclusive categories
- there is no ranking or ordering of the categories
examples: gender, ethnicity, relationship status, eye color, handedness, blood type

22
Q

categorical variables: ordinal level

A

-data are also classified into mutually exclusive categories
- the categories can be ranked or ordered
- examples: letter grades in a course (A,B,C,F), likert type scales, ranking in races (first, second, third…), cancer stages (I, II,III)

23
Q

Continuous variables: interval level

A
  • interval between each number is equal
  • there is not an absolute zero
    -examples: temp in F and C, standardized test such as IQ, SAT,ACT

NSG 522 Biostat Midterm (6 decks)

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