Module 1

Question 1

what does public health include? (3)

Answer 1

• health services
• epidemiology
• biostatistics

Question 2

what is epidemiology?

Answer 2

• studies the nature, extent, and cause of public health problems
• studies the methods of improving health and social conditions
• essential to all of the health sciences, regardless of where their practice occurs

Question 3

current definition of epidemiology

Answer 3

study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations and application of that knowledge to the control of health problems.

Question 4

what is primary prevention?

Answer 4

focuses on preventing the disease or disorder before it happens

Question 5

what is secondary prevention?

Answer 5

focuses on the health screening for early detection of the disease and early treatment initiation–>stop or slow down the disease progression

Question 6

what is tertiary prevention?

Answer 6

focuses on limiting a disability by providing rehabilitation when a disease or injury or disease has already occurred

Question 7

what is epidemiology: study

Answer 7

-refers to systematic surveillance, observation, experimentation use of scientific approach

Question 8

what is epidemiology: distribution

Answer 8

-refers the the frequency and pattern of health related states and events
who, where, when

Question 9

what is epidemiology: determinants

Answer 9

-refers to the physical, biological, social, cultural, economic and behavioral factors that influence health
-causes of health-related states and events

Question 10

what is epidemiology: health-related states and events

Answer 10

-includes all health related states and events-illness, injury, and disability as well as restore health when disease is present
- focus on the population, not the individual and on interventions that can improve health and prevent disease and control disease

Question 11

what is epidemiology: specified populations

Answer 11

-focus on populations not individuals, characteristics of who is health, who is at risk, and who acquires the diease

Question 12

what is the goal of epidemiology?

Answer 12

the goal is to ID factors associated with the development of disease and injury as well as factors associated with the development of disease and injury as well as factors that prevent illness and promote wellness

-control of health problems

Question 13

what are the key features of epidemiology focus on?

Answer 13

• populations
  -population health
  *epidemiology is not focused on providing direct care to individuals

Question 14

core epidemiological functions (6)

Answer 14

• surveillance
• field investigations
• analytic studies
• evaluation
• linkages
• policy

Question 15

what are the first four core epidemiological functions

Answer 15

-The first 4 fxs= investigate, research and evaluate have been the primary fx of epidemiology

Question 16

what does investigative functions include a focus on?

Answer 16

• Identifying:
  -risk factors for health-related states
• events and causes of health-related states and events

-evaluating health interventions and programs for:
- efficacy
-effectiveness
-efficiency
-cost

Question 17

define efficacy

Answer 17

the outcome of an intervention or prog under ideal conditions e.g. only measures the outcome of the ppl that participate in the prog

Question 18

define Effectiveness

Answer 18

outcome in the real-world setting-when prog implemented in a community or clinical setting. -this is bc in a research setting outcome are diff when implemented in real world due to people not participating enough.

Question 19

what is linkages?

Answer 19

focus on imp of collaborations w multiple agencies and organizations, gov and people. Interprofessional and interagency collaboration. Network!

Question 20

function of policy

Answer 20

epidemiologist provide data to help focus the development of evidence-based health policy at all levels from developing policies.

• address the role of epidemiological work in informing health policy and all levels

Question 21

CDC mission

Answer 21

-mission to protect health of the nation and provide sources of information for health care proff and consumers.

• Public health-protect the pop from health threats//includes health services, epidemiology and biostats

Question 22

epidemiologic transition

Answer 22

o Changes in pop dynamics due to changes in mortality
o 3 periods
-pestilence and famine-mortality high 20-40
-receding pandemics- mortality declines 30-50
-degenerative and man-made disease- mortality low >50

Question 23

5 W’s of Epidemiology: what?

Answer 23

• the ‘what’ is the health related event such as a disease, condition, injury or behavior
• always important to have a clear definition of whatever is being studied
• measurement must be precise and accurate

Question 24

5 W’s of Epidemiology: who?

Answer 24

• the ‘who’ describes the person or persons that are affected by the health-related event

Question 25

5 W’s of Epidemiology: where

Answer 25

-the ‘where’ ID the place (s) where the health related event has occurred

Question 26

5 W’s of Epidemiology: when

Answer 26

-the ‘when’ represents the timing of the health-related event

Question 27

5 W’s of Epidemiology: why

Answer 27

-the ‘why’ explains the causes of health-related states and events
- the ‘why’ examines potential etiologies (helpful or harmful) for the health-related states and events
why=how

Question 28

what are the two components of epidemiology?

Answer 28

• descriptive
  -analytic

Question 29

descriptive epidemiology

Answer 29

-describes the frequency and pattern of health-related states and events
*frequency=number of events
*pattern=WHO, WHERE, and WHEN (person, place, time)
-describes distribution

Question 30

analytic epidemiology

Answer 30

-studies the why/how, the cause and effect
- Quantifies the association between exposure and outcome to determine a causal relationship.
-determinants of health-related states and events

Question 31

Biostatistics

Answer 31

o Application of statistcs to biological phenomenon. Takes numeric info and summarize into few numbers.
o Enable to test hypotheses to determine the association between exposures and outcomes and differences between groups.